A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ENGLISH AND ARABIC INFLECTIONAL MORPHEMES.

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ENGLISH AND ARABIC

INFLECTIONAL MORPHEMES

THESIS

Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of Requirements for the Sarjana Degree of English Department Faculty of Letter and Humanities of State Islamic University

Sunan Ampel Surabaya

By

Abd. Rohib

A03210003

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

`

FACULTY OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SUNAN AMPEL SURABAYA

2016

DECLARATION SHEET

Name : Abd Rohib

NIM : A03210036

Address : Dusun Dlenyar Desa Aeng Sareh, Kecamatan Sampang,

Kabupaten Sampang, Jawa Timur.

This thesis contains materials which have been accepted for the award of Sarjana degree of English Department Faculty of Letters and Humanities State University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya. To the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by other person except where due reference is made in the text of the thesis.

Surabaya, 03 March 2016

Researcher,

Abd Rohib A03210003

ABSTRACT

Rohib, Abd. A03210003. 2016. A Comparative Study Of English And Arabic Inflectional Morphemes. A Thesis. English Department Faculty of Humanities State Islamic

University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya. Advisor: Endratno Pilih Swasono, M.Pd

Key words: Language Comparison, Morphology, Morpheme, Inflectional Morpheme, intuition.

This thesis aimed to study the comparison of English and Arabic inflectional morphemes. The aim of this research is to identify and analyze the difference and the similarity of English and Arabic from daily conversation and dictionary.

The theory that is used in this thesis is morphology because inflectional morpheme is discussed inside. Also the theory uses Richard’s theory.

The design of this research is descriptive method. The collected data is ituition. All of the data analysis is presented in words and explanation forms. While the data source is taken from resrearcher’s understanding of English and Arabic inflectional morphemes. This data is presented to analyze and identify how inflectional morphemes occur. In analyzing the data, the researcher used the theory which is appropriate with the data.

The results of the research show that in Arabic, the changing of word form singular noun to plural noun is different then English. Where, in English it only needs oine step namely from singular to plural. But, Arabic has two steps. First is from mufrodtotatsniah. The second is from mufrod to jama. The Verb (tense)

and fi’il have different way. While the verb form which changes in English,

but in Arabic is dhomir (pronoun) which changes, the verb does not change. Also the preposition in English does not change the word after it. But, in Arabic it is different, because, the word will change after following the preposition (huruf).

INTISARI

Rohib, Abd. A03210003. 2016. Studi banding tentang infleksional morfim di dalam bahasa inggris dan bahasa arab. Sebuah sekripsi. Sastra inggris fakultas adab

universitas islam sunan ampel Surabaya. Pembimbing: Endratno Pilih Swasono,

M.Pd

Kata kunci: perbandingan bahasa, morfologi, morfim, infleksional morfim, intuisi.

Adapun tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mempelajari tentang perbandingan antara kosa-kata di dalam bahasa arab dan bahasa inggris. Tujuan dari penulisan skripsi ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi dan menganalisa setiap perbedaan dan persamaan antara kosa-kata bahasa arab dan bahasa inggris baik dari percapakapan sehari maupun kosakata yang diambil dari kamus.

Adapun teori yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah teori morfologi karena penelitian ini membahas tentang inflectional morpheme. Penelitian ini juga menggunakan teori dari Richard.

Adapun metode pengambilan data dari penelitian ini adalah teori deskriptif. Data yang dikumpulkan adalah dari hasil pemahaman peneliti. Semua hasil dari pengambilan data dipresentasikan dengan mengunakan kata dan keterangan, baik data yang diperoleh dari pemahaman penulis terhadap grammar bahasa inggris maupun bahasa arab. Data ini dipresentasikan untuk menganalisa dan mengidentifikasi bagaimana sebuah infleksional morfim terbentuk. Dalam menganalisa semua data tersebut, penulis menggunakan teori yang sesuai dengan hasil pengambilan data.

Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah bisa mengetahui bahwa perubahan dari bentuk tunggal ke bentuk jamak di dalam bahasa arab berbeda dari perubahan-perubahan di dalam bahasa inggris. Adapun perubahan-perubahan dari bentuk tunggal ke jamak di dalam bahasa inggris hanya membutuhkan satu langkah yaitu bentuk tunggal ke jamak. Sedangkan perubahan didalam bahasa arab memiliki dua langkah. Yang pertama, perubahan dari bentuk mufrod ke tatsniah, dan yang kedua adalah perubahan dari bentuk mufrod ke jama`. Kata kerja dalam bahasa inggris serta fi’il dalam bahasa arab juga memiliki perbedaan. Di dalam bahasa inggris perubahan bentuk kata kerjanya terletak pada kata kerjanya tersebut, sedangkan didalam bahasa arab tidak ada perubahan pada kata kerjanya (fi`il) melainkan dhomir (kata ganti) yang mendaptkan perubahan tersebut. Perbedaan lain juga terdapat pada bentuk kata depan dari bahasa inggris dan bahasa arab. Di dalam bahasa inggris tidak ada perubahan bentuk kata setelah kata depan, sedangkan di dalam bahasa arab ada perubahan bentuk kata setalah penggunaan kata depan tersebut.

TABLE OF CONTENT

Inside Cover Page………..………...i

Inside Title Page………..ii

Declaration Page……….iii

Dedication Page………..iv

Motto………...vi

Thesis Advisor’s Approval Page………...vii

Thesis Examiners’ Approval Page………viii

Acknowledgements………...ix

Table of content………...x

Abstract…...……….…….xiv

Intisari ………...xv

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study………...1

1.2 Statements of the Problem………5

1.3 Purpose of the Study………...………..5

1.4 Significance of Conducting Study………..………..5

1.6 Scope and Limitation of the Study……….7

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1 Language Comparison ………..8

2.2 English Morphology………..9

2.2.1 Word……….10

2.2.2 Morpheme……….………11

2.1.2.1Free Morpheme ………..………12

2.2.2.1.1 Lexical Morpheme ………....14

2.2.2.1.2 Functional Morpheme ………. ……15

2.1.2.2Bound Morpheme ………..15

2.1.2.2.1 Derivational Morpheme ……….16

2.2.2.2.2 Inflectional Morpheme ………. ………17

2.2.2.2.2.1 Tenses……… ……18

2.2.2.2.2.1.1Simple Present………..19

2.2.2.2.2.1.2 Present Progressive ……….………...19

2.2.2.2.2.1.3 Present Perfect ………19

2.2.2.2.2.1.4 Present Perfect Progressive ……….20

2.2.2.2.2.1.5 Simple Past ………..20

2.2.2.2.2.1.6 Past Progressive ……….20

2.2.2.2.2.1.7 Past Perfect ……….21

2.2.2.2.2.1.8 Past Perfect Progressive………..………21

2.2.2.2.2.1.10 Future Progressive ………21

2.2.2.2.2.1.11. Future Perfect ………...…………...21

2.2.2.2.2.1.12 Future Perfect Progressive……….…………...22

2.2.2.2.2.2 Noun………..………22

2.2.2.2.2.2.1 Singular ……….……….………….23

2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2 Plural………23

2.2.2.2.2.3. Possessive……….…………25 2.2.2.2.2.4. Pereposition……….27

2.3 Arabic Morphology………28

2.3.1. Fi’il Madhi………..……….33

2.3.2. Fi’il Mudhari’………..36

2.3.3. Fi’il Amr……….………..38

2.3.4. Isim …...………..………..40

2.3.4.1. Isim Mufrod………..………..40

2.3.4.2. Isim Tatsniyah……….41

2.3.4.3. Jama’ Muannas Salim………41

2.3.4.4. Jama’ Mudzakar Salim………..41

2.3.4.5. Jama’ Taksir………42

2.3.5. Mudhaf and Mudhaf Ilaih………43

2.3.6. Huruf………45

2.3 Theoretical Frame Work …..………..………..………...47

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD 3.1Research Approach………..48

3.2 Data Source………...48

3.3Techniques of Collecting Data……….49

3.4Techniques of Data Analysis………...49

CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Findings………50

4.2 Discussion………64

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION

5.1 Conclusion………69

5.2 Suggestion………....71

REFERENCES………...………..72

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1. Background of Study

Talking about language, there are many languages in this world, For instance Indonesian, Chinese, Japanese, English, French, Hindi, Arabic, Africa, and others. From many languages in this world, English and Arabic are famous and much used among people activities. English is international language that used either in Asia, Africa, America, and Europe. Also Arabic is Quran language and in prayer that uses Arabic from takbirotul ihrom until salaam. Learning English or Arabic is called learning foreign language because both of them are not our origin languages.

If someone knows moreover he masters English and Arabic he must be happy, because he will be easy to communicate with many people moreover with foreigner in this world. If someone knows Arabic, he will focus in his prayer cause of understanding the meaning of prayer. Also he can study Islam scientist’s work like

ihya ulumuddin or tasawuf which is written in Arabic language by imam Al-ghazali.

It is impossible for us to read moreover understand that book if we do not know Arabic, except that book has been translated to Indonesian which is as our language.

According to ION International Education (2011), Arabic is a formal language of twenty countries which form Arabic ligue. Arabic is origin language for more than 200 millions people who live in geographycal district Also it is known as

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arabic world. Arabic is a liturgical language for more than one milliyard moslems in all the world.

Beside Arabic, English is also important in our daily life. According to ION International Education (2011), English is a language that is much used in the world. Because English is much used, this language is always called as world language and langua franca from modern era. Although English is not formal language of many countries, English is foreign language that is much studied everywhere. Some lingustics beleive that English is not culture wealth that only belongs to English Native speraker again. But, it is a language which always pervades many culture aspects from all the word and it always developes. If someone goes to another country like, America, Mexico, England, Spain or other Europe countries, he will use English as a tool to speak or make conversation with them. Also it is a language which is used in general technology like computer, mobile phone, and others, where there are many programs use English inside.

Therefore, the reseacher is intererested to compare between English and arabic, because both of them have differences and similariries either in structure moreover in spoken. The researcher analyzes about inflectional morphemes of English and Atrabic. For example, the changing of word from singular to plural. Like the word “table” becomes “tables”, or the changing from mufrod to jama’ in Arabic, such as:

ا َ

ٌ

becomes

ا

ٌ

َ

ْ

َ

.

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Some studies were written by other researchers related this analysis, one of them is Ahmed Umar from Iraq (1993). He conducted the analysis of a comparative study of the verbal group in English and Arabic.In his analysis, He focused on verbal elements like tense, aspect, finiteness and voice. The study also analyzed the data using the systemic functional framework complemented by some Arabic grammatical theories. From that analysis, he concluded that the two language namely English and Arabic agree on functional dimension (tense, aspect, etc), but differ on minute structure details (word order and word form). From his study, he hoped the reader can select to use the language based on the functional suitability of the items.

Besides, Amna A.Hasan & Imran Ho Abdullah from Malaysia (2007) conducted too. The research that they wrote is about a comparative study of English and Arabic use of prepositions among Arab Native Speakers. That analysis examines the problems Arab EFL learners have with the basic of English prepositions at, in and

on and attempts to account for their difficulties with these English prepositions through a comparative study of the Arabic prepositional system. From their analysis, the researcher expected that analysis to be able to comprehend the phenomena of comparative study of English and Arabic use of prepositional system in college environment.

From his analysis, the researcher finds the similarity of his statement, where his topic about a comparison of preposition of English and Arabic. The researcher

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also talks about preposition or huruf in Arabic. Such as: in, at with

ىف

,

for with

ل

,

on with

ىلع

,

and another example.

Other studies were conducted by Alanoud Alsharekh from India (2006). Her topic does not support the researcher’s study. But, the researcher put it in previous of the study because her study compares between English and Arabic. She wrote angry words softly spoken: a comparative study of English & Arabic women writers. In this study, she compared the British model of female consciousness with the development of Arab female consciousness, specifically in reference to the roles and contributions of female authors to the novel form. Her comparative study is loosely based on the research presented in Elaine Showalter’s A Literature of Their Own, which suggests that there are three phases of female consciousness in the development of female novels namely feminine stage, feminist stage, and final stage.

She shared similarities with in their developmental stage. They also have many differences, in part arising from factors that are representative of each of the two cultures (British and Arabic). From her study, she suggested especially for the women to know many cultures and experiences. In writing world, there are writer and reader. Writer is someone who writes the information or work while reader is someone who gets the information. In this study, the researcher takes a dictionary as the object of his analysis. That is the difference between this study and many researches above. The expectation is it can become the new thing for the readers

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especially in English and Arabic inflectional morphemes in comparative study that the researcher studies.

1.2. Statement of the Problems

From explanation of background of study above, this research is focus with two following questions:

1. What are the differences and similarities between English and Arabic inflectional morphemes?

2. What are the functions of English and Arabic inflectional morphemes? 1.3. Purpose of the Study

The purpose of this study, the researcher is focus as follows:

1. To identify the differences and the similarities between English and Arabic inflectional morphemes.

2. To know the functions of English and Arabic inflectional morphemes. 1.4. Significance of the Study

The result of this study is expected to give contribution theoretically and practically for the researcher, students, lectures and other researchers. As theoretically, they can use this study as reference or documentation to increase their English especially about inflectional morphemes. As practically, they are able to practice this study in making conversation in their daily life. Either in their houses, school, and in another places.

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1.5. Definition of Key Terms

1. Comparative study : a study in which a participant is randomly assigned to one of two or more different treatment groups for purposes of comparing the effect of the treatments (A Dictionary of Nursing. 2008).

2. Word : a single distinct meaningful element of speech or writing, used with others (or sometimes alone) to form a sentence and typically shown with a space on either side when written or printed: I don’t like the word ‘unofficial’ why so many

words for so few ideas? (Richard. 2006).

3. Phrase : a small group of related words within a sentence or clause (James Jones. 2006).

4. Sentence : a word or group of words that conveys meaning to the listener, can be responded to or is part of a response, and is punctuated (Andrew S. Rothstein and Evelyn Rothstein. 2010). 5. Inflectional morphemes: a suffix that is added to a word to assign a particular

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1.6. Scope Limitation of the Study

The researcher focuses on comparison of English and Arabic inflectional morphemes as the main purpose of this research. The researcher analyzes about the differences and the similarities of English and Arabic inflectional morphemes in the dictionary in English and Arabic books. There are many words in the dictionary, but to limit the researcher’s analysis, the researcher analyzes the English and Arabic words in noun (isim), verb (fi’il), and preposition (huruf).

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The researcher explains the theory that used to analyze the data. It means that can help the researcher in analyzing. It is also divided in two parts. First is main theory which consist of language comparison, morphology, word, lexical morpheme, functional morpheme (free morpheme), and bound morpheme namely derivational and inflectional morpheme. The second is theoretical frame work.

This point focuses on discussion of morpheme which is used as main theory of this analysis, namely English and Arabic inflectional morphemes. This study is discussed about morpheme either in English or Arabic. For example, the changing of word in singular to plural like foot become feet and also in Arabic, Such as isim and huruf. In this section the researcher explains about the theory that is used in this analysis.

2.1. Language Comparison

According to Shapiro (1989), language comparison is a natural way to compare the expressive power of two languages (and their relative observation criteria) is to see whether all programs written in one language can be easily and equivalently translated into the other one, where equivalent is intended in the sense of the same observable behaviour.

Shapiro also said that the are four things in comparing language. They are: 1. The act of comparing or the things of being compared.

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2. A statement or estimate of similarities and differences.

3. The quality of being similar or equivalent; likeness: no comparison between the two books.

4. Grammar the modification or inflection of an adjective or adverb to denote the positive, comparative, and superlative degrees, as in English, along with the equation degree in certain other languages, such as Irish Gaelic. From explanation above, the reseacher analyzes in the second purpose. Because this thesis talks about language comparisson, so, this study focuses to compare english and arabic inflectional morphemes. The researcher expects to find the difference and similarity of characteristic of those two languages.

2.2. English Morphology

According to Richard (2006), morphology is the study of form or forms of word. In linguistics, morphology refers to the mental system involved in word formation or to the branch of linguistics that deals with words, their internal structure, and how they are formed. So, morphology discusses about how the word is formed, also it talks the structure of the word that changes the form of word.

In linguistics, morphology is the identification, analysis and description of the structure of a given language's morphemes and other linguistic units, such as root words, affixes, parts of speech, intonation/stress, or implied context (Richard Nordquist. 2006). When it is talking about morphology, it must remember about morpheme. The words can be decomposed into smaller meaningful elements that linguists call morphemes. A word sometime has meaning sometimes does not

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have meaning, Such as: car, house, cow, ant, and others. Also the word form can change because of supported condition. For example the change from singular to plural, from infinitive to past participle or past tense. So this theory really supports the researcher in analyzing word.

From explanation above, morphology cannot separate from two kinds: word and morpheme. Where, both of them are explained in following bellow. 2.2.1. Word

According to Richard (2006) word is the smallest independent unit of language. It is independent in that it does not depend on other words which mean that they can be separated from other units and can change position. Consider the sentence:

The man looked at the horses.

The plural ending –s in horses is dependent on the noun horse to receive meaning and can therefore not be a word. Horses however, is a word, as it can occur in other positions in the sentence or stand on its own:

The horses looked at the man. What is the man looking at? - Horses.

Words are independent since they can be separated from other words and move around in sentences and the smallest units of language since they are the only units of language for which this is possible.

Although words are the smallest independent units of language, they have an internal structure and are built up by even smaller pieces. There are simple words that don’t have an internal structure and only consist of one

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piece, like work. There is no way we can divide work into smaller parts that carry meaning or function. Complex words however, do have an internal structure and consist of two or more pieces. Consider worker, where the ending –er is added to the root work to make it into a noun meaning someone who works. These pieces are called morphemes and are the smallest meaning-bearing units of language.

Talking about word, because the topic is about English and Arabic, so the researcher explains both. There are many words in English. One of the examples is already given above which tell about singular and plural. Of course it is about noun form (word of noun). There are still many words in English like pronoun, adverb, adjective, determiner, and others.

2.2.2. Morpheme

Morpheme is a meaningful linguistic unit consisting of a word (such as

dog) or a word element (such as the -s at the end of dogs) that can't be divided into smaller meaningful parts (Paul, 2005). A morpheme is not identical to a word, and the principal difference between the two is that a morpheme may or may not stand alone, whereas a word, by definition, is freestanding. When it stands by itself, it is considered a root because it has a meaning of its own (e.g. the morpheme cat) and when it depends on another morpheme to express an idea, it is an affix because it has a grammatical function (e.g. the –s in cats to specify that it is plural). Every word comprises one or more morphemes. The more combinations a morpheme is found in, the more productive it is said to be.

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The examples used above indicate that a morpheme can be realized as one phoneme, such as the “plural” /s/, or more than one phoneme, such as “cat”. Nor is a morpheme equivalent to anything we might want to call syllable, since the “plural” /s/ is less than a syllable, “cat” is one syllable, and “cattle” is disyllabic. Finally, morphemes are not equivalent to what are conventionally regarded as word, since cats is one word but two morphemes, “cat” and “plural.” Morphemes are the minimal units of meaning out of which meaningful utterances are built in ways still to be determined.

There are two kinds of morpheme. First, free morpheme, and bound morpheme. There are the differences of both that is analyzed for the next discussion.

2.2.2.1. Free Morpheme

A morpheme (or word element) that can stand alone as a word is called free morpheme. It Contrasts with bound morpheme. There are two basic kinds of free morphemes: content words and function words. Morphemes can be divided into two general classes. Free morphemes are those which can stand alone as words of a language, whereas bound morphemes must be attached to other morphemes. Most roots in English are free morphemes (for example, dog, syntax, and to), although there are a few cases of roots (like -gruntle as in disgruntle) that must be combined with another bound morpheme in order to surface as an acceptable lexical item.

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Free morphemes can be further subdivided into content words and function words. Content words, as their name suggests, carry most of the content of a sentence. Function words generally perform some kind of grammatical role, carrying little meaning of their own. One circumstance in which the distinction between function words and content words is useful is when one is inclined to keep wordiness to a minimum; for example, when drafting a telegram, where every word costs money. In such a circumstance, one tends to leave out most of 0the function words (like to, that, and, there, some, and but), concentrating instead on content words to convey the gist of the message (Steven, 1999). From this statement, one of kind of morpheme is function words where it plays to complete to another word. Such as: some people, and there is a child in the room.

A word like 'house' or 'dog' is called a free morpheme because it can occur in isolation and cannot be divided into smaller meaning unit. The word 'quickest' is composed of two morphemes, one bound and one free. The word 'quick' is the free morpheme and carries the basic meaning of the word. The 'est' makes the word a superlative and is a bound morpheme because it cannot stand alone and be meaningful." (Donald 1999)

From Donald explanation, the word which can stands and has own meaning without needing to combine with another word is called free morpheme. Such as: man, dog, big, and others. If there is a word combines with “est” or “er”, that will has two morphemes. For example, “Tony is a smallest boy in the class”. The word “smallest” is one word but it has two morphemes, where the “est” just

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can stand with another word because it cannot stand alone which is called bound morpheme.

2.2.2.1.1. Lexical Morpheme

Morphemes can be lexical or grammatical. Lexical morphemes are the "meaty" part of a word that has the clear meaning. Because they have their own meaning, they can stand by themselves. Grammatical morphemes have a job rather than a meaning. It is difficult to say what they mean but easier to say what they do.

Happy becomes happily (here the extra morpheme makes the word an adverb) Dog becomes dogs (here the extra morpheme makes the word plural)

Child becomes children (here the extra morpheme makes the word plural too) Wait becomes WAIT-FOR-AGES (here the extra morpheme adds the idea of “a long time” to the action).

What we have described as free morphemes fall into two categories. The first category is that set of ordinary nouns, adjectives and verbs that we think of as the words that carry the 'content' of the messages we convey. These free morphemes are called lexical morphemes and some examples are: girl, man, house, tiger, sad, long, yellow, sincere, open, look, follow, break. We can add new lexical morphemes to the language rather easily, so they are treated as an 'open' class of words.

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2.2.2.1.2. Functional morpheme

Other types of free morphemes are called functional morphemes. Examples are and, but, when, because, on, near, above, in, the, that, it, them. This set consists largely of the functional words in the language such as conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns. Because we almost never add new functional morphemes to the language, they are described as a 'closed' class of words.

A functional morpheme (as opposed to a content morpheme) is a morpheme which simply modifies the meaning of the word, rather than supplying the root meaning of the word. That is to say that it functions, but does not mean in and of itself.

2.2.2.2. Bound Morpheme

In morphology, a bound morpheme is a morpheme that appears only as part of a larger word; a free or unbound morpheme is one that can stand alone. A bound morpheme is also known as a bound form Many roots are free morphemes, e.g., ship- in "shipment", while others are bound. Roots normally carry lexical meaning. Words like chairman that contain two free morphemes (chair and man) are referred to as compound words. Other examples of bound morphemes are the “past tense” morpheme in baked, the “negative” morpheme in infamous, and the “quality” morpheme is goodness. (Ronald. 1972:76)

Affixes are always bound in English, although languages such as Arabic have forms which sometimes affix to words and sometimes can stand alone.

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English language affixes are almost exclusively prefixes or suffixes. For example:

pre- in "prefix" and -ment in "shipment". Affixes may be inflectional, indicating how a certain word relates to other words in a larger phrase, or derivational, changing either the part of speech or the actual meaning of a word. Cranberry morphemes are a special form of bound morphemes where the bound morpheme does not have an independent meaning, only serving to distinguish one word from another, as in cranberry, where the free morpheme berry is preceded by the bound morpheme cran-, which does not have independent meaning.

Words can be formed purely from bound morphemes, as in English

permit, ultimately from Latin per "through" + mittō "I send", where per- and -mit

are bound morphemes in English. However, these are often instead analyzed synchronically as simply a single morpheme.

2.2.2.2.1. Derivational Morpheme

In morphology, derivational morpheme is an affix that's added to a word to create a new word or a new form of a word. Derivational morphemes can change the grammatical category (or part of speech) of a word. For example, adding -ful

to beauty changes the word from a noun to an adjective (beautiful). The form that results from the addition of a derivational morpheme is called a derived word or a

derivative.

Derivational morphemes are used to change the grammatical categories of words. For example, the derivational morpheme -er is used to transform the verb

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adverb quickly. We can change adjectives such as happy into nouns such as

happiness by using the derivational morpheme -ness. Other common suffixes include -ism, -tion, -able, -ment and -al. Derivational morphemes can also be prefixes, such as un-, in-, pre- and a-.

Derivational morphemes can be added to free morphemes or to other derivational morphemes. For example, the verb transform consists of the root word form and the prefix trans-, a derivational morpheme. It can become the noun

transformation by adding the derivational morpheme -ation. By adding -al to -ation, the adjective transformational is created." (Lynne Hebert 2007)

2.2.2.2.2. Inflectional morpheme

According to Richard (2006), inflectional morpheme is the processes (such as affixation and vowel change) that distinguish the forms of words in certain grammatical categories. Inflectional morphology is customarily distinguished from derivational morphology (or word formation). Derivational morphology results in the creation of a new word with a new meaning. In contrast, inflectional morphology involves an obligatory grammatical specification characteristic of a word class. This distinction, however, is not always clear-cut. The prototypical inflectional categories include number, tense, person, case, gender, and others, all of which usually produce different forms of the same word rather than different words. Thus leaf and leaves, or write and writes, or run and ran are not given separate headwords in dictionaries. Derivational categories, in contrast, do form separate words, so that leaflet, writer, and rerun will figure as separate words in dictionaries.

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In addition, inflectional categories do not in general alter the basic meaning expressed by a word; they merely add specifications to a word or emphasize certain aspects of its meaning. Leaves, for instance, has the same basic meaning as leaf, but adds to this the specification of multiple exemplars of leaves. Derived words, by contrast, generally denote different concepts from their base:

leaflet refers to different things from leaf; and the noun writer calls up a somewhat different concept from the verb to write.

Richard’s explanation above talks that inflectional morpheme is the process to distinguish the form of word. It discusses about the word which changes in grammatical category. It mean, the form of word will change because its condition. For example, the changing of word in singular to plural of noun, many forms of verb which are used in tenses like simple past, perfect tense, and others. So that, inflectional morpheme is divided into three kinds.

1. Tenses. 2. Noun. 3. Possessive. 4. Preposition. 2.2.2.2.2.1. Tenses

According to Richard, tense is the time of verb’s action or state of being, such as present or past. The tenses in English are simple present, present Progressive, Present Perfect, simple past, past progressive, past perfect, present

19

perfect progressive, simple future, future progressive, future perfect, and future perfect progressive. The formulas for conjugating various verb tenses are listed below:

2.2.2.2.2.1.1. Simple Present:

Base form of the verb (for third-person singular, add –s or–es). For example: He goes to the market

- Use to describe customary or habitual actions, and general truths. I walk to school every day (habitual action).

The earth is round (general truth). 2.2.2.2.2.1.2. Present Progressive: Am / is / are + present participle (-ing).

- Use to describe actions occurring now, in the present time. I am wearing my new raincoat.

2.2.2.2.2.1.3. Present Perfect: Have / has + past participle.

- Use to describe actions that began in the past and continue to the present with the sense that it will continue in the future.

John has worked at the bookstore since last summer.

- Use to describe actions that occurred more than once, or repeatedly, in the past. Bruce has sung at every concert held at the school.

- Use to describe actions that happened at an unknown past time. Our friends have travelled to Paris.

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Yes, we have studied for the test.

- Use to describe a recent action given extra emphasis. The boys have just found the coins.

2.2.2.2.2.1.4. Present Perfect Progressive: Have / has + been + present participle (-ing).

- Use to describe actions that have been performed recently. I have been picking cherries.

- Use to describe actions that have started in the past, and have continued into the present.

I have been walking for two hours. 2.2.2.2.2.1.5. Simple Past:

Base form + -ed for regular verbs. Many verbs have an irregular past-tense form. To find the past-tense form of a verb, look up its base form in your dictionary. - Use to describe actions that took place at a specific time in the past.

I ate breakfast yesterday. Use to describe actions that occurred over a period of time in the past, but are no longer occurring in the present. I sang every day when I was in high school.

2.2.2.2.2.1.6. Past Progressive: Was / were + present participle (ing).

- Use to describe an action that was occurring at a specific point in time in the past.

Dave was taking a shower when the phone rang.

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Yannick was dancing while Adrian was playing his guitar. 2.2.2.2.2.1.7. Past Perfect:

Had + past participle.

- Use to describe an action that was completed by a definite time, or before another action was completed in the past.

I had finished dinner by six o’clock.

After he had stepped on the nail, his foot began to hurt. 2.2.2.2.2.1.8. Past Perfect Progressive:

Had + been + present participle (-ing).

- Use to emphasize the duration of an action that was completed before another action in the past.

Laura had been waiting for the bus for twenty minutes when it finally arrived. 2.2.2.2.2.1.9. Simple Future:

Will / shall + base form.

- Use to describe actions that are expected to take place after the present. Regan will sing at the concert on Friday.

2.2.2.2.2.1.10. Future Progressive: Will + be + present participle (-ing).

- Use to describe actions that will be in progress in the future. I will be cheering loudly when The Ruttles walk onstage. 2.2.2.2.2.1.11. Future Perfect:

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- Use to describe actions that will be completed before another future action, or before a specific future time.

The Smiths will have painted their house before you arrive. Natalie will have eaten five donuts by the end of the night. 2.2.2.2.2.1.12. Future Perfect Progressive:

Will + have + been + present participle (-ing).

- Use to describe actions that have been in progress for a period of time in the future before another event or time in the future.

As of May, Adrian will have been playing in the band for twenty years. 2.2.2.2.2.2. Noun

Noun is the part of speech that is used to name a person, place, thing, quality, or action and it can function as the subject or object of a verb, the object of a preposition, or an appositive. For example is table, house, pen, David, sister, London, happiness, and tiger. Nouns give names of concrete or abstract things in our lives. As babies learn "mom," "dad," or "milk" as their first word, nouns should be the first topic when you study a foreign language.

The researcher does not explain more about noun. But, he analyzes how a word of noun occurs a changing in a form of word. So, the researcher analyzes about a singular and plural. Because it talks how the word changes its form from singular to plural.

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2.2.2.2.2.2.1. Singular.

Singular is a grammatical category of number denoting one person, thing, or instance. Singular contrasts with plural in the description of nouns, pronouns, and verb form. The singular is the simplest form of a noun, the form that appears in a dictionary. Singular is a form of a word used to show that only one person or thing is meant. Such as: book, chair, elephant and it cetera.

2.2.2.2.2.2.2. Plural

Plural is the form of a noun that typically denotes more than one person, thing, or instance. Most English nouns form their plural by adding either -s (books, bands,

bells) or -es (boxes, bunches, batches). These plural forms are said to follow a regular

pattern. But not all nouns conform to this standard pattern. In fact, some of the most common English nouns have irregular plural forms--such as woman/women and

child/children. (The reasons for this are briefly discussed in the article Plural Forms of English Nouns.) In addition, several nouns have alternative plurals, one regular and the other irregular.

Plural is relating to a form of a word that refers to more than one person or thing. Plural changes form of word from its singular form.

For the plural form of most nouns, add s.

1. Bottle becomes bottles.

2. Cup becomes cups. 3. Pencil becomes pencils. 4. Desk becomes desks. 5. Sticker becomes stickers. 6. Window becomes windows.

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For nouns that end in ch, x, s, or s sounds, add es.

1. Box becomes boxes. 2. Watch becomes watches. 3. Moss becomes mosses. 4. Bus becomes buses.

For nouns ending in f or fe, change f to v and add es.

1. Wolf becomes wolves. 2. Wife becomes wives. 3. Leaf becomes leaves. 4. Life becomes lives.

Some nouns have different plural forms.

1. Child becomes children. 2. Woman becomes women. 3. Man becomes men. 4. Mouse becomes mice. 5. Goose becomes geese.

Nouns ending in vowels like y or o do not have definite rules.

1. Baby becomes babies. 2. Toy becomes toys. 3. Kidney becomes kidneys. 4. Potato becomes potatoes. 5. Memo becomes memos. 6. Stereo becomes stereos.

A few nouns have the same singular and plural forms.

1. Sheep becomes sheep. 2. Deer becomes deer. 3. Series becomes series. 4. Species becomes species.

Many examples above are very clear that there is a changing of form from singular to plural namely by additional “s” or “es”. Such as: bottle becomes bottles, box becomes boxes. The function of “s” or “es” of the words above is to

25

show that the word is plural form. But, sometimes there is no change in a word although it is in plural form. For instance, the word “sheep”, this word will not change although it becomes plural form because it is exception.

2.2.2.2.2.3. Possessive

Possessive is the case of a noun or pronoun that shows possession. Nouns are usually made possessive by adding an apostrophe and s: “The bicycle is Sue's, not Mark's.” Possessive pronouns can take the place of possessive nouns: “The bicycle is hers, not his. A noun names a person, place, thing, idea, quality or action. A possessive noun shows ownership by adding an apostrophe, an "s" or both. To make a single noun possessive, simply add an apostrophe and an "s".

Singular Possessive Nouns

1. Apple’s taste 2. Book’s cover 3. Boss’s car 4. Cat’s tuna

5. Computer’s keyboard

Plural Possessive Nouns

When a plural noun ends with an "s," simply add an apostrophe to make it possessive. Here are examples of plural possessive nouns:

1. Babies’ shoes 2. Donors’ cards

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3. Eggs’ color 4. Garages’ fees 5. Juices’ flavors 6. Kites’ altitudes 7. Lemons’ acidity 8. Members’ votes 9. Planets’ orbits 10. Quizzes’ difficulty 11. Students’ grades

12. Teachers’ qualifications

When a plural noun does not end with an "s," add an apostrophe and an "s" to make it possessive. Here are examples of plural possessive nouns:

1. Cattle’s pasture 2. Geese’s eggs 3. Women’s clothes 4. Children’s toys 5. People’s ideas 6. Feet’s toenails 7. Nuclei’s form 8. Lice’s size

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2.2.2.2.2.4. Preposition

Preposition is a word or group of words that is used with a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase to show direction, location, or time, or to introduce an object (Richard. 2006). Here are some example of prepositon: in, on, from, at, above, beside, with, to, after, without, behind, under, for, during, except, and until. The example of preposition in sentence, the pen is on the table. This example shows that the word which is put after preposition does not change. The preposition in English does not influence with another word in a sentence.

From explanation above, the researcher analyzes the inflectional morphemes of English which are put in following table:

No Part/case Discussion

1 Morpheme Inflectional morpheme

2 Noun Singular

3 Noun Plural

4 Verb Past tense

5 Verb Perfect tense

6 Verb Present progressive

7 Verb Simple Future

8 Possessive Possessive pronoun/noun

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2.3. Arabic Morphology

In Arabic book, namely in fawaakihul jinayah (1996:4), word is divided in three kinds. First is called isim, second is fi’il, and the last is huruf. Isim is a word showes its meaning and it is not bounded with time. Some examples like

(bi’run/well)

,

(baitun/house),

ملق

(kolamun/pen), and other examples the reseacherer cannot give all. Fiil contrasts with isim, namely a word showes its meaning and it is bounded with time. Such as

ا

(naama/sleep)

, ا ق

(qooma/stand),

بتك

(kataba/write),

به ذ

(dzahaba/go), and others. And huruf is different than isim also fi’il it is a word which is not suitable with characteristic of

isim and also characteristic of fi’il .For example,

ل

,

ب

,

ىلع

,

ىف

(for, by, on, in) and soon.

Word of pronoun in English is different than Arabic. The pronoun in English “I, you, he, she, and it” they are for singular. For plural are “we, you, and they” So they are only seven. In Arabic, pronoun is more than English. These are Arabic pronouns:

Singular

ا

(I)

ا

(you/sin gular/ female)

ا

(you/male)

ه

(she)

ه

(he)

Plural

(we).

مت ا

(you /two people

مت ا

(you/two people male)

مه

(they/2/ female).

مه

(they/2/ male)

29

female). Plural

_{ت ا}

_َ

you/plur al/female

مت ا

(you/plural/m ale)

َ

ه

(they/fem ale)

مه

(they/mal e).

So, there are fourteen pronouns in Arabic. Where, the pronouns in English are fewer than Arabic because they are only seven.

In this study, the researcher analyzes the comparison of English and Arabic inflectional morphemes. The researcher gives some examples in words, phrases, and sentences. For example, the changing of singular word becomes plural. Such as table becomes tables, book becomes books, man becomes men. In English, there is also about compound. For example: daughter-in-law, swimming-pool. Also the researcher wants to give example of Arabic. In Arabic there is a difference in word, phrase, and sentence. For example between mufrod (singular) and jama’(plural) , these are the examples:

Words:

Singular form Plural form Indicator

ب (baabun)

با ا (abwaabun)

و

(rojulun)

ل

(rijaalun)

ا

با

(toolibun)

ا

(toolibuuna

و

and

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Means

Singular form Plural form indicator

Door Doors S

Man Men Form changing

Student Students S

In first example, namely

ب

(baabun) which is singular form becomes

با ا

(abwaabun)

,

it is a plural form from previous word because it is jama’ taksiir or irregular plural form. So if it is put in phrase or sentence, it must follow the structure. For example

ا ا با ا

(al abwaabu saudaa u) because the first word is plural form, so the second word must be plural form too as explained in fawaakihul jinayah (1996:82).

This is also the explanation of English word example namely word “Doors” is plural form from word “door”. A final –s is added to a noun to make a noun plural (Betty, 1989:198). An example, the doors of that mosque are black. Although the word “doors” is plural, the word “black” does not change because it has already used be-“are” also it an adverb. So this is the difference between English and Arabic.

For the second example, it is same with the first example, where the word

which is singular form becomes

ل ,

it is a plural form from previous word because it is also jama’ taksiir or irregular plural. For the second example of

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English word, the word “man” in singular becomes “men” in plural form. It indicates that the change of singular form to plural form in English is not always with addition “s/es” but also there is a change of word form like previous example namely “man” becomes “men”.

For the third example “

با

(toolibun)” becomes

ا

(toolibuuna), from singular form to plural form. It is in Arabic called mufrod becomes jama’

mudakar saalim, where the word of noun is added letter “

و

(waau)” and "(nuun)” if it becomes subject. For example,

ا اا ىف ا

َ

لاا

(mazahat thoolibuuna fil fashli amsi) means “the student joked in the class yesterday”. If the word of noun becomes object is different where it is not added letter “

و

(waau)” and " (nuun)” too, but it is added with letter “

ي ”

and ” “. Such as,

ل

َ

لاا

م

ِ

لعا

means “I teach many students”. The underlined word is different with previous word, namely

ا

َ

لاا

where the second example is different because it is becomes an object.

Phrase:

لم ا

(mar atun jamiilatun) means “beautiful girl”, Second word follows the first which is singular form. If the first word is plural, the second will follow the previous word like the bellow example:

32

و ه ماا ا

َ

لاا

(atthoolibuunal maahiruuna) means “clever students”, these two words are jama’ mudzakkar saalim. From this example, the researcher finds the difference between English and Arabic. In Arabic, namely the word

ا

َ

لاا

و ه ماا

shows that the first word is plural form where it is from

با

as its singular form, so the second word must follow the first where it is a plural form from word "

ه

" as a singular form from

و ه .

If in English it is different. Such as: the word “clever students”. The second word is plural form which is added letter “s” in final of word, where it is from word “student” as its singular form. For the first word namely “clever”, there is no changing from this word although the other word needs to change. So from here, English is different with Arabic.

Sentence:

َ

لاا ىف

م ا

_َ

(naama Muhammadun finnahaari) means “Muhammad slept last noon”, because word “Muhammad” is a subject so its position is put as in an example. In Arabic, the subject must be put after the verb, but in English is different. Where, the subject is put before the verb like the previous example.

Beside tenses in English, there are also the verbs of Arabic which are called fi’il. There are three kinds of fi’il, they are

ىض عف

,

ع ضماا عف

, and

ا عف

.

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These are the explanations of them: 2.3.1.

ىض عف

ىض ماا

اا ىف و ىلع ىلع ل

َ

Syaikh Abdillah (1996)

It means that the meaning of verb that shows an action occurs in the last time. Fi’il madhi is the word which is changed is dhomir or pronoun. For example,

كا

the meaning of this word is “eat”. This word changes depend on the dhomiir or pronoun which is used. These are the changes of word form of

كا

in simple past:

كا

: he ate

كا

: they/two people (male) ate

ا لكا

: they (male) ate

لكا

: she ate

تلكا

: they/two people (female) ate

لكا

: they (female) ate

لكا

: you/singular (male) ate

متلكا

: you/two people (male) ate

34

لكا

: you/singular (female) ate

متلكا

: you/two people (female) ate

َ

تلكا

: you/plural (female) ate

لكا

: I ate

للكا

: we ate

From these changes, the researcher wants to give an example with taking one of them to put in sentence. Such as

اا ىف

َ

ز اا

َ

لكا

, the meaning of this sentence is “I ate rice last morning”. The word that the researcher underlines (

لكا

) consist subject and verb. The origin of that word is

كا

, because it is entered by dhomiir ana or pronoun (I), so that, the word

كا

becomes

لكا

which is added letter

ت

in last of word.

As the researcher explained before that the word form which changes in fi’il madhii or simple past is a dhomiir (pronoun) not a verb or fi’il. It is of course different if compared with English, where in English if in simple past the word form which changes is a verb as the researcher gave example before.

Beside Fi’il madhi has same function with simple past, it is also occurs in past perfect. Because the word form of past perfect in Arabic is same like the form of simple past. These are the examples of the change of word form from word

35

كا

: he has eaten

كا

: they/two people (male) have eaten

ا لكا

: they (male) have eaten

لكا

: she has eaten

تلكا

: they/two people (female) have eaten

لكا

: they (female) have eaten

لكا

: you/singular (male) have eaten

متلكا

: you/two people (male) have eaten

متلكا

: you/plural (male) have eaten

لكا

: you/singular (female) have eaten

متلكا

: you/two people (female) have eaten

َ

تلكا

: you/plural (female) have eaten

لكا

: I have eaten

للكا

: we have eaten 2.3.2.

ع ضماا عف

The definition of fi’il mudhoori’ is following (mutamimah, p: 5)

36

It means: fi’il mudhoori’ is a verb which describes an action occurs at present and in the future. Fi’il mudhoori’ has same function with present progressive and simple future. The change of word form in fi’il mudhoori’ depends on dhomiir as like fi’il madhii, namely the change of an origin word. Such as, from word

ا

(sleep) becomes as following bellow:

ا ل

: He is sleeping.

ل

: They/two people (male) are sleeping.

ل

: They (male) are sleeping.

ا ل

: She is sleeping.

ل

: They/two people (female) are sleeping.

مل

: They (female) are sleeping.

ا ل

: You/singular (male) are sleeping.

ل

: You/two people (male) are sleeping.

ل

: You/plural (male) are sleeping.

ل

: You/singular (female) are sleeping.

ل

: You/two people (female) are sleeping.

مل

: You/plural (female) are sleeping.

37

ا ل

: We are sleeping.

From many examples above, the researcher would like to compare between fi’il mudhoori’ and present progressive. Such as

ا ل

(sleep), this word is a change from its origin word namely

ا

. So from this example, the verb in fi’il mudhoori’ is added letter in the first word from its origin word. In Arabic, the word of fi’il mudhoori’ will change depend on dhomiir as the researcher gave many examples above. In English, present progressive is different. Where, the word which changes is a form of verb with adding “ing” after verb (infinitive) and the pronoun does not influent, either “I, you, we, and other pronouns”.

In Arabic, a simple future is like fi’il mudhoori’. So, the verb form depends on domiir or pronoun as the researcher gave many examples above. But, there is word addition before fi’il mudhoori’, namely word “

س

or

saufa” For example,

ا غ ا ىاا به ذ ف

, the meaning, ”we will go to Surabaya tomorrow”. The kalimah that the researcher underlines is a form of simple future in Arabic. The word

به ذ

is a form of fi’il mudhori’ which changes the word

به ذ

(basic form) with adding

(dhomiir nahnu “we”) in front of word. For word

ف

, it is a modal like “will” in simple future. It is always put before fi’il mudhoori’ like in the example above.

38

In Arabic, the verb there is also

ا عف .

thi is the definition of fi’il amar

from the book of Mutammimah (p:6)

أ

ا

:

ا عت ا ه و ىلع ع اا ثو ح بل ىلع ل

From this definition, fi’il amar is a verb which shows to ask or command. For example,

تك

قا

(read your book),

ا له

به ذا

((you) go there),

لضف

ذ

مق ىا

(take me my shirt please!). The word which is underlined is a form of fi’il madhii. So, the word change in form of fi’il madhii depends on its basic word. These are the examples of word changes from

ىض عف

and

عف

ع ضماا

become

ا عف

:

ا عف

ع ضماا عف

ىض عف

ك

(eat)

ك

(eating)

كا

(ate/eaten)

به ذا

(go)

به ذ

(going)

به ذ

(went/gone)

قا

(read)

(reading)

ق

(read)

ذ

(take)

ذ

(taking)

ذ ا

(took/taken)

بتكا

(write)

بت

(writing)

بتك

(wrote/written)

ا

(see)

ل

(seeing)

(saw/seen)

م

(sleep)

ا ل

(sleeping)

ا

(slept)

39

ل ا

(sit)

ل

(sitting)

ل

(sit)

ب ا

(drink)

ب

(drinking)

ب

(drank/drunk)

مق

(stand)

ا

(standing)

ا ق

(stand)

معت ا

(wear)

معت

(wearing)

معت ا

(wore/worn) There are still many other examples where the researcher will not mention all. Usually, the change of form of fi’il amr depends on form of fi’il mudhori’ as the researcher gave example above.

The verb of fi’il amr in English uses the form of simple present or infinitive form as many examples in the table. Such as,

معت ا

ع م اااذه

The word which is underlined is a form of fi’il amr. If that word is translated into English, the form of fi’il amr uses simple present form (infinitive). This is the translation “wear this shirt later”. The word “wear” is a form of fi’il madhi in English

2.3.4.

م ا ا

40

ت ماو ف ىلع ىلع ا ه م ا ا

.

,

ملق

,

ب

,

ف

(Mutamimah jurumiyah, p:4). It means the word which show its meaning and it is not bound with the time.

In Arabic, singular is called mufrod. The researcher explains first the definition of singular in Arabic.

2.3.4.1.

ماا م ا

ا م ا و م ل و ع م و ىلث ا ماا م ا

مخاا

.

,

مق

,

ع

According to Abdillah (1996), it mean, the word does not show the meaning of two things (tatsniah), plural (jama’), and anything like both. Such as: shirt/

,

مق

sandal/

ع

,

and others. Beside singular, there is also plural.

` These changes of form also occur in Arabic, namely from singular to plural. The singular form (mufrod) will change to plural form (jama’) in many ways. Arabic is different than English. In English, the form change of word is only one step, namely from singular to plural. But in Arabic, it has two steps from singular. First is from singular or mufrod to tatsniah (meaning of two). The second is from

mufrod to jama’ or plural. 2.3.4.2.

لث م ا

41

ب

َ

لاا تا ح ف و ا و عف

اا ا ح ف و فا لث م ا

َ

ِ

ااو

.

,

ح

In Arabic, the tatsniah form is a change of word from singular with letter additional alif and nuun. Example:

ب

becomes

, ح

becomes

ح

After tatsniah is jama, this is the plural form in Arabic that the researcher analyzes more in this part. The researcher has explained above about the plural form is a change from singular form with additional “s” or “es”. Those examples are compared with Arabic form in the bellow.

2.3.4.3.

ما اا ج ؤ عم

ا و فا عم ما اا ج ؤ عم

.

,

ت مل ماا ا

That definition tells us about the form change of singular to plural which is added

alif“

ا

and taa’ such as,

لمل

becomes

ت مل

. First word is singular form, and the second is the plural. Where, it is a change of first word.

2.3.4.4.

ملاسلا رلّكذملا عمج

ف و ا و عف

اا ا ح ف و وا عم ما اا لكذماا عم

َ

ِ

ااو ب

َ

لاا تا ح

.

It means, the word which is changed by additional letter namely waauh ”

و

" and

42

ن

وبلا

ْ

from singular form to plural form. It is in Arabic called mufrod becomes jama’ mudakar saalim, where the word of noun is added letter “

و

(waau)” and " ن (nuun)” if it becomes subject. For example,

ب ت اا ا لاا ا ق

the student read the book (in English). The word is also added with yaa’ ”

ي

” and nuun “ ”,if it is an object. Such as,

س

اا ا

َ

َ

لاا ذ ت

أ

ا م

َ

لع

it means, the teacher teach the students a lesson. Actually there are still many other examples that the researcher is impossible to mention them all.

The examples of plural above explain that the form change form singular becomes plural is not as regular as plural form which is added “s” or “es” in the final of letter. This irregular plural also occurs in Arabic which is called jama; taksiir.

2.3.4.5.

عم

This is its definition from mutammimah juruumiyah (p. 10)

ت وا وا ا ا ل ع

َ

ت عم

.

`

The meaning of this definition is the word which changes to plural form with additional letter, lessen of letter, or different form change from its singular form. Such as,

ملق

(pen) becomes

ا ق

ا (pens), the change of this word is letter addition. Where, the plural form has aliif “

ا

” at the first and

43

before the last word. For lessen of letter is a word change in the plural form either one letter or more. For instance

ب تك

(book) becomes

بتك

(books), this example shows us that the plural form has three letters namely

ت

,

ب

,

ا

" ” where the singular word has four letters before namely “

ا

,

ت

,

ا

,

ب

”. Beside noun, the researcher talks about pronoun for additional comparison. For pronoun in English “I, you, he, she, and it” they are for singular. For plural are “we, you, and they” So they are only seven or eight kinds. In Arabic, pronoun is more than English. For singular pronoun are

ه

(he)

,

ه

(she),

ا

(I)

ا

(you/male),

ا

(you/female). For plural are ,

مه

(they/two people either male or female),

ه

َ

(they/female),

مت ا

(you/two people either male or female)

مت ا

,

(you/male),

مه

(they/male)

,

ت ا

َ

(you/female),

(we).

2.3.5.

هيلإ فاضملاو فاضملا

In Arabic, possessive is called

هيلإ فاضملاو فاضملا

, it is a word which lends on other word or a word is lent on by other word. For example,

ز ا ق

(Zaid’s pen),

ذ مل

ِ

تاا ب تك

(student’s book). These are the examples of

mudhof and mudhof ilaih. Where, the first (

ب تك

/

ا ق

) word is mudhof which lend on second word. The second is mudhof ilaih (

ز/ذ مل

ِ

تاا

) which is lent on by the first word.

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If the mufrod is a plural form, the structure is same like a singular form, but the singular changes to plural (in Arabic). Such as:

م ف

َ

(Mohammad’s books), first word is a plural form from

تف

(book). The researcher will give the comparison of possessive pronoun in English and Arabic in the following bellow

From the examples above, the difference is the place of pronoun. In English, the pronoun is put in the front. Like word “your pen”. But the pronoun in Arabic is put in the back, such as:

ملق.

The word “

ا

” is the pronoun of this example.

English Arabic

My pen

_ملق

Your pen

_ملق

His pen

_هملق

Her pen

_ملق

Their pens

_{م ملق}

Our pens

_لملق

45

2.3.6.

فوُرُحلا

The definition of

فوُرُحلا

is

ع اا ا و م ا ا ا حل فو اا

( Abdillah, 1996 p: 6)

Huruf is the word which is no suitable with the symbol of isim and fi’il. For example,

ل

,

ب

,

ىلع

,

ىف

, these words cannot stay alone without another word. For example,

اا

ىف مح

the origin of underlined word is

ف ,

it changes because it is entered by huruf

ىف.

So the inflectional morphemes in Arabic that the researcher analyzes are grouped in this table.

No Part Discussion

1

_{م ا}

_{ماا م ا}

2

_{م ا}

_{لث م ا}

3

_{م ا}

_{ما اا ج ؤ عم}

4

_{م ا}

_{ما اا لكذماا عم}

5

_{م ا}

_عم

6

_عف

_{ىض عف}

7

_عف

_{ع ضماا عف}

46

9

_{هيلإ فاضملاو فاضملا}

_{هيلإ فاضملاو فاضملا}

47

2.4. Theoretical Framework

Language Comparison

Morphology

Bound Morpheme

Lexical Morpheme

Free Morpheme

Inflectional Morpheme

Derivational Morpheme Functional

Morpheme

Possessive (2 Possessives) Tenses

(4 Tenses) Noun

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD

In this analysis, the researcher explains about the method that isused, where it can help the researcher to answer the research questions which are in discussion. This research methodology consists of research design, data sources, technique of collecting data, and technique of data analysis.

3.1. Research Approach

This research uses a descriptive that aims to describe the simiarity and difference between English and Arabic concerning about noun, verb (tense), possessive and preposition. By using this research method, here the researcher analyzes in word only, not in sentence. The researcher does this way because the data source which is being analyzed is about English and Arabic word.all of the data are taken from the researcher’s mind and understanding about Arabic and English, it is called intuition.

3.2. Data Source

According to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary Data is fact or information used in deciding or discussing something, information prepared for or stored by a computer. The data that the researcher analyzes here is taken from the researcher’s intuition. Intuition here means what the researcher’s understanding about

49

English and Arabic is analyzed by finding its similarity and difference especially in inflectional morphemes.

3.3. Technique of Collecting Data

In order to get better results of this research, the researcher has to use basic technique of data collecting which Consist of:

1. The researcher chooses data from his understanding of Engish and Arabic that is suitable with the topic that is analyzed.

2. The researcher finds out English and Arabic which have same theory namely inflectional morphemes.

3. After finding English and Arabic about inflectional morphemes from researcher’s understanding, then the researcher compares to make easy in analysis.

3.4. Technique of Data Analysis

Here the steps of technique of data analysis: 1. Classifying or putting the data into the list.

2. Analyzing the data by using the theory that is suitable with the data analysis. 3. Concluding the result of the analysis.

CHAPTER IV

FINDING AND DISCUSSION

In this chapter, the researcher focuses in one matter, namely to analyze the comparison of inflectional morphemes in English and Arabic. The researcher focuses in analyzing English and Arabic inflectional morphemes in this part, so that the researcher finds its differences and its similarities also its function which is expected to answer the statement of problem. The part or the theory that the researcher analyzes are the parts which are have same discussion namely in English and Arabic, Especially in inflectional morphemes.

This chapter talks about finding and discussion. The researcher tries to answer the two statements of problems in finding. They are the differences and similarities between English and Arabic inflectional morphemes, also the function of them. In discussion, the researcher gives explanation about the position of the current study with the researchers before.

4.1. Finding.

Based on the data, the researcher analyzes the inflectional morphemes that have same discussion in English and Arabic. There are four kinds that the researcher finds to analyze. They are noun with isim, verb (tense) with fi’il, possessive with mudhaf and mudhaf ilaih, and preposition with huruf. In discussion of noun, it talks about singular and plural noun. But, In verb (tense),

51

it have more discussions then noun because it discusses about the verb that has same discussion with the fi’il in Arabic. They are simple past and present perfect tense with fi’il madhi, present progressive and present tense with fi’il

mudhari’, and future tense with fi’il mudhari’. Where, they are given in the

Table 1.1 the differences and the similarities of English and Arabic inflectional morphemes

No Part English Arabic Example similarity Difference Function

English Arabic English Arabic

1 Morpheme changing of Letter/

word

ةكرح

/

فورح

/

ريمض

books opened John’s pen

اجر

سلج

ان

لا ا ا

ر

Additional letter or morpheme Additional apostrophe and “s” and

“ed”

Additional

alif , dhomir

nahnu and

changing of

harhat

To show “s” and

alif for plural form for, “ed” and

dhomir nahnu for

simple past,

apostrophe and “s” and changing of

harhat for

possessive,

2 Noun

Singular

ز لا س ا

Sandal

ع ن

Both are singular

nouns English written written Arabic meaning of oneTo show the Shirt

_{س ل}

One book

_{ح و باتك}

Plural

نث

ت س

Two doors

ا

بات

Additional letter or morpheme

Additional

“s” and “es” alifAdditional and nuun To show “s” and “es” or alif and

nuun to show the meaning of plural Two boxes

ا

ا ا ح

plural

سااسا ثنؤم علج

Moslems

ا

سلسم

Additional letter or morpheme

Additional

“s” alifAdditional and taa’ To show “s” or and taa’ as plural alif noun Balls

_ا

_{ا َ}

_زك

Plural

سااسا زلكذلا علج

Students

_ا

_و

_ْ

Additional letter or morpheme

Additional “s” and “es”

Additional

waau or yaa’

and nuun

To show “s”, “es”,

waau or yaa’ and

nuun as plural noun Buses

_ي

_{ة اا}

َ

_لا

Plural

_{ز سكت علج}

Men

_{ب ىت}

Irregular

plural Changing the letter Additional letter To show plural noun Mice

_{ا ى ت}

3 Verb

Past tense

ىضام ع ف

Opened

ا

سلج

To show in last time Additional “ed” or changing of word(verb)

Depend on

the dhomir

and the verb does not

change

To show “ed”or changing of word

and dhomir tuh or

naa as past tense or

fi’il madhi

Bought

_ا

_عل

Perfect tense

ىضام ع ف

Have

opened

ا

سلج

To show the last time and felt up to

now

Additional “have” or “has” before verb and the verb changes

Using

dhomir tuh

or naa and the verb does not change

To show additional “have” or “has” before verb and

dhomir tuh or naa

as perfect tense or

fi’il madhi

Has bought

_ا

_عل

Present tense

_{عراضلا ع ف}

He goes

ة

ا

Additional letter or

morpheme “s” and “es”Additional

Additional

dhomir nuun

and taa’

To show additional “s/es”,

dhomir nuun and

taa’ as simple present and fi’il

mudhari’

She sleeps

_{ا اان}

Present

progressive

عراضلا ع ف

Sleeping

_{ا و}

_اان

Additional “ing” or dhomir in the verb Additional “ing” Additional

waau and

nuun, nuun

and alif

To show additional “ing”, waau and

nuun, nuun and alif as an action is

being done Eating

_تف

_ا

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chapter that the preposition in English does not change the word after it. But, in Arabic it is different, because, the word will change after following the preposition (huruf).

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1. Conclusion

Human is individual and social creation. As individual, a person has different character, aim, and purpose then other people. As social, he needs a language as tool to make interaction with other people. Language is a tool to communicate or give message among many people daily life. When people talk or speak of course they make a conversation among them to share their problem, we must know what they speak because they use understood language. Talking about language, we know that there are many languages in this world, For instance Indonesian, Chinese, Japanese, English, French, Hindi, Arabic, Africa, and it cetera. From many languages in this world, English and Arabic are famous and much used among people activity.

English is international language. In this world every country must study about English either in Asia, Africa, America, and Europe. Also Arabic is Quran language and in prayer we use Arabic from takbirotul ihram until salam. In Indonesia, learning English or Arabic is called learning foreign language because both of them are not our origin languages. Therefore, the researcher is interested to know deeper about English and Arabic. The way that the researcher conducts is comparing both of them in inflectional morphemes. Inflectional morpheme is the

70

study of the processes that distinguish the forms of words. In English and Arabic of course have many differences, either in spoken and written. But both of them sometimes have the similarities in process.

The researcher found many examples to compare the inflectional morphemes in English and in Arabic in this thesis. The changing of singular word becomes plural in English. Such as table becomes tables, book becomes books, man becomes men. It also occurs in Arabic. like

ا

(baabun) which is singular form becomes

ا

(abwaabun)

,

it is a plural form from previous word because it is jama’ taksiir or irregular plural. So, if it is put in phrase, it must follow the structure. For example

ا ا

(black doors) because the first word is plural form, so the second word must be plural form too. This is the different between English and Arabic. In English, the phrase form that the word which change only the second or the next word. For instance, the phrase “black doors”. This example shows that only the second word which changes from its singular form (door). But, the first word (black) does not change although it is followed by singular form.

Actually, there many examples that exist a comparison between English and Arabic. But it is impossible for the researcher to give all of examples one by one. In this thesis, the researcher only analyzed singular plural with

لا س

/

singular,

ةنثت س

/

two things,

سا سا ثنؤم علج

,

سا سا لك لا علج

,

يسكت علج

.

Past

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tense with

ىض م لعف

,

Present progressive with

ع ضلا لعف

,

Simple future

with

ع ضلا لعف

,

and Simple present with

ع ضلا لعف

. Preposition with

فورحلا

, and Possessive, either Possessive pronoun or noun with

فاضملا

هيلإ فاضملاو

.

5.2 Suggestion

The researcher’s suggestion for the following research is try to find something new about this inflectional morphemes, at least try to take the different object of analysis in order to enrich the knowledge of English and Arabic. There are still many lacks from this thesis, like lack of many examples either in English or Arabic examples especially in giving an example of both in comparing. So, the researcher welcomes the critics and suggestions from the reader of this thesis without exception.

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http://www.inglestotal.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/los-tiempos-gramaticales-en-ingles.pdf

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