ddi documentation english microdata 886
Microd at a Lib rary
Africa - Afrob arom et er Su rv ey
2 0 0 2 -2 0 0 4 , Rou n d 2 Merg ed 1 6 Cou n t ry
I n st it u t e f o r D e m o cr a cy in S o u t h A f r ica ( I D A S A ) , M ich ig a n S t a t e U n iv e r sit y ( M S U ) ,
Gh a n a Ce n t r e f o r D e m o cr a t ic D e v e lo p m e n t ( CD D - G h a n a )
Rep ort g en erat ed on : May 5 , 2 0 1 4
Visit ou r d at a cat alog at : h t t p ://m icrod at a.w orld b an k .org
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Africa - Afrob arom et er Su rv ey 2 0 0 2 -2 0 0 4 , Rou n d 2 Merg ed 1 6 Cou n t ry
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Africa - Afrob arom et er Su rv ey 2 0 0 2 -2 0 0 4 , Rou n d 2 Merg ed 1 6 Cou n t ry
Sam p l i n g
Sam p l i n g Pr oced u r e
A n ew sam p le h as t o b e d raw n for each rou n d of Afrob arom et er su rv ey s.
W h ereas t h e st an d ard sam p le size for Rou n d 3 su rv ey s w ill b e 1 2 0 0 cases, a larg er sam p le size w ill b e req u ired in societ ies
t h at are ex t rem ely h et erog en eou s (su ch as Sou t h Africa an d Nig eria), w h ere t h e sam p le size w ill b e in creased t o 2 4 0 0 . Ot h er
ad ap t at ion s m ay b e n ecessary w it h in som e cou n t ries t o accou n t for t h e v ary in g q u alit y of t h e cen su s d at a or t h e av ailab ilit y
of cen su s m ap s.
Th e sam p le is d esig n ed as a rep resen t at iv e cross-sect ion of all cit izen s of v ot in g ag e in a g iv en cou n t ry . Th e g oal is t o g iv e
ev ery ad u lt cit izen an eq u al an d k n ow n ch an ce of select ion for in t erv iew . W e st riv e t o reach t h is ob ject iv e b y (a) st rict ly
ap p ly in g ran d om select ion m et h od s at ev ery st ag e of sam p lin g an d b y (b ) ap p ly in g sam p lin g w it h p rob ab ilit y p rop ort ion at e
t o p op u lat ion size w h erev er p ossib le. A ran d om ly select ed sam p le of 1 2 0 0 cases allow s in feren ces t o n at ion al ad u lt
p op u lat ion s w it h a m arg in of sam p lin g error of n o m ore t h an p lu s or m in u s 2 .5 p ercen t w it h a con fid en ce lev el of 9 5 p ercen t .
If t h e sam p le size is in creased t o 2 4 0 0 , t h e con fid en ce in t erv al sh rin k s t o p lu s or m in u s 2 p ercen t .
Sam p le Un iv erse
Th e sam p le u n iv erse for Afrob arom et er su rv ey s in clu d es all cit izen s of v ot in g ag e w it h in t h e cou n t ry . In ot h er w ord s, w e
ex clu d e an y on e w h o is n ot a cit izen an d an y on e w h o h as n ot at t ain ed t h is ag e (u su ally 1 8 y ears) on t h e d ay of t h e su rv ey .
Also ex clu d ed are areas d et erm in ed t o b e eit h er in accessib le or n ot relev an t t o t h e st u d y , su ch as t h ose ex p erien cin g arm ed
con flict or n at u ral d isast ers, as w ell as n at ion al p ark s an d g am e reserv es. As a m at t er of p ract ice, w e h av e also ex clu d ed
p eop le liv in g in in st it u t ion alized set t in g s, su ch as st u d en t s in d orm it ories an d p erson s in p rison s or n u rsin g h om es.
W h at t o d o ab ou t areas ex p erien cin g p olit ical u n rest ? On t h e on e h an d w e w an t t o in clu d e t h em b ecau se t h ey are p olit ically
im p ort an t . On t h e ot h er h an d , w e w an t t o av oid st ret ch in g ou t t h e field w ork ov er m an y m on t h s w h ile w e w ait for t h e
sit u at ion t o set t le d ow n . It w as ag reed at t h e 2 0 0 2 Cap e Tow n Plan n in g W ork sh op t h at it is d ifficu lt t o com e u p w it h a
g en eral ru le t h at w ill fit all im ag in ab le circu m st an ces. W e w ill t h erefore m ak e ju d g m en t s on a case-b y -case b asis on w h et h er
or n ot t o p roceed w it h field w ork or t o ex clu d e or su b st it u t e areas of con flict . Nat ion al Part n ers are req u est ed t o con su lt Core
Part n ers on an y m ajor d elay s, ex clu sion s or su b st it u t ion s of t h is sort .
Sam p le D esig n
Th e sam p le d esig n is a clu st ered , st rat ified , m u lt i-st ag e, area p rob ab ilit y sam p le.
To rep eat t h e m ain sam p lin g p rin cip le, t h e ob ject iv e of t h e d esig n is t o g iv e ev ery sam p le elem en t (i.e. ad u lt cit izen ) an
eq u al an d k n ow n ch an ce of b ein g ch osen for in clu sion in t h e sam p le. W e st riv e t o reach t h is ob ject iv e b y (a) st rict ly ap p ly in g
ran d om select ion m et h od s at ev ery st ag e of sam p lin g an d b y (b ) ap p ly in g sam p lin g w it h p rob ab ilit y p rop ort ion at e t o
p op u lat ion size w h erev er p ossib le.
In a series of st ag es, g eog rap h ically d efin ed sam p lin g u n it s of d ecreasin g size are select ed . To en su re t h at t h e sam p le is
rep resen t at iv e, t h e p rob ab ilit y of select ion at v ariou s st ag es is ad ju st ed as follow s:
Th e sam p le is st rat ified b y k ey social ch aract erist ics in t h e p op u lat ion su ch as su b -n at ion al area (e.g . reg ion /p rov in ce) an d
resid en t ial localit y (u rb an or ru ral). Th e area st rat ificat ion red u ces t h e lik elih ood t h at d ist in ct iv e et h n ic or lan g u ag e g rou p s
are left ou t of t h e sam p le. An d t h e u rb an /ru ral st rat ificat ion is a m ean s t o m ak e su re t h at t h ese localit ies are rep resen t ed in
t h eir correct p rop ort ion s.
W h erev er p ossib le, an d alw ay s in t h e first st ag e of sam p lin g , ran d om sam p lin g is con d u ct ed w it h p rob ab ilit y p rop ort ion at e t o
p op u lat ion size (PPPS). Th e p u rp ose is t o g u aran t ee t h at larg er (i.e., m ore p op u lat ed ) g eog rap h ical u n it s h av e a
p rop ort ion ally g reat er p rob ab ilit y of b ein g ch osen in t o t h e sam p le.
Th e sam p lin g d esig n h as fou r st ag es
A first -st ag e t o st rat ify an d ran d om ly select p rim ary sam p lin g u n it s;
A secon d -st ag e t o ran d om ly select sam p lin g st art -p oin t s;
A t h ird st ag e t o ran d om ly ch oose h ou seh old s;
A fin al-st ag e in v olv in g t h e ran d om select ion of in d iv id u al resp on d en t s
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Africa - Afrob arom et er Su rv ey 2 0 0 2 -2 0 0 4 , Rou n d 2 Merg ed 1 6 Cou n t ry
W e sh all d eal w it h each of t h ese st ag es in t u rn .
STAGE ONE: Select ion of Prim ary Sam p lin g Un it s (PSUs)
Th e p rim ary sam p lin g u n it s (PSU's) are t h e sm allest , w ell-d efin ed g eog rap h ic u n it s for w h ich reliab le p op u lat ion d at a are
av ailab le. In m ost cou n t ries, t h ese w ill b e Cen su s En u m erat ion Areas (or EAs). Most n at ion al cen su s d at a an d m ap s are
b rok en d ow n t o t h e EA lev el. In t h e t ex t t h at follow s w e w ill u se t h e acron y m s PSU an d EA in t erch an g eab ly b ecau se, w h en
cen su s d at a are em p loy ed , t h ey refer t o t h e sam e u n it .
W e st ron g ly recom m en d t h at NIs u se official n at ion al cen su s d at a as t h e sam p lin g fram e for Afrob arom et er su rv ey s. W h ere
recen t or reliab le cen su s d at a are n ot av ailab le, NIs are ask ed t o in form t h e relev an t Core Part n er b efore t h ey su b st it u t e an y
ot h er d em og rap h ic d at a. W h ere t h e cen su s is ou t of d at e, NIs sh ou ld con su lt a d em og rap h er t o ob t ain t h e b est p ossib le
est im at es of p op u lat ion g row t h rat es. Th ese sh ou ld b e ap p lied t o t h e ou t d at ed cen su s d at a in ord er t o m ak e p roject ion s of
p op u lat ion fig u res for t h e y ear of t h e su rv ey . It is im p ort an t t o b ear in m in d t h at p op u lat ion g row t h rat es v ary b y area
(reg ion ) an d (esp ecially ) b et w een ru ral an d u rb an localit ies. Th erefore, an y p roject ed cen su s d at a sh ou ld in clu d e
ad ju st m en t s t o t ak e su ch v ariat ion s in t o accou n t .
In d eed , w e u rg e NIs t o est ab lish colleg ial w ork in g relat ion sh ip s w it h in p rofession als in t h e n at ion al cen su s b u reau , n ot on ly
t o ob t ain t h e m ost recen t cen su s d at a, p roject ion s, an d m ap s, b u t t o g ain access t o sam p lin g ex p ert ise. NIs m ay ev en
com m ission a cen su s st at ist ician t o d raw t h e sam p le t o Afrob arom et er sp ecificat ion s, p rov id ed t h at p rov ision for t h is serv ice
h as b een m ad e in t h e su rv ey b u d g et .
Reg ard less of w h o d raw s t h e sam p le, t h e NIs sh ou ld t h orou g h ly acq u ain t t h em selv es w it h t h e st ren g t h s an d w eak n esses of
t h e av ailab le cen su s d at a an d t h e av ailab ilit y an d q u alit y of EA m ap s. Th e cou n t ry an d m et h od olog y rep ort s sh ou ld cit e t h e
ex act cen su s d at a u sed , it s k n ow n sh ort com in g s, if an y , an d an y p roject ion s m ad e from t h e d at a. At m in im u m , t h e NI m u st
k n ow t h e size of t h e p op u lat ion an d t h e u rb an /ru ral p op u lat ion d iv id e in each reg ion in ord er t o sp ecify h ow t o d ist rib u t e
p op u lat ion an d PSU's in t h e first st ag e of sam p lin g . Nat ion al in v est ig at ors sh ou ld ob t ain t h is w rit t en d at a b efore t h ey
at t em p t t o st rat ify t h e sam p le.
On ce t h is d at a is ob t ain ed , t h e sam p le p op u lat ion (eit h er 1 2 0 0 or 2 4 0 0 ) sh ou ld b e st rat ified , first b y area (reg ion /p rov in ce)
an d t h en b y resid en t ial localit y (u rb an or ru ral). In each case, t h e p rop ort ion of t h e sam p le in each localit y in each reg ion
sh ou ld b e t h e sam e as it s p rop ort ion in t h e n at ion al p op u lat ion as in d icat ed b y t h e u p d at ed cen su s fig u res.
Hav in g st rat ified t h e sam p le, it is t h en p ossib le t o d et erm in e h ow m an y PSU's sh ou ld b e select ed for t h e cou n t ry as a w h ole,
for each reg ion , an d for each u rb an or ru ral localit y .
Th e t ot al n u m b er of PSU's t o b e select ed for t h e w h ole cou n t ry is d et erm in ed b y calcu lat in g t h e m ax im u m d eg ree of
clu st erin g of in t erv iew s on e can accep t in an y PSU. Becau se PSUs (w h ich are u su ally g eog rap h ically sm all EAs) t en d t o b e
socially h om og en ou s w e d o n ot w an t t o select t oo m an y p eop le in an y on e p lace. Th u s, t h e Afrob arom et er h as est ab lish ed a
st an d ard of n o m ore t h an 8 in t erv iew s p er PSU. For a sam p le size of 1 2 0 0 , t h e sam p le m u st t h erefore con t ain 1 5 0 PSUs/EAs
(1 2 0 0 d iv id ed b y 8 ). For a sam p le size of 2 4 0 0 , t h ere m u st b e 3 0 0 PSUs/EAs.
Th ese PSUs sh ou ld t h en b e allocat ed p rop ort ion ally t o t h e u rb an an d ru ral localit ies w it h in each reg ion al st rat u m of t h e
sam p le. Let 's t ak e a cou p le of ex am p les from a cou n t ry w it h a sam p le size of 1 2 0 0 . If t h e u rb an localit y of Reg ion X in t h is
cou n t ry con st it u t es 1 0 p ercen t of t h e cu rren t n at ion al p op u lat ion , t h en t h e sam p le for t h is st rat u m sh ou ld b e 1 5 PSUs
(calcu lat ed as 1 0 p ercen t of 1 5 0 PSUs). If t h e ru ral p op u lat ion of Reg ion Y con st it u t es 4 p ercen t of t h e cu rren t n at ion al
p op u lat ion , t h en t h e sam p le for t h is st rat u m sh ou ld b e 6 PSU's.
Th e n ex t st ep is t o select p art icu lar PSUs/EAs u sin g ran d om m et h od s. Usin g t h e ab ov e ex am p le of t h e ru ral localit ies in
Reg ion Y, let u s say t h at y ou n eed t o p ick 6 sam p le EAs ou t of a cen su s list t h at con t ain s a t ot al of 2 4 0 ru ral EAs in Reg ion Y.
Bu t w h ich 6 ? If t h e EAs creat ed b y t h e n at ion al cen su s b u reau are of eq u al or rou g h ly eq u al p op u lat ion size, t h en select ion is
relat iv ely st raig h t forw ard . Ju st n u m b er all EAs con secu t iv ely , t h en m ak e six select ion s u sin g a t ab le of ran d om n u m b ers. Th is
p roced u re, k n ow n as sim p le ran d om sam p lin g (SRS), w ill en su re t h at each EA w ill h av e an eq u al p rob ab ilit y of b ein g
sam p led .
If t h e PSUs'/EAs h av e d ifferen t p op u lat ion sizes, h ow ev er, t h en ran d om sam p lin g m u st b e con d u ct ed w it h p rob ab ilit y
p rop ort ion at e t o p op u lat ion size (PPPS). Th e id ea h ere is t h at u n it s w it h larg er p op u lat ion s sh ou ld h av e a p rop ort ion ally
g reat er ch an ce (p rob ab ilit y ) of b ein g ch osen . Th e PPPS m et h od is n ot d ifficu lt t o u se an d is d escrib ed in Ap p en d ix 6 .
On ce EA's h av e b een ran d om ly select ed t h ey sh ou ld b e p lot t ed on a n at ion al m ap . Use t h is m ap t o p lan ou t t h e d ep loy m en t
rou t es for t h e v ariou s field t eam s. In som e cases, a few EAs m ay b e so in accessib le or so d an g erou s t h at su b st it u t ion of PSUs
b ecom es n ecessary . As lon g as PSU su b st it u t ion s n ev er con st it u t e m ore t h an 5 p ercen t of all PSU's it is accep t ab le t o m ak e
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Africa - Afrob arom et er Su rv ey 2 0 0 2 -2 0 0 4 , Rou n d 2 Merg ed 1 6 Cou n t ry
t h em . Th e b est m et h od is t o ran d om ly d raw an ot h er EA in t h e h op e t h at it w ill fall in a m ore con v en ien t locat ion . Please
record w h ich EAs are su b st it u t es an d ju st ify w h y t h ey w ere su b st it u t ed . If m ore t h an 5 p ercen t of PSUs req u ire su b st it u t ion ,
t h en t h e NI sh ou ld d iscard t h e en t ire St ag e 1 sam p le an d d raw a n ew on e.
Ov ersam p lin g - op t ion al
In som e cou n t ries, t h e NI m ay b e con cern ed t h at a ran d om sam p le m ig h t m iss a p olit ically im p ort an t m in orit y g rou p . Or,
ev en if t h is m in orit y is rep resen t ed in t h e sam p le in accord an ce w it h it s sh are of t h e n at ion al p op u lat ion , t h ere m ay b e t oo
few cases t o m ak e reliab le g en eralizat ion s ab ou t t h e at t it u d es of t h is g rou p . Un d er t h ese circu m st an ces, ov er-sam p lin g is
p erm issib le, as w e d id in Rou n d 1 for t h e Toau reg , Ijaw , an d Colou red m in orit ies in Mali, Nig eria an d Sou t h Africa
resp ect iv ely . Pu rp osiv e ov er-sam p lin g w ill also b e req u ired as a con d it ion of on e d on or's fu n d in g in Rou n d 3 ; USAID w ish es t o
g at h er ex t ra in form at ion on cert ain reg ion s w h ere t h eir p roject s are locat ed , p rob ab ly in Mali, Mozam b iq u e, Sen eg al, Sou t h
Africa, an d Z am b ia. Not e t h at t h e ov er-sam p le sh ou ld b e cot erm in ou s w it h a g iv en sam p lin g st rat u m , u su ally a reg ion . Th e
NI sh ou ld con su lt t h e relev an t Core Part n er ab ou t an y p lan n ed ov er-sam p lin g an d k eep d et ailed record s t h at allow correct
w eig h t in g fact ors t o b e calcu lat ed t o correct for ov er-sam p lin g at t h e st ag e of d at a an aly sis.
Ad d it ion al Clu st er (Op t ion al)
In cou n t ries w h ere reg ion s are t oo n u m erou s or t oo scat t ered t o p rov id e a log ist ically feasib le sam p lin g fram e, an ad d it ion al
st ag e of clu st erin g can b e con sid ered , as follow s:
* Ch oose a su it ab le g eog rap h ic u n it b et w een reg ion /p rov in ce an d EA: e.g . ad m in ist rat iv e d ist rict . In larg e cou n t ries, it m ay
n ot b e p ract ical t o v isit all d ist rict s or ev en all reg ion s. Nu m b er an d st rat ify all d ist rict s an d , u sin g PPPS, ran d om ly ch oose a
su b set of t h ese d ist rict s. Preferab ly , t h e su b set sh ou ld n ot b e less t h an h alf of t h e t ot al n u m b er of d ist rict s in t h e cou n t ry .
An d t h e su b set sh ou ld alw ay s cov er all relev an t social v ariat ion s n at ion w id e.
* A p op u lat ion lim it sh all b e set for d ist rict s t h at sh ou ld b e self-rep resen t in g (i.e. larg e d ist rict s w h ich m u st b e rep resen t ed in
t h e sam p le). Self-rep resen t in g d ist rict s w ill t h u s h av e a p rob ab ilit y eq u al t o on e of in clu sion in t h e sam p le.
* On ce PPPS is ap p lied , ot h er d ist rict s w ill h av e a p rob ab ilit y p rop ort ion al t o p op u lat ion size of in clu sion in t h e sam p le.
Ad d it ion al St rat u m (Op t ion al)
In u rb an areas t h at h av e ex t rem ely d iv erse h ou sin g p at t ern s, t h e NI m ay ch oose t o ad d an ad d it ion al lay er of st rat ificat ion t o
in crease t h e lik elih ood t h at t h e sam p le d oes n ot leav e ou t h ig h -d en sit y (esp ecially in form al) set t lem en t s. Usin g a st reet m ap ,
a cit y or t ow n can b e d iv id ed in t o h ig h - m ed iu m - an d low -d en sit y areas. It can t h en b e req u ired t h at PSUs are rep resen t ed
eq u ally (or b et t er y et , in p rop ort ion t o p op u lat ion sizes, if t h ese are k n ow n ) w it h in t h e sam p le for t h at cit y or t ow n .
STAGE TW O: Select in g Sam p lin g St art Poin t s (SSP's)
W it h in each PSU/EA, Field Team s t rav el t o a ran d om ly select ed sam p lin g st art p oin t (SSP). Th u s t h e n u m b er of st art p oin t s is
t h e sam e as t h e n u m b er of PSU's (1 5 0 or 3 0 0 ). A sam p lin g st art p oin t (SSP) is req u ired so t h at in t erv iew ers k n ow w h ere t o
st art ran d om w alk p at t ern s w it h in each PSU (see n ex t sect ion ). Th is p roced u re h as t h e effect of fu rt h er clu st erin g t h e sam p le
in t o m an ag eab le areas t h at are reach ab le on foot or b y a sh ort v eh icle rid e.
Eit h er in t h e office or in t h e field , t h e Field Su p erv isor (FS) select s t h e SSP u sin g on e of t h e follow in g t h ree m et h od s.
Th e id eal m et h od
If t h e FS is ab le t o ob t ain a list of all h ou seh old s in a select ed EA, t h en t h is sh ou ld b e d on e. Possib le sou rces in clu d e t h e
n at ion al cen su s b u reau or t h e office of d ist rict ad m in ist rat or or local g ov ern m en t au t h orit y . On ce a list is av ailab le, t h e field
su p erv isor sh ou ld ran d om ly (u sin g a ran d om n u m b ers t ab le) ch oose eig h t h ou seh old s, an d sen d on e In t erv iew er t o each . A
d et ailed m ap sh ow in g all h ou seh old s in t h e EA an d m at ch in g t h em w it h t h e list ed n am es is n ecessary for t h is m et h od .
(Not e: If t h is m et h od is u sed , it is n ot n ecessary t o ap p ly St ag e Th ree: Select ion of Hou seh old s. Go st raig h t t o St ag e Fou r:
Select ion of Resp on d en t s).
An alt ern at iv e m et h od (w h ere m ap s are av ailab le for t h e PSU)
If t h e cen su s b u reau h as p rov id ed EA m ap s, t h e FS can ran d om ly select a st art p oin t u sin g a g rid . Th e FS p laces a ru ler w it h
n u m b ers alon g t h e t op of t h e m ap an d a ru ler w it h n u m b ers alon g t h e sid e of t h e m ap . He/sh e t h en u ses a t ab le of ran d om
n u m b ers (or a set of n u m b ered card s) t o select a n u m b er for t h e t op ax is an d a n u m b er for t h e sid e ax is, resu lt in g in a
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Africa - Afrob arom et er Su rv ey 2 0 0 2 -2 0 0 4 , Rou n d 2 Merg ed 1 6 Cou n t ry
ran d om com b in at ion (e.g . " 9 an d 6 ." ) A lin e is t h en d raw n on t h e m ap h orizon t al t o t h e n u m b er ch osen on t h e sid e, an d
an ot h er lin e is d raw n v ert ical t o t h e n u m b er ch osen on t h e t op . Th e p oin t on t h e m ap w h ere t h ese t w o lin es in t ersect is t h e
sam p lin g st art p oin t . Th e SSP is m ark ed on t h e m ap , an d g iv en t o t h e field t eam for t h at area. Th e field w ork t eam t h en
locat es t h e n earest h ou sin g set t lem en t t o t h is p oin t , an d t rav els t h ere (or as n ear as t h ey can t o t h e p oin t ). In ru ral areas,
fin d in g t h e SSP m ay req u ire t h e field t eam t o con su lt w it h local resid en t s.
Becau se w e n ev er k n ow in ad v an ce t h e act u al con d it ion on t h e g rou n d in all t h e PSU's, t h e FS m ay n eed t o ch oose a secon d
sam p lin g st art p oin t as a reserv e or su b st it u t e if t h e SSP is in ap p rop riat e or in accessib le.
An ot h er alt ern at iv e (w h ere m ap s are n ot av ailab le)
W h en m ap s are n ot av ailab le for t h e select ed PSU, t h e follow in g p roced u re sh ou ld b e u sed . Th e FS con t act s a local
g ov ern m en t cou n cilor or an ot h er official k n ow led g eab le ab ou t t h e area. Th is p erson is con su lt ed t o d et erm in e h ow m an y
h ou sin g set t lem en t s (e.g . v illag es) are in t h e PSU. Th ese set t lem en t s m u st h av e id en t ifiab le b ou n d aries t h at d o n ot ov erlap
w it h on e an ot h er. Th ese set t lem en t s are n u m b ered an d , u sin g n u m b ered card s, t h e FS ask s t h e in form an t t o ran d om ly
select on e card . Th e set t lem en t id en t ified b y t h e select ed n u m b er is t h e set t lem en t w h ere t h e in t erv iew s w ill b e con d u ct ed .
IMPORTANT: At t h e st art p oin t , t h en t h e FS m u st b e cert ain t o p reserv e ran d om n ess, b y rot at in g t h e p lace w h ere
In t erv iew ers b eg in t h eir ran d om w alk p at t ern . If t h e Team st art s on a m ain road at on e SSP, t h ey sh ou ld st art off t h e road at
t h e n ex t SSP. If t h e Team st art s in a cen t ral p lace (lik e a sch ool) in on e EA, t h ey sh ou ld st art in a p erip h eral p lace in t h e n ex t
EA. An d so on . Th e log ic of ran d om sam p lin g is t o av oid ANY k in d of p at t ern in t h e u n it s select ed at an y st ag e.
STAGE THREE: Select in g Hou seh old s
Hav in g arriv ed at t h e sam p lin g st art p oin t , t h e Team is read y t o select h ou seh old s.
For t h e p u rp oses of t h e Afrob arom et er, a h ou seh old is d efin ed as a g rou p of p eop le w h o p resen t ly eat t og et h er from t h e
sam e p ot . By t h is d efin it ion , a h ou seh old d oes n ot in clu d e p erson s w h o are cu rren t ly liv in g elsew h ere for p u rp oses of st u d ies
or w ork . Nor d oes a h ou seh old in clu d e d om est ic w ork ers or t em p orary v isit ors (ev en if t h ey eat from t h e sam e p ot or slep t
t h ere on t h e p rev iou s n ig h t ). An d , in p ract ice, w e w an t t o select ou r resp on d en t from am on g p erson s in t h e h ou seh old w h o
w ill b e av ailab le for in t erv iew on t h at sam e d ay .
In m u lt i-h ou seh old d w ellin g st ru ct u res (lik e b lock s of flat s, com p ou n d s w it h m u lt ip le sp ou ses, or b ack y ard d w ellin g s for
ren t ers, relat iv es, or h ou seh old w ork ers), each h ou seh old is t reat ed as a sep arat e sam p lin g u n it .
IMPORTANT: Th e t h ird (h ou seh old ) an d fou rt h (resp on d en t ) st ag es of sam p lin g are con d u ct ed b y In t erv iew ers. In t erv iew ers
m u st b e carefu lly t rain ed an d su p erv ised t o en su re t h at t h ey follow Afrob arom et er sam p lin g in st ru ct ion s t o t h e ex act let t er.
Th ese sam p lin g in st ru ct ion s are su m m arized b elow an d sp elled ou t on t h e first t w o p ag es of ev ery q u est ion n aire. Field
Su p erv isors are resp on sib le for en su rin g t h at t h eir t eam s of In t erv iew ers u n d erst an d t h eir p art s of t h e sam p lin g
m et h od olog y an d ex ecu t e t h em correct ly .
T h e m et h od for select in g h ou seh old s is as follow s:
In w ell-p op u lat ed u rb an an d ru ral areas, w it h sin g le-d w ellin g u n it s:
St art in g as n ear as p ossib le t o t h e SSP, t h e FS sh ou ld ch oose an y ran d om p oin t (lik e a st reet corn er, a sch ool, or a w at er
sou rce) b ein g carefu l t o ran d om ly rot at e t h e ch oice of su ch lan d m ark s. Th e fou r In t erv iew ers sh ou ld b e in st ru ct ed t o w alk
aw ay from t h is p oin t in t h e follow in g ran d om d irect ion s:
Th e W alk Pat t ern : In t erv iew er 1 w alk s t ow ard s t h e su n , In t erv iew er 2 aw ay from t h e su n , In t erv iew er 3 at rig h t an g le t o
In t erv iew er 1 , In t erv iew er 4 in t h e op p osit e d irect ion from In t erv iew er 3 , et c. If t h e Team con t ain s m ore t h an fou r
In t erv iew ers, t h en t h e FS sh ou ld t ak e t h em t o an ot h er ran d om ly select ed p lace n ear t h e SSP t o b eg in t h eir w alk p at t ern s.
W h en in t erv iew s are t o b e con d u ct ed d u rin g t h e n ig h t b y t h e w h ole t eam (ex clu d in g call b ack s),t h e t eam sh ou ld u se t h e
m oon or som e ot h er ran d om lan d m ark t o b eg in t h e w alk p at t ern (Field Su p erv isors sh ou ld ju st m ak e su re t h at in t erv iew ees
d isp erse in d irect ion s op p osit e t o each ot h er).
Each In t erv iew er sh ou ld u se t h e d ay cod e t o est ab lish an in t erv al (n ) for h ou seh old select ion . Th e d ay cod e in t rod u ces
ran d om n ess in t o t h e in t erv al. It is calcu lat ed b y ad d in g t og et h er t h e n u m b ers in t h e d ay of t h e m on t h as follow s. On t h e 5 t h ,
1 4 t h an d 2 3 rd of t h e m on t h t h e in t erv al w ou ld b e 5 , b u t on t h e 6 t h , 1 5 t h an d 2 4 t h it w ou ld b e 6 . An d so on . On som e
d ay s (t h e 1 st an d 1 0 t h of t h e m on t h ) t h e In t erv iew er m ov es t o t h e ad jacen t d w ellin g st ru ct u re (b ecau se t h e sam p lin g
in t erv al is 1 ). On t h e 2 9 t h of t h e m on t h t h e In t erv iew er m u st leav e t h e w id est g ap , select in g on ly ev ery elev en t h h ou se.
6
Africa - Afrob arom et er Su rv ey 2 0 0 2 -2 0 0 4 , Rou n d 2 Merg ed 1 6 Cou n t ry
In ev ery case, t h e In t erv iew er select s t h e n t h h ou se on t h e rig h t .
In w ell-p op u lat ed u rb an an d ru ral areas, w it h m u lt ip le-d w ellin g u n it s:
If t h e st art p oin t is a b lock of flat s, or if t h e w alk p at t ern in clu d es a b lock of flat s, t h en t h e In t erv iew er sh ou ld st art on t h e t op
floor an d w ork h is/h er w ay d ow n w ard s, st op p in g at ev ery n t h flat on t h e rig h t . In an ex cep t ion t o t h e n orm al w alk p at t ern ,
w h ich on ly refers t o b lock s of flat s, t h e In t erv iew er sh ou ld on ly v isit alt ern at e floors of t h e b lock .
5 .3 .3 .3 In sp arsely p op u lat ed ru ral areas, w it h sm all v illag es or sin g le-d w ellin g farm s:
In su ch areas, t h ere m ay b e on ly a few h ou seh old s arou n d a g iv en st art p oin t . W e d o n ot w ish t o ov er-clu st er t h e sam p le b y
con d u ct in g t oo m an y (e.g . all 8 ) in t erv iew s in on e sm all v illag e. In t h ese cases, t h e follow in g g u id elin es sh all ap p ly : If t h ere
are 1 5 or few er h ou seh old s w it h in w alk in g d ist an ce of t h e st art p oin t , t h e field t eam sh all d rop on ly on e In t erv iew er t h ere. If
t h ere are 1 6 -3 0 h ou seh old s w it h in w alk in g d ist an ce of t h e st art p oin t , t w o In t erv iew ers can b e d rop p ed t h ere. (If t h ere are
m ore t h an 5 0 h ou seh old s, t h e w h ole t eam can b e d rop p ed off as u su al). If on ly on e or t w o In t erv iew ers can b e d rop p ed at
t h e st art p oin t , t h e rest of t h e t eam sh ou ld d riv e t o t h e n earest h ou sin g set t lem en t w it h in t h e sam e EA an d closest t o t h e
SSP, w h ere t h e n ex t on e, t w o or t h ree In t erv iew ers sh all b e d rop p ed accord in g t o t h e sam e ru le. An d so on .
In sp arsely p op u lat ed ru ral areas, w it h com m ercial farm s:
In cou n t ries w h ere com m ercial farm s are larg e an d con t ain p op u lou s set t lem en t s of farm w ork ers, effort sh ou ld b e m ad e t o
av oid collect in g all eig h t in t erv iew s for t h at EA on on e farm . To d o t h is, t h e field su p erv isor sh ou ld d rop t w o In t erv iew ers at
t h e first farm (eit h er t h e first ran d om ly ch osen from a com p reh en siv e list of farm s w it h in t h e EA, or t h e first n earest t h e
ran d om ly select ed st art p oin t ), an d t h en d rop t h e rem ain in g t w o In t erv iew ers at t h e n ex t farm . On ce t h e first t w o are
fin ish ed , t h ey are m ov ed t o an ot h er farm for t w o m ore in t erv iew s, an d t h e sam e w it h t h e secon d p air, so t h at eig h t
in t erv iew s are ob t ain ed from fou r sep arat e farm s in each EA. It is im p ort an t t h at all select ed farm s are w it h in t h e select ed
EA. Hou seh old s sh ou ld b e ch osen from list s of h ou seh old s on t h e farm , or b y u sin g a st an d ard ran d om w alk p at t ern .
Rem em b er t o in clu d e b ot h t h e farm ow n er's an d farm w ork ers' d w ellin g s on t h e list s or on t h e w alk p at t ern . On ce t h e t eam s'
eig h t in t erv iew s are com p let ed , t h e field su p erv isor sh ou ld m ov e t h e t eam on t o t h e n ex t select ed EA an d rep eat t h e
p roced u re.
In t erv iew er's secon d in t erv iew
In a Team of fou r, each In t erv iew er is t o ob t ain t w o in t erv iew s p er EA (4 In t erv iew ers x 2 in t erv iew s = 8 in t erv iew s, t h e
q u ot a for t h e EA). Aft er com p let in g t h e first in t erv iew , h e or sh e sh ou ld follow t h e sam e p roced u re as b efore. He/sh e
con t in u es w alk in g in t h e sam e d irect ion an d ch ooses t h e n t h d w ellin g on t h e rig h t (w h ere n = t h e d ay cod e). An d so on . If
t h e set t lem en t com es t o an en d an d t h ere are n o m ore h ou ses, t h e In t erv iew er sh ou ld t u rn at rig h t an g les t o t h e rig h t an d
k eep w alk in g , ag ain look in g for t h e n t h d w ellin g on t h e rig h t . Th is p roced u re is rep eat ed u n t il t h e In t erv iew er fin d s an
elig ib le d w ellin g con t ain in g an elig ib le h ou seh old .
TAGE FOUR: Select in g In d iv id u al Resp on d en t s
On ce t h e h ou seh old is ch osen , t h e In t erv iew er is resp on sib le for ran d om ly select in g t h e in d iv id u al resp on d en t w it h in t h e
h ou seh old w h o w ill b e in t erv iew ed .
To en su re t h at w om en are n ot u n d errep resen t ed , t h e Afrob arom et er set s a g en d er st rat u m of an eq u al n u m b er of m en an d
w om en in t h e ov erall sam p le. To accom p lish t h is st rat u m , t h e g en d er of resp on d en t s is alt ern at ed for each in t erv iew . First ,
t h e In t erv iew er d et erm in es from t h e p rev iou s in t erv iew w h et h er a m an or a w om an is t o b e in t erv iew ed . Th e In t erv iew er
t h en list s (in an y ord er) t h e first n am es of all t h e h ou seh old m em b ers of t h at g en d er w h o are 1 8 y ears an d old er, ev en t h ose
n ot p resen t ly at h om e b u t w h o w ill ret u rn t o t h e h ou se t h at ev en in g . From t h e list (w h ich is n u m b ered , see p . 2 of t h e
q u est ion n aire), t h e in t erv iew er ran d om ly select s t h e act u al p erson t o b e in t erv iew ed b y ask in g a h ou seh old m em b er t o
ch oose a n u m b ered card from a b lin d d eck of card s. Th e in t erv iew er sh ou ld in t erv iew on ly t h e p erson w h ose n u m b er is
select ed an d n o on e else in t h at h ou seh old .
If t h e p erson select ed refu ses t o b e in t erv iew ed , t h e In t erv iew er rep laces t h e h ou seh old b y con t in u in g t h e w alk in g p at t ern
an d ag ain select in g t h e n t h d w ellin g on t h e rig h t (w h ere n = t h e d ay cod e).
Not e: In t h e Afrob arom et er, w e su b st it u t e h ou seh old s, n ot resp on d en t s. Un d er n o circu m st an ces m u st t h e in t erv iew er
su b st it u t e an ot h er in d iv id u al in t h e sam e h ou seh old for a resp on d en t select ed ran d om ly b y m ean s of t h e n u m b ered card
m et h od . It is n ot accep t ab le, for ex am p le, t o su b st it u t e a sp ou se, p aren t , ch ild , sib lin g (or d om est ic w ork er or v isit or) in t h e
sam e h ou seh old for a select ed resp on d en t w h o h ap p en s n ot t o b e at h om e at t h e t im e.
7
Africa - Afrob arom et er Su rv ey 2 0 0 2 -2 0 0 4 , Rou n d 2 Merg ed 1 6 Cou n t ry
If t h ere is n o on e at h om e in t h e select ed h ou seh old on t h e first t ry , t h e resp on d en t sh ou ld m ak e on e call-b ack lat er in t h e
d ay . Or, if t h e d esig n at ed resp on d en t is n ot at h om e, t h e In t erv iew er sh ou ld m ak e an ap p oin t m en t t o m eet t h em lat er in t h e
d ay . Ag ain , a call-b ack w ill b e n ecessary in ord er t o fin d t h e select ed resp on d en t an d t o con d u ct t h e in t erv iew . It is also
accep t ab le for t h e In t erv iew er t o en q u ire ab ou t t h e w h ereab ou t s of t h e select ed resp on d en t (t h ey m ay p erh ap s b e at w ork )
an d , if n earb y , t o w alk t o t h at p lace t o con d u ct t h e in t erv iew .
If t h e call-b ack is u n su ccessfu l, say b ecau se t h e resp on d en t h as st ill n ot ret u rn ed h om e for t h e ap p oin t m en t , t h en , an d on ly
t h en , t h e In t erv iew er m ay su b st it u t e t h e h ou seh old . If t h e h ou se is st ill em p t y or t h e select ed resp on d en t is n ot at h om e at
t h e t im e of t h e call-b ack , t h e In t erv iew er m u st su b st it u t e t h at h ou seh old w it h t h e v ery n ex t h ou seh old fou n d in t h e d irect ion
of t h e w alk p at t ern . Th is slig h t ch an g e in t h e w alk p at t ern is n ecessary u n d er t h ese circu m st an ces sin ce t h e In t erv iew er m ay
alread y h av e h ad a su ccessfu l call earlier in t h e d ay in t h e h ou seh old t h at is locat ed at t h e sam p lin g in t erv al.
Red u cin g Hou seh old Su b st it u t ion s
Rou n d 3 d raw s on ex p erien ces from Rou n d 2 . All su b st it u t ion fig u res ab ov e 5 p ercen t are con sid ered h ig h in t h e
Afrob arom et er su rv ey s. W e w ou ld u rg e NIs t o red u ce t h e su b st it u t ion s, w h et h er for Prim ary Sam p lin g Un it s (PSUs) or
h ou seh old s t h rou g h b et t er p lan n in g .
Man y h ou seh old su b st it u t ion s seem t o occu r b ecau se of t h e t im in g of t h e in t erv iew s. Ou r d at a sh ow t h at m ost in t erv iew s
t ak e p lace b et w een 8 :0 0 am an d 6 :0 0 p m . W e can m in im ize su b st it u t ion s t h rou g h t h e follow in g m ean s:
a. Plan arou n d t h e w ork in g t im et ab les of ru ral or u rb an com m u n it ies. Th is m ean s sch ed u lin g in t erv iew s t o t ak e p lace
p erh ap s t ow ard s t h e en d of t h e d ay in som e areas.
b . In u rb an areas, g en d er st rat a are oft en d ifficu lt t o m eet b ecau se a lot of m en are at w ork , esp ecially w h en in t erv iew s are
con d u ct ed d u rin g t h e w eek . W e t h erefore ad v ise t h at in t erv iew s in u rb an areas b e sp read t o in clu d e w eek en d s. W h en
p lan n in g d ep loy m en t s in u rb an areas, en su re t h at at least on e d ay of in t erv iew s falls on a w eek en d .
c. If a m in orit y lan g u ag e g rou p is in t h e sam p le, NIs n eed t o p lan ah ead t o en su re t h at field t eam s h av e t h e rig h t t ran slat ion s
of t h e q u est ion n aire. Th is m ean s d raw in g t h e sam p le w ell b efore t h e ot h er field w ork
Rou n d 1
Bot sw an a
Gh an a
Rou n d 3
Sam p le Size
Field w ork D at es
Sam p le Size
Field w ork D at es
Sam p le Size
Nov -D ecem b er 1 9 9 9
1200
Ju ly -Au g u st 2 0 0 3
1200
May -Ju n e 2 0 0 5
1200
Ju ly -Au g u st 1 9 9 9
2004
Au g -Sep t em b er 2 0 0 2
1200
March 2 0 0 5
1197
Ap ril-Ju n e 2 0 0 0
1177
Feb ru ary -Ap ril 2 0 0 3
1200
Ju ly -Au g u st 2 0 0 5
1161
Lesot h o
Malaw i
Rou n d 2
Field w ork D at es
Nov -D ecem b er 1 9 9 9
1208
Ap ril-May 2 0 0 3
1200
Ju n e-Ju ly 2 0 0 5
1200
Jan u ary -Feb ru ary 2 0 0 1
2089
Oct r-Nov em b er 2 0 0 2
1283
Ju n e-Ju ly 2 0 0 5
1244
Nam ib ia
Sep t -Oct ob er 1 9 9 9
1183
Au g -Sep t em b er 2 0 0 3
1200
Feb ru ary -March 2 0 0 6
1200
Nig eria
Jan u ary -Feb ru ary 2 0 0 0
3603
Sep t -Oct ob er 2 0 0 3
2400
Au g -D ecem b er 2 0 0 5
2363
2400
Mali
Sou t h Africa
Ju ly -Au g u st 2 0 0 0
2200
Sep t -Oct ob er 2 0 0 2
2400
Feb ru ary 2 0 0 6
Ug an d a
May -Ju n e 2 0 0 0
2271
Au g -Sep t em b er 2 0 0 2
2400
Ap ril-May 2 0 0 5
2400
Tan zan ia
March -May 2 0 0 0
2198
Ju ly -Au g u st 2 0 0 3
1200
Ju ly -Au g u st 2 0 0 5
1304
Z am b ia
Oct -Nov em b er 1 9 9 9
1198
Ju n e-Ju ly 2 0 0 3
1200
Ju ly -Au g u st 2 0 0 5
1200
Z im b ab w e
Sep t -Oct ob er 1 9 9 9
1200
Ap ril-May 2 0 0 4
1200
Oct ob er 2 0 0 5
1048
Cab o Verd e
May -Ju n e 2 0 0 2
1268
March -Ap ril 2 0 0 5
1256
Mozam b iq u e
Au g u st -Oct ob er 2 0 0 2
1400
Ju n e 2 0 0 5
1198
Ken y a
Au g -Sep t em b er 2 0 0 3
2400
Sep t em b er 2 0 0 5
1278
Sen eg al
Nov -D ecem b er 2 0 0 2
1200
Sep t -Oct ob er 2 0 0 5
1200
Mad ag ascar
May -Ju n e 2 0 0 5
1350
Ben in
Ap ril-May 2 0 0 5
1198
W ei g h t i n g
Not e t h at for som e su rv ey s d at a is w eig h t ed t o correct for eit h er d elib erat e (e.g ., t o p rov id e an ad eq u at e sam p le of sp ecific
su b -g rou p s for an aly t ical p u rp oses) or in ad v ert en t ov er- or u n d er-sam p lin g of p art icu lar sam p le st rat a. In t h ese cases, a
w eig h t in g v ariab le is in clu d ed as t h e last v ariab le in t h e d at a set , w it h d et ails d escrib ed in t h e cod eb ook . Th ese w eig h t in g
fact ors sh ou ld b e u sed w h en calcu lat in g all n at ion al-lev el st at ist ics.
8
Africa - Afrob arom et er Su rv ey 2 0 0 2 -2 0 0 4 , Rou n d 2 Merg ed 1 6 Cou n t ry
Qu est i on n ai r es
O ver vi ew
Cert ain q u est ion s in t h e q u est ion n aires for t h e Afrob arom et er 2 su rv ey ad d ressed cou n t ry -sp ecific issu es, b u t m an y of t h e
sam e q u est ion s w ere ask ed
across su rv ey s. Cit izen s of t h e 1 6 cou n t ries w ere ask ed q u est ion s ab ou t t h eir econ om ic an d social sit u at ion s, an d t h eir
op in ion s w ere elicit ed on recen t p olit ical an d econ om ic ch an g es w it h in t h eir cou n t ry .
9
Africa - Afrob arom et er Su rv ey 2 0 0 2 -2 0 0 4 , Rou n d 2 Merg ed 1 6 Cou n t ry
D at a Col l ect i on
D at a Col l ect i on D at es
St a rt
2 0 0 2 -0 6 -2 1
En d
2 0 0 4 -0 5 -1 7
Cy cle
Rou n d 2
D at a Col l ect i on M od e
Face-t o-face [ f2 f]
D A T A CO LLECT I O N N O T ES
In t erv iew ers, u su ally h old in g a first d eg ree in social scien ce, w ere t rain ed in a fiv e-d ay t rain in g w ork sh op im m ed iat ely p rior
t o field w ork . In t erv iew s u su ally t ook ab ou t on e h ou r an d on ly p roceed ed aft er resp on d en t s h av e g iv en in form ed con sen t .
St rict con fid en t ialit y w as req u ired in h an d lin g su rv ey ret u rn s.
In t erv iew s are con d u ct ed in t h e follow in g lan g u ag es:
Ben in :
Fren ch , Fon , Ad ja, Barib a, D en d i, Yoru b a, Ot am ari, Peu lh
Bot sw an a:
En g lish , Set sw an a
Cap e Verd e:
Creole, Port u g u ese
Gh an a:
En g lish , Ak an , Ew e, Ga, D ag b an i
Ken y a:
En g lish , Kisw ah ili, Kam b a, Kik u y u , Kim eru , Kisii, Lu h y a, Lu o, Som ali, Tu rk an a
Lesot h o:
En g lish , Sesot h o
Mad ag ascar:
Malag asy Ofisialy , Malag asy Fit en im -Parit ra
Malaw i:
En g lish , Ch ich ew a, Ch iy ao, Ch it u m b u k a
Mali:
Fren ch m Bam b ara, Son rh a, Tam ash eq , Peu h l
Mozam b iq u e:
Port u g u ese, Em ak h u w a, Xich an g an a, Cisen a, Cin y an ja, Ech u w ab u , Cin y u n g w e
Nam ib ia:
En g lish , Afrik aan s, Osh iw am b o
Nig eria:
En g lish , Hau sa, Yoru b a, Ig b o, Pid g in , Tiv , Ib ib io, Ijaw
Sen eg al:
Fren ch , W olof, Pu laar, Serer
Sou t h Africa:
Afrik aan s, En g lish , Xh osa, Nort h Sot h o, Sou t h Sot h o, Set sw an a, Sw azi, Sh an g aan , Z u lu
Tan zan ia:
Kisw ah ili
10
Africa - Afrob arom et er Su rv ey 2 0 0 2 -2 0 0 4 , Rou n d 2 Merg ed 1 6 Cou n t ry
Ug an d a:
En g lish , Lu g an d a, Lu sog a, Lu o, Ru y an k ole, Ru t oro, Ru k ig a, At eso, Lu g b ara
Z am b ia:
En g lish , Ch ib em b a, Ch in y an ja, Ch it on g a, Silozi
Z im b ab w e:
En g lish , Ch ish on a, Sin d eb ele
D at a Col l ect or s
Nam e
A b b r e v ia t io n
A f f ilia t io n
Afrob arom et er t eam
S U P ER V I S I O N
Team s of fou r in t erv iew ers t rav eled t og et h er t o t h e field u n d er t h e lead ersh ip of a field su p erv isor. It w as t h e su p erv isor's
job t o en su re q u alit y con t rol of su rv ey ret u rn s on a d aily b asis.In t erv iew s u su ally t ook ab ou t on e h ou r an d on ly p roceed ed
aft er resp on d en t s h av e g iv en in form ed con sen t . St rict con fid en t ialit y w as req u ired in h an d lin g su rv ey ret u rn s.
11
Africa - Afrob arom et er Su rv ey 2 0 0 2 -2 0 0 4 , Rou n d 2 Merg ed 1 6 Cou n t ry
D at a Pr ocessi n g
No con t en t av ailab le
12
Africa - Afrob arom et er Su rv ey 2 0 0 2 -2 0 0 4 , Rou n d 2 Merg ed 1 6 Cou n t ry
D at a A p p r ai sal
No con t en t av ailab le
13
Africa - Afrob arom et er Su rv ey 2 0 0 2 -2 0 0 4 , Rou n d 2 Merg ed 1 6 Cou n t ry
F ile D e scr ip t io n
14
Africa - Afrob arom et er Su rv ey 2 0 0 2 -2 0 0 4 , Rou n d 2 Merg ed 1 6 Cou n t ry
V a r ia b le List
15
Africa - Afrob arom et er Su rv ey 2 0 0 2 -2 0 0 4 , Rou n d 2 Merg ed 1 6 Cou n t ry
R 2 m e r g e 1 6 - 1 2 ja n 0 9 - n e w f in a l
Con t en t
Afrob arom et er 2 0 0 2 -2 0 0 4 Merg ed Rou n d 2 D at a
Cases
24301
Variab le(s)
330
St ru ct u re
Ty p e:
Key s: ()
Version
Prod u cer
Missin g D at a
V a r ia b le s
ID
Nam e
La b e l
Type
Form a t
V6 6 0
cou n t ry
Cou n t ry
d iscret e
n u m eric
V6 6 1
resp n o
Resp on d en t n u m b er
d iscret e
ch aract er
V6 6 2
b ack ch k
Hou seh old b ack -ch eck ed ?
d iscret e
n u m eric
V6 6 3
u rb ru r
Urb an or Ru ral Prim ary Sam p lin g Un it
d iscret e
n u m eric
V6 6 4
reg ion
Reg ion /Prov in ce
d iscret e
n u m eric
V6 6 5
h h old se1
Reason for Un su ccessfu l Call 1
d iscret e
n u m eric
V6 6 6
h h old se2
Reason for Un su ccessfu l Call 2
d iscret e
n u m eric
V6 6 7
h h old se3
Reason for Un su ccessfu l Call 3
d iscret e
n u m eric
V6 6 8
h h old se4
Reason for Un su ccessfu l Call 4
d iscret e
n u m eric
V6 6 9
h h old se5
Reason for Un su ccessfu l Call 5
d iscret e
n u m eric
V6 7 0
h h old se6
Reason for Un su ccessfu l Call 6
d iscret e
n u m eric
V6 7 1
h h old se7
Reason for Un su ccessfu l Call 7
d iscret e
n u m eric
V6 7 2
p rev in t
Prev iou s in t erv iew , g en d er
d iscret e
n u m eric
V6 7 3
cu rrin t
Th is in t erv iew , g en d er
d iscret e
n u m eric
V6 7 4
calls
Nu m b er of calls
d iscret e
n u m eric
V6 7 5
d at ein t r
D at e of In t erv iew
d iscret e
ch aract er
V6 7 6
st rt im e
Tim e in t erv iew st art ed
con t in
n u m eric
V6 7 7
q1a
Q1 a. Cou n t ry 's p resen t econ om ic con d it ion
d iscret e
n u m eric
V6 7 8
q1b
Q1 b . You r p resen t liv in g con d it ion s
d iscret e
n u m eric
V6 7 9
q2a
Q2 a. Cou n t ry 's econ om ic con d it ion v s n eig h b ou rs
d iscret e
n u m eric
V6 8 0
q2b
Q2 b . You r liv in g con d it ion s v s. ot h ers
d iscret e
n u m eric
V6 8 1
q3a
Q3 a. Cou n t ry 's econ om ic con d it ion 1 2 m on t h s ag o
d iscret e
n u m eric
V6 8 2
q3b
Q3 b . You r liv in g con d it ion s 1 2 m on t h s ag o
d iscret e
n u m eric
V6 8 3
q4a
Q4 a. Cou n t ry 's econ om ic con d it ion in 1 2 m on t h s
d iscret e
n u m eric
V6 8 4
q4b
Q4 b . You r liv in g con d it ion s in 1 2 m on t h s
d iscret e
n u m eric
V6 8 5
q5a
Q5 a. First m ean in g of " p oor"
d iscret e
n u m eric
V6 8 6
q5b
Q5 b . Secon d m ean in g of " p oor"
d iscret e
n u m eric
V6 8 7
q5c
Q5 c. Th ird m ean in g of " p oor"
d iscret e
n u m eric
Q u e st io n
16
Africa - Afrob arom et er Su rv ey 2 0 0 2 -2 0 0 4 , Rou n d 2 Merg ed 1 6 Cou n t ry
ID
Nam e
La b e l
Type
Form a t
V6 8 8
q6a
Q6 a. Score self rich /p oor t od ay
d iscret e
n u m eric
V6 8 9
q6b
Q6 b . Score p aren t rich /p oor 1 0 y ears ag o
d iscret e
n u m eric
V6 9 0
q6c
Q6 c. Score ch ild ren rich /p oor in fu t u re
d iscret e
n u m eric
V6 9 1
q7a
Q7 a. D ep en d on earn in g w ag e or salary
d iscret e
n u m eric
V6 9 2
q7b
Q7 b . D ep en d on b u y in g an d sellin g g ood s
d iscret e
n u m eric
V6 9 3
q7c
Q7 c. D ep en d on w ork in -k in d
d iscret e
n u m eric
V6 9 4
q7d
Q7 d . D ep en d on em p loy in g ot h ers t o w ork for y ou
d iscret e
n u m eric
V6 9 5
q7e
Q7 e. D ep en d on com m u n it y sav in g s g rou p
d iscret e
n u m eric
V6 9 6
q7f
Q7 f. D ep en d on b orrow in g m on ey from frien d s or fam ily
d iscret e
n u m eric
V6 9 7
q7g
Q7 g . D ep en d on b orrow in g m on ey from a b an k
d iscret e
n u m eric
V6 9 8
q7h
Q7 h . D ep en d on receiv in g m on ey from fam ily w ork in g elsew h ere in t h e cou n t ry
d iscret e
n u m eric
V6 9 9
q7i
Q7 i. D ep en d on receiv in g m on ey from fam ily w ork in g in ot h er cou n t ries.
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 0 0
q8a
Q8 a. Tim e sp en t w ork in g t o earn m on ey
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 0 1
q8b
Q8 b . Tim e sp en t g row in g ow n food
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 0 2
q8c
Q8 c. Tim e sp en t d oin g h ou seh old w ork
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 0 3
q8d1
Q8 d 1 . Tim e sp en t carin g for ow n fam ily 's ch ild ren
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 0 4
q8d2
Q8 d 2 . Tim e sp en t carin g for orp h an ed ch ild ren
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 0 5
q8e
Q8 e. Tim e sp en t carin g for sick h ou seh old m em b ers
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 0 6
q8f
Q8 f. Tim e sp en t t ak in g care of ow n illn ess
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 0 7
q9a
Q9 a. How oft en g on e w it h ou t food
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 0 8
q9b
Q9 b . How oft en g on e w it h ou t w at er
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 0 9
q9c
Q9 c. How oft en g on e w it h ou t m ed ical care
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 1 0
q9d
Q9 d . How oft en g on e w it h ou t elect ricit y
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 1 1
q9e
Q9 e. How oft en g on e w it h ou t cook in g fu el
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 1 2
q9f
Q9 f. How oft en g on e w it h ou t cash in com e
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 1 3
q10a
Q1 0 a. W h o assist s w it h food
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 1 4
q10b
Q1 0 b . W h o assist s w it h w at er
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 1 5
q10c
Q1 0 c. W h o assist s w it h m ed ical care
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 1 6
q10d
Q1 0 d . W h o assist s w it h elect ricit y
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 1 7
q10e
Q1 0 e. W h o assist s w it h cook in g fu el
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 1 8
q10f
Q1 0 f. W h o assist s w it h cash in com e
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 1 9
q11a
Q1 1 a. How oft en feared crim e in h om e
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 2 0
q11b
Q1 1 b . How oft en som et h in g st olen from h ou se
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 2 1
q11c
Q1 1 c. How oft en p h y sically at t ack ed
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 2 2
q12
Q1 2 . Prefer m ark et or g ov ern m en t -ru n econ om y
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 2 3
q13a
Q1 3 a. Gov ern m en t p lan s p rod u ct ion an d d ist rib u t ion
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 2 4
q13b
Q1 3 b . In d iv id u als d ecid e w h at t o p rod u ce, b u y , sell
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 2 5
q13c
Q1 3 c. Peop le g o b ack t o t h e lan d
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 2 6
q13d
Q1 3 d . Econ om ic ex p ert s m ak e im p ort an t d ecision s
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 2 7
q13e
Q1 3 e. W ealt h y p eop le p rov id e for com m u n it y n eed s
d iscret e
n u m eric
Q u e st io n
17
Africa - Afrob arom et er Su rv ey 2 0 0 2 -2 0 0 4 , Rou n d 2 Merg ed 1 6 Cou n t ry
ID
Nam e
La b e l
Type
Form a t
V7 2 8
q14
Q1 4 . Free sch oolin g v s. u ser fees
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 2 9
q15
Q1 5 . Priv at ized ag . m ark et in g v s. g ov ern m en t con t rol
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 3 0
q16
Q1 6 . More job s, low w ag es v s. few er job s, h ig h w ag es
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 3 1
q17
Q1 7 . Resp ect for p rop ert y rig h t s v s. rig h t t o seize
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 3 2
q18
Q1 8 . Civ il serv an t s k eep job s v s. lay offs t o red u ce cost s
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 3 3
q19
Q1 9 . Allow im p ort s v s. p rot ect local p rod u cers
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 3 4
q20
Q2 0 . Ab an d on econ om ic reform s v s. accep t h ard sh ip s
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 3 5
q21
Q2 1 . Econ om ic p olicies h elp ed m ost v s. h u rt m ost
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 3 6
q22a
Q2 2 a. Presen t v s. p ast : av ailab ilit y of g ood s
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 3 7
q22b
Q2 2 b . Presen t v s. p ast : p eop le's liv in g st an d ard
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 3 8
q22c
Q2 2 c. Presen t v s. p ast : job op p ort u n it ies
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 3 9
q22d
Q2 2 d . Presen t v s. p ast : g ap b et w een rich an d p oor
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 4 0
q22e
Q2 2 e. Presen t v s. p ast : secu rit y of p rop ert y
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 4 1
q23
Q2 3 . Sat isfied w / g ov ern m en t 's red u ced econ om ic role
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 4 2
q24a
Q2 4 a. Mem b er of relig iou s g rou p
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 4 3
q24b
Q2 4 b . Mem b er of t rad e u n ion or farm ers associat ion
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 4 4
q24c
Q2 4 c. Mem b er of p rofession al or b u sin ess associat ion
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 4 5
q24d
Q2 4 d . Mem b er of com m u n it y d ev elop m en t associat ion
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 4 6
q25a
Q2 5 a. D iscu ss p olit ics
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 4 7
q25b
Q2 5 b . At t en d a com m u n it y m eet in g
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 4 8
q25c
Q2 5 c. Join ot h ers t o raise an issu e
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 4 9
q25d
Q2 5 d . At t en d a d em on st rat ion or p rot est m arch
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 5 0
q25e
Q2 5 e. Used force or v iolen ce for p olit ical cau se
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 5 1
q26a
Q2 6 a. Rad io n ew s
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 5 2
q26b
Q2 6 b . Telev ision n ew s
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 5 3
q26c
Q2 6 c. New sp ap aer n ew s
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 5 4
q27
Q2 7 . In t erest in p u b lic affairs
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 5 5
q28a
Q2 8 a. Polit ics an d g ov ern m en t t oo com p licat ed
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 5 6
q28b
Q2 8 b . Ot h ers d on 't list en t o y ou
d iscret e
n u m eri
Africa - Afrob arom et er Su rv ey
2 0 0 2 -2 0 0 4 , Rou n d 2 Merg ed 1 6 Cou n t ry
I n st it u t e f o r D e m o cr a cy in S o u t h A f r ica ( I D A S A ) , M ich ig a n S t a t e U n iv e r sit y ( M S U ) ,
Gh a n a Ce n t r e f o r D e m o cr a t ic D e v e lo p m e n t ( CD D - G h a n a )
Rep ort g en erat ed on : May 5 , 2 0 1 4
Visit ou r d at a cat alog at : h t t p ://m icrod at a.w orld b an k .org
1
Africa - Afrob arom et er Su rv ey 2 0 0 2 -2 0 0 4 , Rou n d 2 Merg ed 1 6 Cou n t ry
2
Africa - Afrob arom et er Su rv ey 2 0 0 2 -2 0 0 4 , Rou n d 2 Merg ed 1 6 Cou n t ry
Sam p l i n g
Sam p l i n g Pr oced u r e
A n ew sam p le h as t o b e d raw n for each rou n d of Afrob arom et er su rv ey s.
W h ereas t h e st an d ard sam p le size for Rou n d 3 su rv ey s w ill b e 1 2 0 0 cases, a larg er sam p le size w ill b e req u ired in societ ies
t h at are ex t rem ely h et erog en eou s (su ch as Sou t h Africa an d Nig eria), w h ere t h e sam p le size w ill b e in creased t o 2 4 0 0 . Ot h er
ad ap t at ion s m ay b e n ecessary w it h in som e cou n t ries t o accou n t for t h e v ary in g q u alit y of t h e cen su s d at a or t h e av ailab ilit y
of cen su s m ap s.
Th e sam p le is d esig n ed as a rep resen t at iv e cross-sect ion of all cit izen s of v ot in g ag e in a g iv en cou n t ry . Th e g oal is t o g iv e
ev ery ad u lt cit izen an eq u al an d k n ow n ch an ce of select ion for in t erv iew . W e st riv e t o reach t h is ob ject iv e b y (a) st rict ly
ap p ly in g ran d om select ion m et h od s at ev ery st ag e of sam p lin g an d b y (b ) ap p ly in g sam p lin g w it h p rob ab ilit y p rop ort ion at e
t o p op u lat ion size w h erev er p ossib le. A ran d om ly select ed sam p le of 1 2 0 0 cases allow s in feren ces t o n at ion al ad u lt
p op u lat ion s w it h a m arg in of sam p lin g error of n o m ore t h an p lu s or m in u s 2 .5 p ercen t w it h a con fid en ce lev el of 9 5 p ercen t .
If t h e sam p le size is in creased t o 2 4 0 0 , t h e con fid en ce in t erv al sh rin k s t o p lu s or m in u s 2 p ercen t .
Sam p le Un iv erse
Th e sam p le u n iv erse for Afrob arom et er su rv ey s in clu d es all cit izen s of v ot in g ag e w it h in t h e cou n t ry . In ot h er w ord s, w e
ex clu d e an y on e w h o is n ot a cit izen an d an y on e w h o h as n ot at t ain ed t h is ag e (u su ally 1 8 y ears) on t h e d ay of t h e su rv ey .
Also ex clu d ed are areas d et erm in ed t o b e eit h er in accessib le or n ot relev an t t o t h e st u d y , su ch as t h ose ex p erien cin g arm ed
con flict or n at u ral d isast ers, as w ell as n at ion al p ark s an d g am e reserv es. As a m at t er of p ract ice, w e h av e also ex clu d ed
p eop le liv in g in in st it u t ion alized set t in g s, su ch as st u d en t s in d orm it ories an d p erson s in p rison s or n u rsin g h om es.
W h at t o d o ab ou t areas ex p erien cin g p olit ical u n rest ? On t h e on e h an d w e w an t t o in clu d e t h em b ecau se t h ey are p olit ically
im p ort an t . On t h e ot h er h an d , w e w an t t o av oid st ret ch in g ou t t h e field w ork ov er m an y m on t h s w h ile w e w ait for t h e
sit u at ion t o set t le d ow n . It w as ag reed at t h e 2 0 0 2 Cap e Tow n Plan n in g W ork sh op t h at it is d ifficu lt t o com e u p w it h a
g en eral ru le t h at w ill fit all im ag in ab le circu m st an ces. W e w ill t h erefore m ak e ju d g m en t s on a case-b y -case b asis on w h et h er
or n ot t o p roceed w it h field w ork or t o ex clu d e or su b st it u t e areas of con flict . Nat ion al Part n ers are req u est ed t o con su lt Core
Part n ers on an y m ajor d elay s, ex clu sion s or su b st it u t ion s of t h is sort .
Sam p le D esig n
Th e sam p le d esig n is a clu st ered , st rat ified , m u lt i-st ag e, area p rob ab ilit y sam p le.
To rep eat t h e m ain sam p lin g p rin cip le, t h e ob ject iv e of t h e d esig n is t o g iv e ev ery sam p le elem en t (i.e. ad u lt cit izen ) an
eq u al an d k n ow n ch an ce of b ein g ch osen for in clu sion in t h e sam p le. W e st riv e t o reach t h is ob ject iv e b y (a) st rict ly ap p ly in g
ran d om select ion m et h od s at ev ery st ag e of sam p lin g an d b y (b ) ap p ly in g sam p lin g w it h p rob ab ilit y p rop ort ion at e t o
p op u lat ion size w h erev er p ossib le.
In a series of st ag es, g eog rap h ically d efin ed sam p lin g u n it s of d ecreasin g size are select ed . To en su re t h at t h e sam p le is
rep resen t at iv e, t h e p rob ab ilit y of select ion at v ariou s st ag es is ad ju st ed as follow s:
Th e sam p le is st rat ified b y k ey social ch aract erist ics in t h e p op u lat ion su ch as su b -n at ion al area (e.g . reg ion /p rov in ce) an d
resid en t ial localit y (u rb an or ru ral). Th e area st rat ificat ion red u ces t h e lik elih ood t h at d ist in ct iv e et h n ic or lan g u ag e g rou p s
are left ou t of t h e sam p le. An d t h e u rb an /ru ral st rat ificat ion is a m ean s t o m ak e su re t h at t h ese localit ies are rep resen t ed in
t h eir correct p rop ort ion s.
W h erev er p ossib le, an d alw ay s in t h e first st ag e of sam p lin g , ran d om sam p lin g is con d u ct ed w it h p rob ab ilit y p rop ort ion at e t o
p op u lat ion size (PPPS). Th e p u rp ose is t o g u aran t ee t h at larg er (i.e., m ore p op u lat ed ) g eog rap h ical u n it s h av e a
p rop ort ion ally g reat er p rob ab ilit y of b ein g ch osen in t o t h e sam p le.
Th e sam p lin g d esig n h as fou r st ag es
A first -st ag e t o st rat ify an d ran d om ly select p rim ary sam p lin g u n it s;
A secon d -st ag e t o ran d om ly select sam p lin g st art -p oin t s;
A t h ird st ag e t o ran d om ly ch oose h ou seh old s;
A fin al-st ag e in v olv in g t h e ran d om select ion of in d iv id u al resp on d en t s
3
Africa - Afrob arom et er Su rv ey 2 0 0 2 -2 0 0 4 , Rou n d 2 Merg ed 1 6 Cou n t ry
W e sh all d eal w it h each of t h ese st ag es in t u rn .
STAGE ONE: Select ion of Prim ary Sam p lin g Un it s (PSUs)
Th e p rim ary sam p lin g u n it s (PSU's) are t h e sm allest , w ell-d efin ed g eog rap h ic u n it s for w h ich reliab le p op u lat ion d at a are
av ailab le. In m ost cou n t ries, t h ese w ill b e Cen su s En u m erat ion Areas (or EAs). Most n at ion al cen su s d at a an d m ap s are
b rok en d ow n t o t h e EA lev el. In t h e t ex t t h at follow s w e w ill u se t h e acron y m s PSU an d EA in t erch an g eab ly b ecau se, w h en
cen su s d at a are em p loy ed , t h ey refer t o t h e sam e u n it .
W e st ron g ly recom m en d t h at NIs u se official n at ion al cen su s d at a as t h e sam p lin g fram e for Afrob arom et er su rv ey s. W h ere
recen t or reliab le cen su s d at a are n ot av ailab le, NIs are ask ed t o in form t h e relev an t Core Part n er b efore t h ey su b st it u t e an y
ot h er d em og rap h ic d at a. W h ere t h e cen su s is ou t of d at e, NIs sh ou ld con su lt a d em og rap h er t o ob t ain t h e b est p ossib le
est im at es of p op u lat ion g row t h rat es. Th ese sh ou ld b e ap p lied t o t h e ou t d at ed cen su s d at a in ord er t o m ak e p roject ion s of
p op u lat ion fig u res for t h e y ear of t h e su rv ey . It is im p ort an t t o b ear in m in d t h at p op u lat ion g row t h rat es v ary b y area
(reg ion ) an d (esp ecially ) b et w een ru ral an d u rb an localit ies. Th erefore, an y p roject ed cen su s d at a sh ou ld in clu d e
ad ju st m en t s t o t ak e su ch v ariat ion s in t o accou n t .
In d eed , w e u rg e NIs t o est ab lish colleg ial w ork in g relat ion sh ip s w it h in p rofession als in t h e n at ion al cen su s b u reau , n ot on ly
t o ob t ain t h e m ost recen t cen su s d at a, p roject ion s, an d m ap s, b u t t o g ain access t o sam p lin g ex p ert ise. NIs m ay ev en
com m ission a cen su s st at ist ician t o d raw t h e sam p le t o Afrob arom et er sp ecificat ion s, p rov id ed t h at p rov ision for t h is serv ice
h as b een m ad e in t h e su rv ey b u d g et .
Reg ard less of w h o d raw s t h e sam p le, t h e NIs sh ou ld t h orou g h ly acq u ain t t h em selv es w it h t h e st ren g t h s an d w eak n esses of
t h e av ailab le cen su s d at a an d t h e av ailab ilit y an d q u alit y of EA m ap s. Th e cou n t ry an d m et h od olog y rep ort s sh ou ld cit e t h e
ex act cen su s d at a u sed , it s k n ow n sh ort com in g s, if an y , an d an y p roject ion s m ad e from t h e d at a. At m in im u m , t h e NI m u st
k n ow t h e size of t h e p op u lat ion an d t h e u rb an /ru ral p op u lat ion d iv id e in each reg ion in ord er t o sp ecify h ow t o d ist rib u t e
p op u lat ion an d PSU's in t h e first st ag e of sam p lin g . Nat ion al in v est ig at ors sh ou ld ob t ain t h is w rit t en d at a b efore t h ey
at t em p t t o st rat ify t h e sam p le.
On ce t h is d at a is ob t ain ed , t h e sam p le p op u lat ion (eit h er 1 2 0 0 or 2 4 0 0 ) sh ou ld b e st rat ified , first b y area (reg ion /p rov in ce)
an d t h en b y resid en t ial localit y (u rb an or ru ral). In each case, t h e p rop ort ion of t h e sam p le in each localit y in each reg ion
sh ou ld b e t h e sam e as it s p rop ort ion in t h e n at ion al p op u lat ion as in d icat ed b y t h e u p d at ed cen su s fig u res.
Hav in g st rat ified t h e sam p le, it is t h en p ossib le t o d et erm in e h ow m an y PSU's sh ou ld b e select ed for t h e cou n t ry as a w h ole,
for each reg ion , an d for each u rb an or ru ral localit y .
Th e t ot al n u m b er of PSU's t o b e select ed for t h e w h ole cou n t ry is d et erm in ed b y calcu lat in g t h e m ax im u m d eg ree of
clu st erin g of in t erv iew s on e can accep t in an y PSU. Becau se PSUs (w h ich are u su ally g eog rap h ically sm all EAs) t en d t o b e
socially h om og en ou s w e d o n ot w an t t o select t oo m an y p eop le in an y on e p lace. Th u s, t h e Afrob arom et er h as est ab lish ed a
st an d ard of n o m ore t h an 8 in t erv iew s p er PSU. For a sam p le size of 1 2 0 0 , t h e sam p le m u st t h erefore con t ain 1 5 0 PSUs/EAs
(1 2 0 0 d iv id ed b y 8 ). For a sam p le size of 2 4 0 0 , t h ere m u st b e 3 0 0 PSUs/EAs.
Th ese PSUs sh ou ld t h en b e allocat ed p rop ort ion ally t o t h e u rb an an d ru ral localit ies w it h in each reg ion al st rat u m of t h e
sam p le. Let 's t ak e a cou p le of ex am p les from a cou n t ry w it h a sam p le size of 1 2 0 0 . If t h e u rb an localit y of Reg ion X in t h is
cou n t ry con st it u t es 1 0 p ercen t of t h e cu rren t n at ion al p op u lat ion , t h en t h e sam p le for t h is st rat u m sh ou ld b e 1 5 PSUs
(calcu lat ed as 1 0 p ercen t of 1 5 0 PSUs). If t h e ru ral p op u lat ion of Reg ion Y con st it u t es 4 p ercen t of t h e cu rren t n at ion al
p op u lat ion , t h en t h e sam p le for t h is st rat u m sh ou ld b e 6 PSU's.
Th e n ex t st ep is t o select p art icu lar PSUs/EAs u sin g ran d om m et h od s. Usin g t h e ab ov e ex am p le of t h e ru ral localit ies in
Reg ion Y, let u s say t h at y ou n eed t o p ick 6 sam p le EAs ou t of a cen su s list t h at con t ain s a t ot al of 2 4 0 ru ral EAs in Reg ion Y.
Bu t w h ich 6 ? If t h e EAs creat ed b y t h e n at ion al cen su s b u reau are of eq u al or rou g h ly eq u al p op u lat ion size, t h en select ion is
relat iv ely st raig h t forw ard . Ju st n u m b er all EAs con secu t iv ely , t h en m ak e six select ion s u sin g a t ab le of ran d om n u m b ers. Th is
p roced u re, k n ow n as sim p le ran d om sam p lin g (SRS), w ill en su re t h at each EA w ill h av e an eq u al p rob ab ilit y of b ein g
sam p led .
If t h e PSUs'/EAs h av e d ifferen t p op u lat ion sizes, h ow ev er, t h en ran d om sam p lin g m u st b e con d u ct ed w it h p rob ab ilit y
p rop ort ion at e t o p op u lat ion size (PPPS). Th e id ea h ere is t h at u n it s w it h larg er p op u lat ion s sh ou ld h av e a p rop ort ion ally
g reat er ch an ce (p rob ab ilit y ) of b ein g ch osen . Th e PPPS m et h od is n ot d ifficu lt t o u se an d is d escrib ed in Ap p en d ix 6 .
On ce EA's h av e b een ran d om ly select ed t h ey sh ou ld b e p lot t ed on a n at ion al m ap . Use t h is m ap t o p lan ou t t h e d ep loy m en t
rou t es for t h e v ariou s field t eam s. In som e cases, a few EAs m ay b e so in accessib le or so d an g erou s t h at su b st it u t ion of PSUs
b ecom es n ecessary . As lon g as PSU su b st it u t ion s n ev er con st it u t e m ore t h an 5 p ercen t of all PSU's it is accep t ab le t o m ak e
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Africa - Afrob arom et er Su rv ey 2 0 0 2 -2 0 0 4 , Rou n d 2 Merg ed 1 6 Cou n t ry
t h em . Th e b est m et h od is t o ran d om ly d raw an ot h er EA in t h e h op e t h at it w ill fall in a m ore con v en ien t locat ion . Please
record w h ich EAs are su b st it u t es an d ju st ify w h y t h ey w ere su b st it u t ed . If m ore t h an 5 p ercen t of PSUs req u ire su b st it u t ion ,
t h en t h e NI sh ou ld d iscard t h e en t ire St ag e 1 sam p le an d d raw a n ew on e.
Ov ersam p lin g - op t ion al
In som e cou n t ries, t h e NI m ay b e con cern ed t h at a ran d om sam p le m ig h t m iss a p olit ically im p ort an t m in orit y g rou p . Or,
ev en if t h is m in orit y is rep resen t ed in t h e sam p le in accord an ce w it h it s sh are of t h e n at ion al p op u lat ion , t h ere m ay b e t oo
few cases t o m ak e reliab le g en eralizat ion s ab ou t t h e at t it u d es of t h is g rou p . Un d er t h ese circu m st an ces, ov er-sam p lin g is
p erm issib le, as w e d id in Rou n d 1 for t h e Toau reg , Ijaw , an d Colou red m in orit ies in Mali, Nig eria an d Sou t h Africa
resp ect iv ely . Pu rp osiv e ov er-sam p lin g w ill also b e req u ired as a con d it ion of on e d on or's fu n d in g in Rou n d 3 ; USAID w ish es t o
g at h er ex t ra in form at ion on cert ain reg ion s w h ere t h eir p roject s are locat ed , p rob ab ly in Mali, Mozam b iq u e, Sen eg al, Sou t h
Africa, an d Z am b ia. Not e t h at t h e ov er-sam p le sh ou ld b e cot erm in ou s w it h a g iv en sam p lin g st rat u m , u su ally a reg ion . Th e
NI sh ou ld con su lt t h e relev an t Core Part n er ab ou t an y p lan n ed ov er-sam p lin g an d k eep d et ailed record s t h at allow correct
w eig h t in g fact ors t o b e calcu lat ed t o correct for ov er-sam p lin g at t h e st ag e of d at a an aly sis.
Ad d it ion al Clu st er (Op t ion al)
In cou n t ries w h ere reg ion s are t oo n u m erou s or t oo scat t ered t o p rov id e a log ist ically feasib le sam p lin g fram e, an ad d it ion al
st ag e of clu st erin g can b e con sid ered , as follow s:
* Ch oose a su it ab le g eog rap h ic u n it b et w een reg ion /p rov in ce an d EA: e.g . ad m in ist rat iv e d ist rict . In larg e cou n t ries, it m ay
n ot b e p ract ical t o v isit all d ist rict s or ev en all reg ion s. Nu m b er an d st rat ify all d ist rict s an d , u sin g PPPS, ran d om ly ch oose a
su b set of t h ese d ist rict s. Preferab ly , t h e su b set sh ou ld n ot b e less t h an h alf of t h e t ot al n u m b er of d ist rict s in t h e cou n t ry .
An d t h e su b set sh ou ld alw ay s cov er all relev an t social v ariat ion s n at ion w id e.
* A p op u lat ion lim it sh all b e set for d ist rict s t h at sh ou ld b e self-rep resen t in g (i.e. larg e d ist rict s w h ich m u st b e rep resen t ed in
t h e sam p le). Self-rep resen t in g d ist rict s w ill t h u s h av e a p rob ab ilit y eq u al t o on e of in clu sion in t h e sam p le.
* On ce PPPS is ap p lied , ot h er d ist rict s w ill h av e a p rob ab ilit y p rop ort ion al t o p op u lat ion size of in clu sion in t h e sam p le.
Ad d it ion al St rat u m (Op t ion al)
In u rb an areas t h at h av e ex t rem ely d iv erse h ou sin g p at t ern s, t h e NI m ay ch oose t o ad d an ad d it ion al lay er of st rat ificat ion t o
in crease t h e lik elih ood t h at t h e sam p le d oes n ot leav e ou t h ig h -d en sit y (esp ecially in form al) set t lem en t s. Usin g a st reet m ap ,
a cit y or t ow n can b e d iv id ed in t o h ig h - m ed iu m - an d low -d en sit y areas. It can t h en b e req u ired t h at PSUs are rep resen t ed
eq u ally (or b et t er y et , in p rop ort ion t o p op u lat ion sizes, if t h ese are k n ow n ) w it h in t h e sam p le for t h at cit y or t ow n .
STAGE TW O: Select in g Sam p lin g St art Poin t s (SSP's)
W it h in each PSU/EA, Field Team s t rav el t o a ran d om ly select ed sam p lin g st art p oin t (SSP). Th u s t h e n u m b er of st art p oin t s is
t h e sam e as t h e n u m b er of PSU's (1 5 0 or 3 0 0 ). A sam p lin g st art p oin t (SSP) is req u ired so t h at in t erv iew ers k n ow w h ere t o
st art ran d om w alk p at t ern s w it h in each PSU (see n ex t sect ion ). Th is p roced u re h as t h e effect of fu rt h er clu st erin g t h e sam p le
in t o m an ag eab le areas t h at are reach ab le on foot or b y a sh ort v eh icle rid e.
Eit h er in t h e office or in t h e field , t h e Field Su p erv isor (FS) select s t h e SSP u sin g on e of t h e follow in g t h ree m et h od s.
Th e id eal m et h od
If t h e FS is ab le t o ob t ain a list of all h ou seh old s in a select ed EA, t h en t h is sh ou ld b e d on e. Possib le sou rces in clu d e t h e
n at ion al cen su s b u reau or t h e office of d ist rict ad m in ist rat or or local g ov ern m en t au t h orit y . On ce a list is av ailab le, t h e field
su p erv isor sh ou ld ran d om ly (u sin g a ran d om n u m b ers t ab le) ch oose eig h t h ou seh old s, an d sen d on e In t erv iew er t o each . A
d et ailed m ap sh ow in g all h ou seh old s in t h e EA an d m at ch in g t h em w it h t h e list ed n am es is n ecessary for t h is m et h od .
(Not e: If t h is m et h od is u sed , it is n ot n ecessary t o ap p ly St ag e Th ree: Select ion of Hou seh old s. Go st raig h t t o St ag e Fou r:
Select ion of Resp on d en t s).
An alt ern at iv e m et h od (w h ere m ap s are av ailab le for t h e PSU)
If t h e cen su s b u reau h as p rov id ed EA m ap s, t h e FS can ran d om ly select a st art p oin t u sin g a g rid . Th e FS p laces a ru ler w it h
n u m b ers alon g t h e t op of t h e m ap an d a ru ler w it h n u m b ers alon g t h e sid e of t h e m ap . He/sh e t h en u ses a t ab le of ran d om
n u m b ers (or a set of n u m b ered card s) t o select a n u m b er for t h e t op ax is an d a n u m b er for t h e sid e ax is, resu lt in g in a
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Africa - Afrob arom et er Su rv ey 2 0 0 2 -2 0 0 4 , Rou n d 2 Merg ed 1 6 Cou n t ry
ran d om com b in at ion (e.g . " 9 an d 6 ." ) A lin e is t h en d raw n on t h e m ap h orizon t al t o t h e n u m b er ch osen on t h e sid e, an d
an ot h er lin e is d raw n v ert ical t o t h e n u m b er ch osen on t h e t op . Th e p oin t on t h e m ap w h ere t h ese t w o lin es in t ersect is t h e
sam p lin g st art p oin t . Th e SSP is m ark ed on t h e m ap , an d g iv en t o t h e field t eam for t h at area. Th e field w ork t eam t h en
locat es t h e n earest h ou sin g set t lem en t t o t h is p oin t , an d t rav els t h ere (or as n ear as t h ey can t o t h e p oin t ). In ru ral areas,
fin d in g t h e SSP m ay req u ire t h e field t eam t o con su lt w it h local resid en t s.
Becau se w e n ev er k n ow in ad v an ce t h e act u al con d it ion on t h e g rou n d in all t h e PSU's, t h e FS m ay n eed t o ch oose a secon d
sam p lin g st art p oin t as a reserv e or su b st it u t e if t h e SSP is in ap p rop riat e or in accessib le.
An ot h er alt ern at iv e (w h ere m ap s are n ot av ailab le)
W h en m ap s are n ot av ailab le for t h e select ed PSU, t h e follow in g p roced u re sh ou ld b e u sed . Th e FS con t act s a local
g ov ern m en t cou n cilor or an ot h er official k n ow led g eab le ab ou t t h e area. Th is p erson is con su lt ed t o d et erm in e h ow m an y
h ou sin g set t lem en t s (e.g . v illag es) are in t h e PSU. Th ese set t lem en t s m u st h av e id en t ifiab le b ou n d aries t h at d o n ot ov erlap
w it h on e an ot h er. Th ese set t lem en t s are n u m b ered an d , u sin g n u m b ered card s, t h e FS ask s t h e in form an t t o ran d om ly
select on e card . Th e set t lem en t id en t ified b y t h e select ed n u m b er is t h e set t lem en t w h ere t h e in t erv iew s w ill b e con d u ct ed .
IMPORTANT: At t h e st art p oin t , t h en t h e FS m u st b e cert ain t o p reserv e ran d om n ess, b y rot at in g t h e p lace w h ere
In t erv iew ers b eg in t h eir ran d om w alk p at t ern . If t h e Team st art s on a m ain road at on e SSP, t h ey sh ou ld st art off t h e road at
t h e n ex t SSP. If t h e Team st art s in a cen t ral p lace (lik e a sch ool) in on e EA, t h ey sh ou ld st art in a p erip h eral p lace in t h e n ex t
EA. An d so on . Th e log ic of ran d om sam p lin g is t o av oid ANY k in d of p at t ern in t h e u n it s select ed at an y st ag e.
STAGE THREE: Select in g Hou seh old s
Hav in g arriv ed at t h e sam p lin g st art p oin t , t h e Team is read y t o select h ou seh old s.
For t h e p u rp oses of t h e Afrob arom et er, a h ou seh old is d efin ed as a g rou p of p eop le w h o p resen t ly eat t og et h er from t h e
sam e p ot . By t h is d efin it ion , a h ou seh old d oes n ot in clu d e p erson s w h o are cu rren t ly liv in g elsew h ere for p u rp oses of st u d ies
or w ork . Nor d oes a h ou seh old in clu d e d om est ic w ork ers or t em p orary v isit ors (ev en if t h ey eat from t h e sam e p ot or slep t
t h ere on t h e p rev iou s n ig h t ). An d , in p ract ice, w e w an t t o select ou r resp on d en t from am on g p erson s in t h e h ou seh old w h o
w ill b e av ailab le for in t erv iew on t h at sam e d ay .
In m u lt i-h ou seh old d w ellin g st ru ct u res (lik e b lock s of flat s, com p ou n d s w it h m u lt ip le sp ou ses, or b ack y ard d w ellin g s for
ren t ers, relat iv es, or h ou seh old w ork ers), each h ou seh old is t reat ed as a sep arat e sam p lin g u n it .
IMPORTANT: Th e t h ird (h ou seh old ) an d fou rt h (resp on d en t ) st ag es of sam p lin g are con d u ct ed b y In t erv iew ers. In t erv iew ers
m u st b e carefu lly t rain ed an d su p erv ised t o en su re t h at t h ey follow Afrob arom et er sam p lin g in st ru ct ion s t o t h e ex act let t er.
Th ese sam p lin g in st ru ct ion s are su m m arized b elow an d sp elled ou t on t h e first t w o p ag es of ev ery q u est ion n aire. Field
Su p erv isors are resp on sib le for en su rin g t h at t h eir t eam s of In t erv iew ers u n d erst an d t h eir p art s of t h e sam p lin g
m et h od olog y an d ex ecu t e t h em correct ly .
T h e m et h od for select in g h ou seh old s is as follow s:
In w ell-p op u lat ed u rb an an d ru ral areas, w it h sin g le-d w ellin g u n it s:
St art in g as n ear as p ossib le t o t h e SSP, t h e FS sh ou ld ch oose an y ran d om p oin t (lik e a st reet corn er, a sch ool, or a w at er
sou rce) b ein g carefu l t o ran d om ly rot at e t h e ch oice of su ch lan d m ark s. Th e fou r In t erv iew ers sh ou ld b e in st ru ct ed t o w alk
aw ay from t h is p oin t in t h e follow in g ran d om d irect ion s:
Th e W alk Pat t ern : In t erv iew er 1 w alk s t ow ard s t h e su n , In t erv iew er 2 aw ay from t h e su n , In t erv iew er 3 at rig h t an g le t o
In t erv iew er 1 , In t erv iew er 4 in t h e op p osit e d irect ion from In t erv iew er 3 , et c. If t h e Team con t ain s m ore t h an fou r
In t erv iew ers, t h en t h e FS sh ou ld t ak e t h em t o an ot h er ran d om ly select ed p lace n ear t h e SSP t o b eg in t h eir w alk p at t ern s.
W h en in t erv iew s are t o b e con d u ct ed d u rin g t h e n ig h t b y t h e w h ole t eam (ex clu d in g call b ack s),t h e t eam sh ou ld u se t h e
m oon or som e ot h er ran d om lan d m ark t o b eg in t h e w alk p at t ern (Field Su p erv isors sh ou ld ju st m ak e su re t h at in t erv iew ees
d isp erse in d irect ion s op p osit e t o each ot h er).
Each In t erv iew er sh ou ld u se t h e d ay cod e t o est ab lish an in t erv al (n ) for h ou seh old select ion . Th e d ay cod e in t rod u ces
ran d om n ess in t o t h e in t erv al. It is calcu lat ed b y ad d in g t og et h er t h e n u m b ers in t h e d ay of t h e m on t h as follow s. On t h e 5 t h ,
1 4 t h an d 2 3 rd of t h e m on t h t h e in t erv al w ou ld b e 5 , b u t on t h e 6 t h , 1 5 t h an d 2 4 t h it w ou ld b e 6 . An d so on . On som e
d ay s (t h e 1 st an d 1 0 t h of t h e m on t h ) t h e In t erv iew er m ov es t o t h e ad jacen t d w ellin g st ru ct u re (b ecau se t h e sam p lin g
in t erv al is 1 ). On t h e 2 9 t h of t h e m on t h t h e In t erv iew er m u st leav e t h e w id est g ap , select in g on ly ev ery elev en t h h ou se.
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Africa - Afrob arom et er Su rv ey 2 0 0 2 -2 0 0 4 , Rou n d 2 Merg ed 1 6 Cou n t ry
In ev ery case, t h e In t erv iew er select s t h e n t h h ou se on t h e rig h t .
In w ell-p op u lat ed u rb an an d ru ral areas, w it h m u lt ip le-d w ellin g u n it s:
If t h e st art p oin t is a b lock of flat s, or if t h e w alk p at t ern in clu d es a b lock of flat s, t h en t h e In t erv iew er sh ou ld st art on t h e t op
floor an d w ork h is/h er w ay d ow n w ard s, st op p in g at ev ery n t h flat on t h e rig h t . In an ex cep t ion t o t h e n orm al w alk p at t ern ,
w h ich on ly refers t o b lock s of flat s, t h e In t erv iew er sh ou ld on ly v isit alt ern at e floors of t h e b lock .
5 .3 .3 .3 In sp arsely p op u lat ed ru ral areas, w it h sm all v illag es or sin g le-d w ellin g farm s:
In su ch areas, t h ere m ay b e on ly a few h ou seh old s arou n d a g iv en st art p oin t . W e d o n ot w ish t o ov er-clu st er t h e sam p le b y
con d u ct in g t oo m an y (e.g . all 8 ) in t erv iew s in on e sm all v illag e. In t h ese cases, t h e follow in g g u id elin es sh all ap p ly : If t h ere
are 1 5 or few er h ou seh old s w it h in w alk in g d ist an ce of t h e st art p oin t , t h e field t eam sh all d rop on ly on e In t erv iew er t h ere. If
t h ere are 1 6 -3 0 h ou seh old s w it h in w alk in g d ist an ce of t h e st art p oin t , t w o In t erv iew ers can b e d rop p ed t h ere. (If t h ere are
m ore t h an 5 0 h ou seh old s, t h e w h ole t eam can b e d rop p ed off as u su al). If on ly on e or t w o In t erv iew ers can b e d rop p ed at
t h e st art p oin t , t h e rest of t h e t eam sh ou ld d riv e t o t h e n earest h ou sin g set t lem en t w it h in t h e sam e EA an d closest t o t h e
SSP, w h ere t h e n ex t on e, t w o or t h ree In t erv iew ers sh all b e d rop p ed accord in g t o t h e sam e ru le. An d so on .
In sp arsely p op u lat ed ru ral areas, w it h com m ercial farm s:
In cou n t ries w h ere com m ercial farm s are larg e an d con t ain p op u lou s set t lem en t s of farm w ork ers, effort sh ou ld b e m ad e t o
av oid collect in g all eig h t in t erv iew s for t h at EA on on e farm . To d o t h is, t h e field su p erv isor sh ou ld d rop t w o In t erv iew ers at
t h e first farm (eit h er t h e first ran d om ly ch osen from a com p reh en siv e list of farm s w it h in t h e EA, or t h e first n earest t h e
ran d om ly select ed st art p oin t ), an d t h en d rop t h e rem ain in g t w o In t erv iew ers at t h e n ex t farm . On ce t h e first t w o are
fin ish ed , t h ey are m ov ed t o an ot h er farm for t w o m ore in t erv iew s, an d t h e sam e w it h t h e secon d p air, so t h at eig h t
in t erv iew s are ob t ain ed from fou r sep arat e farm s in each EA. It is im p ort an t t h at all select ed farm s are w it h in t h e select ed
EA. Hou seh old s sh ou ld b e ch osen from list s of h ou seh old s on t h e farm , or b y u sin g a st an d ard ran d om w alk p at t ern .
Rem em b er t o in clu d e b ot h t h e farm ow n er's an d farm w ork ers' d w ellin g s on t h e list s or on t h e w alk p at t ern . On ce t h e t eam s'
eig h t in t erv iew s are com p let ed , t h e field su p erv isor sh ou ld m ov e t h e t eam on t o t h e n ex t select ed EA an d rep eat t h e
p roced u re.
In t erv iew er's secon d in t erv iew
In a Team of fou r, each In t erv iew er is t o ob t ain t w o in t erv iew s p er EA (4 In t erv iew ers x 2 in t erv iew s = 8 in t erv iew s, t h e
q u ot a for t h e EA). Aft er com p let in g t h e first in t erv iew , h e or sh e sh ou ld follow t h e sam e p roced u re as b efore. He/sh e
con t in u es w alk in g in t h e sam e d irect ion an d ch ooses t h e n t h d w ellin g on t h e rig h t (w h ere n = t h e d ay cod e). An d so on . If
t h e set t lem en t com es t o an en d an d t h ere are n o m ore h ou ses, t h e In t erv iew er sh ou ld t u rn at rig h t an g les t o t h e rig h t an d
k eep w alk in g , ag ain look in g for t h e n t h d w ellin g on t h e rig h t . Th is p roced u re is rep eat ed u n t il t h e In t erv iew er fin d s an
elig ib le d w ellin g con t ain in g an elig ib le h ou seh old .
TAGE FOUR: Select in g In d iv id u al Resp on d en t s
On ce t h e h ou seh old is ch osen , t h e In t erv iew er is resp on sib le for ran d om ly select in g t h e in d iv id u al resp on d en t w it h in t h e
h ou seh old w h o w ill b e in t erv iew ed .
To en su re t h at w om en are n ot u n d errep resen t ed , t h e Afrob arom et er set s a g en d er st rat u m of an eq u al n u m b er of m en an d
w om en in t h e ov erall sam p le. To accom p lish t h is st rat u m , t h e g en d er of resp on d en t s is alt ern at ed for each in t erv iew . First ,
t h e In t erv iew er d et erm in es from t h e p rev iou s in t erv iew w h et h er a m an or a w om an is t o b e in t erv iew ed . Th e In t erv iew er
t h en list s (in an y ord er) t h e first n am es of all t h e h ou seh old m em b ers of t h at g en d er w h o are 1 8 y ears an d old er, ev en t h ose
n ot p resen t ly at h om e b u t w h o w ill ret u rn t o t h e h ou se t h at ev en in g . From t h e list (w h ich is n u m b ered , see p . 2 of t h e
q u est ion n aire), t h e in t erv iew er ran d om ly select s t h e act u al p erson t o b e in t erv iew ed b y ask in g a h ou seh old m em b er t o
ch oose a n u m b ered card from a b lin d d eck of card s. Th e in t erv iew er sh ou ld in t erv iew on ly t h e p erson w h ose n u m b er is
select ed an d n o on e else in t h at h ou seh old .
If t h e p erson select ed refu ses t o b e in t erv iew ed , t h e In t erv iew er rep laces t h e h ou seh old b y con t in u in g t h e w alk in g p at t ern
an d ag ain select in g t h e n t h d w ellin g on t h e rig h t (w h ere n = t h e d ay cod e).
Not e: In t h e Afrob arom et er, w e su b st it u t e h ou seh old s, n ot resp on d en t s. Un d er n o circu m st an ces m u st t h e in t erv iew er
su b st it u t e an ot h er in d iv id u al in t h e sam e h ou seh old for a resp on d en t select ed ran d om ly b y m ean s of t h e n u m b ered card
m et h od . It is n ot accep t ab le, for ex am p le, t o su b st it u t e a sp ou se, p aren t , ch ild , sib lin g (or d om est ic w ork er or v isit or) in t h e
sam e h ou seh old for a select ed resp on d en t w h o h ap p en s n ot t o b e at h om e at t h e t im e.
7
Africa - Afrob arom et er Su rv ey 2 0 0 2 -2 0 0 4 , Rou n d 2 Merg ed 1 6 Cou n t ry
If t h ere is n o on e at h om e in t h e select ed h ou seh old on t h e first t ry , t h e resp on d en t sh ou ld m ak e on e call-b ack lat er in t h e
d ay . Or, if t h e d esig n at ed resp on d en t is n ot at h om e, t h e In t erv iew er sh ou ld m ak e an ap p oin t m en t t o m eet t h em lat er in t h e
d ay . Ag ain , a call-b ack w ill b e n ecessary in ord er t o fin d t h e select ed resp on d en t an d t o con d u ct t h e in t erv iew . It is also
accep t ab le for t h e In t erv iew er t o en q u ire ab ou t t h e w h ereab ou t s of t h e select ed resp on d en t (t h ey m ay p erh ap s b e at w ork )
an d , if n earb y , t o w alk t o t h at p lace t o con d u ct t h e in t erv iew .
If t h e call-b ack is u n su ccessfu l, say b ecau se t h e resp on d en t h as st ill n ot ret u rn ed h om e for t h e ap p oin t m en t , t h en , an d on ly
t h en , t h e In t erv iew er m ay su b st it u t e t h e h ou seh old . If t h e h ou se is st ill em p t y or t h e select ed resp on d en t is n ot at h om e at
t h e t im e of t h e call-b ack , t h e In t erv iew er m u st su b st it u t e t h at h ou seh old w it h t h e v ery n ex t h ou seh old fou n d in t h e d irect ion
of t h e w alk p at t ern . Th is slig h t ch an g e in t h e w alk p at t ern is n ecessary u n d er t h ese circu m st an ces sin ce t h e In t erv iew er m ay
alread y h av e h ad a su ccessfu l call earlier in t h e d ay in t h e h ou seh old t h at is locat ed at t h e sam p lin g in t erv al.
Red u cin g Hou seh old Su b st it u t ion s
Rou n d 3 d raw s on ex p erien ces from Rou n d 2 . All su b st it u t ion fig u res ab ov e 5 p ercen t are con sid ered h ig h in t h e
Afrob arom et er su rv ey s. W e w ou ld u rg e NIs t o red u ce t h e su b st it u t ion s, w h et h er for Prim ary Sam p lin g Un it s (PSUs) or
h ou seh old s t h rou g h b et t er p lan n in g .
Man y h ou seh old su b st it u t ion s seem t o occu r b ecau se of t h e t im in g of t h e in t erv iew s. Ou r d at a sh ow t h at m ost in t erv iew s
t ak e p lace b et w een 8 :0 0 am an d 6 :0 0 p m . W e can m in im ize su b st it u t ion s t h rou g h t h e follow in g m ean s:
a. Plan arou n d t h e w ork in g t im et ab les of ru ral or u rb an com m u n it ies. Th is m ean s sch ed u lin g in t erv iew s t o t ak e p lace
p erh ap s t ow ard s t h e en d of t h e d ay in som e areas.
b . In u rb an areas, g en d er st rat a are oft en d ifficu lt t o m eet b ecau se a lot of m en are at w ork , esp ecially w h en in t erv iew s are
con d u ct ed d u rin g t h e w eek . W e t h erefore ad v ise t h at in t erv iew s in u rb an areas b e sp read t o in clu d e w eek en d s. W h en
p lan n in g d ep loy m en t s in u rb an areas, en su re t h at at least on e d ay of in t erv iew s falls on a w eek en d .
c. If a m in orit y lan g u ag e g rou p is in t h e sam p le, NIs n eed t o p lan ah ead t o en su re t h at field t eam s h av e t h e rig h t t ran slat ion s
of t h e q u est ion n aire. Th is m ean s d raw in g t h e sam p le w ell b efore t h e ot h er field w ork
Rou n d 1
Bot sw an a
Gh an a
Rou n d 3
Sam p le Size
Field w ork D at es
Sam p le Size
Field w ork D at es
Sam p le Size
Nov -D ecem b er 1 9 9 9
1200
Ju ly -Au g u st 2 0 0 3
1200
May -Ju n e 2 0 0 5
1200
Ju ly -Au g u st 1 9 9 9
2004
Au g -Sep t em b er 2 0 0 2
1200
March 2 0 0 5
1197
Ap ril-Ju n e 2 0 0 0
1177
Feb ru ary -Ap ril 2 0 0 3
1200
Ju ly -Au g u st 2 0 0 5
1161
Lesot h o
Malaw i
Rou n d 2
Field w ork D at es
Nov -D ecem b er 1 9 9 9
1208
Ap ril-May 2 0 0 3
1200
Ju n e-Ju ly 2 0 0 5
1200
Jan u ary -Feb ru ary 2 0 0 1
2089
Oct r-Nov em b er 2 0 0 2
1283
Ju n e-Ju ly 2 0 0 5
1244
Nam ib ia
Sep t -Oct ob er 1 9 9 9
1183
Au g -Sep t em b er 2 0 0 3
1200
Feb ru ary -March 2 0 0 6
1200
Nig eria
Jan u ary -Feb ru ary 2 0 0 0
3603
Sep t -Oct ob er 2 0 0 3
2400
Au g -D ecem b er 2 0 0 5
2363
2400
Mali
Sou t h Africa
Ju ly -Au g u st 2 0 0 0
2200
Sep t -Oct ob er 2 0 0 2
2400
Feb ru ary 2 0 0 6
Ug an d a
May -Ju n e 2 0 0 0
2271
Au g -Sep t em b er 2 0 0 2
2400
Ap ril-May 2 0 0 5
2400
Tan zan ia
March -May 2 0 0 0
2198
Ju ly -Au g u st 2 0 0 3
1200
Ju ly -Au g u st 2 0 0 5
1304
Z am b ia
Oct -Nov em b er 1 9 9 9
1198
Ju n e-Ju ly 2 0 0 3
1200
Ju ly -Au g u st 2 0 0 5
1200
Z im b ab w e
Sep t -Oct ob er 1 9 9 9
1200
Ap ril-May 2 0 0 4
1200
Oct ob er 2 0 0 5
1048
Cab o Verd e
May -Ju n e 2 0 0 2
1268
March -Ap ril 2 0 0 5
1256
Mozam b iq u e
Au g u st -Oct ob er 2 0 0 2
1400
Ju n e 2 0 0 5
1198
Ken y a
Au g -Sep t em b er 2 0 0 3
2400
Sep t em b er 2 0 0 5
1278
Sen eg al
Nov -D ecem b er 2 0 0 2
1200
Sep t -Oct ob er 2 0 0 5
1200
Mad ag ascar
May -Ju n e 2 0 0 5
1350
Ben in
Ap ril-May 2 0 0 5
1198
W ei g h t i n g
Not e t h at for som e su rv ey s d at a is w eig h t ed t o correct for eit h er d elib erat e (e.g ., t o p rov id e an ad eq u at e sam p le of sp ecific
su b -g rou p s for an aly t ical p u rp oses) or in ad v ert en t ov er- or u n d er-sam p lin g of p art icu lar sam p le st rat a. In t h ese cases, a
w eig h t in g v ariab le is in clu d ed as t h e last v ariab le in t h e d at a set , w it h d et ails d escrib ed in t h e cod eb ook . Th ese w eig h t in g
fact ors sh ou ld b e u sed w h en calcu lat in g all n at ion al-lev el st at ist ics.
8
Africa - Afrob arom et er Su rv ey 2 0 0 2 -2 0 0 4 , Rou n d 2 Merg ed 1 6 Cou n t ry
Qu est i on n ai r es
O ver vi ew
Cert ain q u est ion s in t h e q u est ion n aires for t h e Afrob arom et er 2 su rv ey ad d ressed cou n t ry -sp ecific issu es, b u t m an y of t h e
sam e q u est ion s w ere ask ed
across su rv ey s. Cit izen s of t h e 1 6 cou n t ries w ere ask ed q u est ion s ab ou t t h eir econ om ic an d social sit u at ion s, an d t h eir
op in ion s w ere elicit ed on recen t p olit ical an d econ om ic ch an g es w it h in t h eir cou n t ry .
9
Africa - Afrob arom et er Su rv ey 2 0 0 2 -2 0 0 4 , Rou n d 2 Merg ed 1 6 Cou n t ry
D at a Col l ect i on
D at a Col l ect i on D at es
St a rt
2 0 0 2 -0 6 -2 1
En d
2 0 0 4 -0 5 -1 7
Cy cle
Rou n d 2
D at a Col l ect i on M od e
Face-t o-face [ f2 f]
D A T A CO LLECT I O N N O T ES
In t erv iew ers, u su ally h old in g a first d eg ree in social scien ce, w ere t rain ed in a fiv e-d ay t rain in g w ork sh op im m ed iat ely p rior
t o field w ork . In t erv iew s u su ally t ook ab ou t on e h ou r an d on ly p roceed ed aft er resp on d en t s h av e g iv en in form ed con sen t .
St rict con fid en t ialit y w as req u ired in h an d lin g su rv ey ret u rn s.
In t erv iew s are con d u ct ed in t h e follow in g lan g u ag es:
Ben in :
Fren ch , Fon , Ad ja, Barib a, D en d i, Yoru b a, Ot am ari, Peu lh
Bot sw an a:
En g lish , Set sw an a
Cap e Verd e:
Creole, Port u g u ese
Gh an a:
En g lish , Ak an , Ew e, Ga, D ag b an i
Ken y a:
En g lish , Kisw ah ili, Kam b a, Kik u y u , Kim eru , Kisii, Lu h y a, Lu o, Som ali, Tu rk an a
Lesot h o:
En g lish , Sesot h o
Mad ag ascar:
Malag asy Ofisialy , Malag asy Fit en im -Parit ra
Malaw i:
En g lish , Ch ich ew a, Ch iy ao, Ch it u m b u k a
Mali:
Fren ch m Bam b ara, Son rh a, Tam ash eq , Peu h l
Mozam b iq u e:
Port u g u ese, Em ak h u w a, Xich an g an a, Cisen a, Cin y an ja, Ech u w ab u , Cin y u n g w e
Nam ib ia:
En g lish , Afrik aan s, Osh iw am b o
Nig eria:
En g lish , Hau sa, Yoru b a, Ig b o, Pid g in , Tiv , Ib ib io, Ijaw
Sen eg al:
Fren ch , W olof, Pu laar, Serer
Sou t h Africa:
Afrik aan s, En g lish , Xh osa, Nort h Sot h o, Sou t h Sot h o, Set sw an a, Sw azi, Sh an g aan , Z u lu
Tan zan ia:
Kisw ah ili
10
Africa - Afrob arom et er Su rv ey 2 0 0 2 -2 0 0 4 , Rou n d 2 Merg ed 1 6 Cou n t ry
Ug an d a:
En g lish , Lu g an d a, Lu sog a, Lu o, Ru y an k ole, Ru t oro, Ru k ig a, At eso, Lu g b ara
Z am b ia:
En g lish , Ch ib em b a, Ch in y an ja, Ch it on g a, Silozi
Z im b ab w e:
En g lish , Ch ish on a, Sin d eb ele
D at a Col l ect or s
Nam e
A b b r e v ia t io n
A f f ilia t io n
Afrob arom et er t eam
S U P ER V I S I O N
Team s of fou r in t erv iew ers t rav eled t og et h er t o t h e field u n d er t h e lead ersh ip of a field su p erv isor. It w as t h e su p erv isor's
job t o en su re q u alit y con t rol of su rv ey ret u rn s on a d aily b asis.In t erv iew s u su ally t ook ab ou t on e h ou r an d on ly p roceed ed
aft er resp on d en t s h av e g iv en in form ed con sen t . St rict con fid en t ialit y w as req u ired in h an d lin g su rv ey ret u rn s.
11
Africa - Afrob arom et er Su rv ey 2 0 0 2 -2 0 0 4 , Rou n d 2 Merg ed 1 6 Cou n t ry
D at a Pr ocessi n g
No con t en t av ailab le
12
Africa - Afrob arom et er Su rv ey 2 0 0 2 -2 0 0 4 , Rou n d 2 Merg ed 1 6 Cou n t ry
D at a A p p r ai sal
No con t en t av ailab le
13
Africa - Afrob arom et er Su rv ey 2 0 0 2 -2 0 0 4 , Rou n d 2 Merg ed 1 6 Cou n t ry
F ile D e scr ip t io n
14
Africa - Afrob arom et er Su rv ey 2 0 0 2 -2 0 0 4 , Rou n d 2 Merg ed 1 6 Cou n t ry
V a r ia b le List
15
Africa - Afrob arom et er Su rv ey 2 0 0 2 -2 0 0 4 , Rou n d 2 Merg ed 1 6 Cou n t ry
R 2 m e r g e 1 6 - 1 2 ja n 0 9 - n e w f in a l
Con t en t
Afrob arom et er 2 0 0 2 -2 0 0 4 Merg ed Rou n d 2 D at a
Cases
24301
Variab le(s)
330
St ru ct u re
Ty p e:
Key s: ()
Version
Prod u cer
Missin g D at a
V a r ia b le s
ID
Nam e
La b e l
Type
Form a t
V6 6 0
cou n t ry
Cou n t ry
d iscret e
n u m eric
V6 6 1
resp n o
Resp on d en t n u m b er
d iscret e
ch aract er
V6 6 2
b ack ch k
Hou seh old b ack -ch eck ed ?
d iscret e
n u m eric
V6 6 3
u rb ru r
Urb an or Ru ral Prim ary Sam p lin g Un it
d iscret e
n u m eric
V6 6 4
reg ion
Reg ion /Prov in ce
d iscret e
n u m eric
V6 6 5
h h old se1
Reason for Un su ccessfu l Call 1
d iscret e
n u m eric
V6 6 6
h h old se2
Reason for Un su ccessfu l Call 2
d iscret e
n u m eric
V6 6 7
h h old se3
Reason for Un su ccessfu l Call 3
d iscret e
n u m eric
V6 6 8
h h old se4
Reason for Un su ccessfu l Call 4
d iscret e
n u m eric
V6 6 9
h h old se5
Reason for Un su ccessfu l Call 5
d iscret e
n u m eric
V6 7 0
h h old se6
Reason for Un su ccessfu l Call 6
d iscret e
n u m eric
V6 7 1
h h old se7
Reason for Un su ccessfu l Call 7
d iscret e
n u m eric
V6 7 2
p rev in t
Prev iou s in t erv iew , g en d er
d iscret e
n u m eric
V6 7 3
cu rrin t
Th is in t erv iew , g en d er
d iscret e
n u m eric
V6 7 4
calls
Nu m b er of calls
d iscret e
n u m eric
V6 7 5
d at ein t r
D at e of In t erv iew
d iscret e
ch aract er
V6 7 6
st rt im e
Tim e in t erv iew st art ed
con t in
n u m eric
V6 7 7
q1a
Q1 a. Cou n t ry 's p resen t econ om ic con d it ion
d iscret e
n u m eric
V6 7 8
q1b
Q1 b . You r p resen t liv in g con d it ion s
d iscret e
n u m eric
V6 7 9
q2a
Q2 a. Cou n t ry 's econ om ic con d it ion v s n eig h b ou rs
d iscret e
n u m eric
V6 8 0
q2b
Q2 b . You r liv in g con d it ion s v s. ot h ers
d iscret e
n u m eric
V6 8 1
q3a
Q3 a. Cou n t ry 's econ om ic con d it ion 1 2 m on t h s ag o
d iscret e
n u m eric
V6 8 2
q3b
Q3 b . You r liv in g con d it ion s 1 2 m on t h s ag o
d iscret e
n u m eric
V6 8 3
q4a
Q4 a. Cou n t ry 's econ om ic con d it ion in 1 2 m on t h s
d iscret e
n u m eric
V6 8 4
q4b
Q4 b . You r liv in g con d it ion s in 1 2 m on t h s
d iscret e
n u m eric
V6 8 5
q5a
Q5 a. First m ean in g of " p oor"
d iscret e
n u m eric
V6 8 6
q5b
Q5 b . Secon d m ean in g of " p oor"
d iscret e
n u m eric
V6 8 7
q5c
Q5 c. Th ird m ean in g of " p oor"
d iscret e
n u m eric
Q u e st io n
16
Africa - Afrob arom et er Su rv ey 2 0 0 2 -2 0 0 4 , Rou n d 2 Merg ed 1 6 Cou n t ry
ID
Nam e
La b e l
Type
Form a t
V6 8 8
q6a
Q6 a. Score self rich /p oor t od ay
d iscret e
n u m eric
V6 8 9
q6b
Q6 b . Score p aren t rich /p oor 1 0 y ears ag o
d iscret e
n u m eric
V6 9 0
q6c
Q6 c. Score ch ild ren rich /p oor in fu t u re
d iscret e
n u m eric
V6 9 1
q7a
Q7 a. D ep en d on earn in g w ag e or salary
d iscret e
n u m eric
V6 9 2
q7b
Q7 b . D ep en d on b u y in g an d sellin g g ood s
d iscret e
n u m eric
V6 9 3
q7c
Q7 c. D ep en d on w ork in -k in d
d iscret e
n u m eric
V6 9 4
q7d
Q7 d . D ep en d on em p loy in g ot h ers t o w ork for y ou
d iscret e
n u m eric
V6 9 5
q7e
Q7 e. D ep en d on com m u n it y sav in g s g rou p
d iscret e
n u m eric
V6 9 6
q7f
Q7 f. D ep en d on b orrow in g m on ey from frien d s or fam ily
d iscret e
n u m eric
V6 9 7
q7g
Q7 g . D ep en d on b orrow in g m on ey from a b an k
d iscret e
n u m eric
V6 9 8
q7h
Q7 h . D ep en d on receiv in g m on ey from fam ily w ork in g elsew h ere in t h e cou n t ry
d iscret e
n u m eric
V6 9 9
q7i
Q7 i. D ep en d on receiv in g m on ey from fam ily w ork in g in ot h er cou n t ries.
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 0 0
q8a
Q8 a. Tim e sp en t w ork in g t o earn m on ey
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 0 1
q8b
Q8 b . Tim e sp en t g row in g ow n food
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 0 2
q8c
Q8 c. Tim e sp en t d oin g h ou seh old w ork
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 0 3
q8d1
Q8 d 1 . Tim e sp en t carin g for ow n fam ily 's ch ild ren
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 0 4
q8d2
Q8 d 2 . Tim e sp en t carin g for orp h an ed ch ild ren
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 0 5
q8e
Q8 e. Tim e sp en t carin g for sick h ou seh old m em b ers
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 0 6
q8f
Q8 f. Tim e sp en t t ak in g care of ow n illn ess
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 0 7
q9a
Q9 a. How oft en g on e w it h ou t food
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 0 8
q9b
Q9 b . How oft en g on e w it h ou t w at er
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 0 9
q9c
Q9 c. How oft en g on e w it h ou t m ed ical care
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 1 0
q9d
Q9 d . How oft en g on e w it h ou t elect ricit y
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 1 1
q9e
Q9 e. How oft en g on e w it h ou t cook in g fu el
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 1 2
q9f
Q9 f. How oft en g on e w it h ou t cash in com e
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 1 3
q10a
Q1 0 a. W h o assist s w it h food
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 1 4
q10b
Q1 0 b . W h o assist s w it h w at er
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 1 5
q10c
Q1 0 c. W h o assist s w it h m ed ical care
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 1 6
q10d
Q1 0 d . W h o assist s w it h elect ricit y
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 1 7
q10e
Q1 0 e. W h o assist s w it h cook in g fu el
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 1 8
q10f
Q1 0 f. W h o assist s w it h cash in com e
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 1 9
q11a
Q1 1 a. How oft en feared crim e in h om e
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 2 0
q11b
Q1 1 b . How oft en som et h in g st olen from h ou se
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 2 1
q11c
Q1 1 c. How oft en p h y sically at t ack ed
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 2 2
q12
Q1 2 . Prefer m ark et or g ov ern m en t -ru n econ om y
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 2 3
q13a
Q1 3 a. Gov ern m en t p lan s p rod u ct ion an d d ist rib u t ion
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 2 4
q13b
Q1 3 b . In d iv id u als d ecid e w h at t o p rod u ce, b u y , sell
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 2 5
q13c
Q1 3 c. Peop le g o b ack t o t h e lan d
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 2 6
q13d
Q1 3 d . Econ om ic ex p ert s m ak e im p ort an t d ecision s
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 2 7
q13e
Q1 3 e. W ealt h y p eop le p rov id e for com m u n it y n eed s
d iscret e
n u m eric
Q u e st io n
17
Africa - Afrob arom et er Su rv ey 2 0 0 2 -2 0 0 4 , Rou n d 2 Merg ed 1 6 Cou n t ry
ID
Nam e
La b e l
Type
Form a t
V7 2 8
q14
Q1 4 . Free sch oolin g v s. u ser fees
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 2 9
q15
Q1 5 . Priv at ized ag . m ark et in g v s. g ov ern m en t con t rol
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 3 0
q16
Q1 6 . More job s, low w ag es v s. few er job s, h ig h w ag es
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 3 1
q17
Q1 7 . Resp ect for p rop ert y rig h t s v s. rig h t t o seize
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 3 2
q18
Q1 8 . Civ il serv an t s k eep job s v s. lay offs t o red u ce cost s
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 3 3
q19
Q1 9 . Allow im p ort s v s. p rot ect local p rod u cers
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 3 4
q20
Q2 0 . Ab an d on econ om ic reform s v s. accep t h ard sh ip s
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 3 5
q21
Q2 1 . Econ om ic p olicies h elp ed m ost v s. h u rt m ost
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 3 6
q22a
Q2 2 a. Presen t v s. p ast : av ailab ilit y of g ood s
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 3 7
q22b
Q2 2 b . Presen t v s. p ast : p eop le's liv in g st an d ard
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 3 8
q22c
Q2 2 c. Presen t v s. p ast : job op p ort u n it ies
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 3 9
q22d
Q2 2 d . Presen t v s. p ast : g ap b et w een rich an d p oor
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 4 0
q22e
Q2 2 e. Presen t v s. p ast : secu rit y of p rop ert y
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 4 1
q23
Q2 3 . Sat isfied w / g ov ern m en t 's red u ced econ om ic role
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 4 2
q24a
Q2 4 a. Mem b er of relig iou s g rou p
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 4 3
q24b
Q2 4 b . Mem b er of t rad e u n ion or farm ers associat ion
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 4 4
q24c
Q2 4 c. Mem b er of p rofession al or b u sin ess associat ion
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 4 5
q24d
Q2 4 d . Mem b er of com m u n it y d ev elop m en t associat ion
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 4 6
q25a
Q2 5 a. D iscu ss p olit ics
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 4 7
q25b
Q2 5 b . At t en d a com m u n it y m eet in g
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 4 8
q25c
Q2 5 c. Join ot h ers t o raise an issu e
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 4 9
q25d
Q2 5 d . At t en d a d em on st rat ion or p rot est m arch
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 5 0
q25e
Q2 5 e. Used force or v iolen ce for p olit ical cau se
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 5 1
q26a
Q2 6 a. Rad io n ew s
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 5 2
q26b
Q2 6 b . Telev ision n ew s
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 5 3
q26c
Q2 6 c. New sp ap aer n ew s
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 5 4
q27
Q2 7 . In t erest in p u b lic affairs
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 5 5
q28a
Q2 8 a. Polit ics an d g ov ern m en t t oo com p licat ed
d iscret e
n u m eric
V7 5 6
q28b
Q2 8 b . Ot h ers d on 't list en t o y ou
d iscret e
n u m eri