P Perception Of Politeness In Requests By Indonesian Learners Of English As A Foreign Language.
P
PERCEP
PTION OF
F POLITE
ENESS IN
N REQUE
ESTS
BY IND
DONESIA
AN LEAR
RNERS OF
O ENGLIISH
AS A FO
OREIGN LANGUA
AGE
RE
ESEARCH
H PAPER
Submitteed a Partiall Fulfillmen
nt of the Reequirementt for Gettin
ng the Bach
helor
Deggree of Edu
ucation in English
E
Dep
partment
by
EK
KO WALU
UYANTI
A3201000244
SCH
HOOL OF
F TEACH
HER TRA
AINING AND
A
EDU
UCATION
N
MU
UHAMM
MADIYAH
H UNIVER
RSITY OF
O SURAK
KARTA
2014
MOTTO
“Bermimpilah, karena Tuhan akan memeluk mimpi-mimpi itu.” (Andrea Hirata)
“Learn from yesterday, live for today, hope for tomorrow. The important thing is
not to stop questioning.”(Albert Einstein)
“Science without religion is lame, religion without science is blind.”
(Albert Einstein)
“God’s plan more beautiful than our desire” (noname)
“Jangan takut melangkah untuk mencapai kesuksesan, karena jarak 1000 mil
dimulai dari satu langkah.” (the researcher)
v
DEDICATION
This thesis is dedicated to:
Allah the Almighty
Her beloved dad and mom (Pak Jono and Bu Rujiyati)
Her beloved sisters (Dek Dwi and Dek Upik)
Her aunt (Bude Nanik)
Her big family
Her all beloved friends
Her boy friend
vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Alhamdullillahirabbil’alamin, first and foremost, my gratitude goes to
Allah SWT for the blessing and inspiration leading the reseach paper entitled
“PERCEPTION OF POLITENESS IN REQUEST BY INDONESIAN
LEARNERS OF ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE”.
Subsequently, the completion of this undertaking could not have been
possibly done without the participation and assistance of so many people whose
names may not all be enumerated. On this good opportunity, the writer
wishes to reveal his special gratitude to:
1. Prof. Harun Joko Prayitno, M. Hum. as the Dean of the School of
Teacher Training and Education Faculty of UMS,
2. Mauly Halwat Hikmat, Ph.D. as the chief of English Department for
approving this research,
3. Drs. Agus Wijayanto, M. A., Ph.D. as the first consultant, who has
given careful guidance, suggestion and correction during this research,
4. Dra. Siti Zuhriyah Ariatmi, M. Hum. as the second consultant and
Academic Consultant of Teacher Training and Education, who has given
much valuable suggestion for the correction of the research,
5. Drs. Maryadi, M. A . as the examiner, who has given much correction and
suggestion of the research,
vii
6. Her beloved father and mother who always give support, care, prayer,
advice and motivation to the researcher for everything she has done,
7. All of DEE’s lecturer, for their knowledge, patience and guidence, thanks
a lot of.
8. Her beloved sisters who always support her during the study and
being a good sibling.
9. Her big family especially my uncle and aunt (Bude Nanik) who always
support, advice, prayer and motivation during the study.
10. Her special one Mas Kenji (JSW) for the lovely hug, supports, prayer,
motivations, patience and guidence during finishing this study.
11. Her beloved best friends (Andriyani, Bondan and Zustyna) for being a
very great friend, for all the quality of time and warm togetherness,
12. His beloved friends at Wisma Indah Pink who always supported the writer.
13. His beloved friends of class F 2010 for warm togetherness,
14. All of her friends in Gendhing and SMK Muhammadiyah 1 Sukoharjo.
15. Thanks to all Indonesian EFL participants in Muhammadiyah University
of Surakarta, who has helped the writer to get the data for fullfilling this
study, without you this research would not be perfect.
The last, the researcher would like to give thanks to all of
one who have given their support. The writer realizes this research is
far from being perfect. Thus, the writer will accept any criticism and
suggestion from the reader. Finally, she hopes this research will be useful
viii
ABSTRACT
EKO WALUYANTI, 320100244. “PERCEPTION OF POLITENESS IN
REQUESTS BY INDONESIAN LEARNERS OF ENGLISH AS A
FOREIGN LANGUAGE.” Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta.
Research Paper. 2014.
This study focuses on analyzing the perception of politeness in requests by EFL
leraners. This study aim at 1) describes the perception of the learners for the
politeness in requests in some different social situation produced by Indonesian
EFL learners, 2) describe the different perception of politeness used in request
between males and females , 3) classified the reasons provided by Indonesian EFL
students to judge politeness used in requests. This research applies descriptive
qualitative method in which the research participants were fourty Indonesian EFL
learners in Muhammadiyah Universty of Surakarta. The data were the perception
of politeness used in request which provided in three scale polite, impolite and I
don’t know. The way to collect data is using documentation and questionare form
of DCT (Discourse Completion Task) scenarios. The subject of this research were
taken through a random sampling technique consisting of 40 students comprising
20 males and 20 females participants who were in seventh semester. The writer
analyzed the data by using politeness theory by Brown and Levinson (1987),
impoliteness theory by Culpeper (2010), and the last request theoty by Trosborg
(1995).
The result show that there were perceptions to judge politeness used in requests
which provided by Indonesian EFL learners, the students regarded that indirect
request included polite and direct request was considered impolite. The difference
perception also happened between males and females to make judgements.
Female had better perception about politeness on request than male because in
mostly DCT female have more confidence to judge whether the utterance of
request polite or impolite. But, male prefer to not make judgements in politeness
request. The writer found several reasons to judge politeness, there were fourteen
kinds of reasons which provided by Indonesian EFL learners. It could be seen
total of the reasons, Word choice as 35,86%, modal verb as 16,53%, habitual
action as 7,78%, distance as 10,97%, strategy of request as 4,72%, type of
sentence as 5,69%, emotion as 2,5%, right as 0,83%, intonation as 4,86%,
exclamatory mark as 2,08%, expression of face as 0,14%, culture as 0,55%,
attention getter as 0,14%, and condition as 0,42%. In fact, there were some
students doesn’t give reason because the participants not sure whether the request
polite or impolite.
Keyword: Perception, Politeness, Request, Reason.
x
TABLE OF CONTENT
COVER ................................................................................................................ i
APPROVAL ......................................................................................................... ii
ACCEPTANCE………………………………………………………. ............... iii
TESTIMONY........................................................................................................ iv
MOTTO ................................................................................................................ v
DEDICATION ...................................................................................................... vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .................................................................................... vii
ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................... x
TABLE OF CONTENT ........................................................................................ xi
LIST OF TABLE ..................................................................................................
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION .......................................................................... 1
A. Background of the Study ......................................................... 1
B. Scope of the Study .................................................................... 4
C. Problem Statement .................................................................... 5
D. Objectives of the Study ............................................................ 5
E. Benefit of the Study ................................................................. 6
F. Research Paper Organization .................................................. 7
CHAPTER II: UNDERLYING THEORY ........................................................... 8
A. Previous Study ......................................................................... 8
B. Pragmatics ................................................................................ 15
1. Notion of Pragmatics ........................................................... 15
2. Aspect Linguistics on Linguistics ........................................ 16
xi
a. Deixis ............................................................................ 17
b. Presupposition ............................................................... 17
c. Entailment ..................................................................... 18
d. Implicature .................................................................... 18
e. Speech Act .................................................................... 19
3. Speech Act Theory ............................................................... 19
a. Notion of Speech Act .................................................... 20
b. Level of Speech Act ...................................................... 20
1) Locutionary Act ...................................................... 20
2) Illocutionary Act ..................................................... 21
3) Perlocutionary Act .................................................. 21
c. Type of Speech Act ....................................................... 22
1) Representative/ Assertive ........................................ 22
2) Directive .................................................................. 23
3) Commisive .............................................................. 23
4) Expressive ............................................................... 23
5) Declarative .............................................................. 24
4. Directive Utterance .............................................................. 25
a. Commanding .......................................................... 25
b. Ordering ................................................................. 26
c. Requesting ............................................................. 26
d. Prohibiting ............................................................. 27
e. Suggestion .............................................................. 27
xii
C. Perception ................................................................................ 27
D. Speech Act of Request .............................................................. 28
1. Notion of Request .............................................................. 28
2. Classification of Speech Act............................................... 30
a. Hints .............................................................................. 30
b. Questioning/ Statements of Ability/ Willingness........... 32
E. Politeness Theory ..................................................................... 36
1. Notion of Politeness ............................................................ 36
2. Brown Levinson’s Theory of Politeness ............................. 39
3. Politeness Strategy .............................................................. 40
a. Bald on Record ............................................................ 41
b. Positive Politeness ....................................................... 43
c. Negative Politeness ...................................................... 50
d. Off Record Indirect Strategies ..................................... 54
4. Impoliteness Theory ............................................................. 61
a. Impolite Definition ......................................................... 61
b. Culpeper’s Categories of Impoliteness .......................... 61
c. Impoliteness Strategies ................................................... 62
d. Gender and Impoliteness ................................................ 65
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHOD .............................................................. 67
A. Type of the Research ............................................................... 67
B. Subject of Research .................................................................. 67
C. Object of the Research ............................................................. 68
xiii
D. Data and Data Source ............................................................... 68
E. Technique of Collecting Data .................................................. 69
F. Technique of Analyzing Data ................................................... 71
G. The Result of Pilot Study ......................................................... 71
CHAPTER IV: DATA ANALYSIS, RESEARCH FINDING
AND DISCUSSION ............................................................ ..105
A. Data Analysis ..........................................................................105
1. Perception of the Indonesian EFL learners to the politeness
used in some different social situation .............................106
2. The differences perception of politeness used in requests
between males and females (different gender) ................124
3. The reasons provided by the students to judge politeness
used in requests ................................................................142
B. Research Finding ...................................................................210
C. Discussion of the Finding .......................................................224
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION .......................................236
A. Conclusion ..............................................................................235
B. Suggestion...............................................................................236
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIX
xiv
PERCEP
PTION OF
F POLITE
ENESS IN
N REQUE
ESTS
BY IND
DONESIA
AN LEAR
RNERS OF
O ENGLIISH
AS A FO
OREIGN LANGUA
AGE
RE
ESEARCH
H PAPER
Submitteed a Partiall Fulfillmen
nt of the Reequirementt for Gettin
ng the Bach
helor
Deggree of Edu
ucation in English
E
Dep
partment
by
EK
KO WALU
UYANTI
A3201000244
SCH
HOOL OF
F TEACH
HER TRA
AINING AND
A
EDU
UCATION
N
MU
UHAMM
MADIYAH
H UNIVER
RSITY OF
O SURAK
KARTA
2014
MOTTO
“Bermimpilah, karena Tuhan akan memeluk mimpi-mimpi itu.” (Andrea Hirata)
“Learn from yesterday, live for today, hope for tomorrow. The important thing is
not to stop questioning.”(Albert Einstein)
“Science without religion is lame, religion without science is blind.”
(Albert Einstein)
“God’s plan more beautiful than our desire” (noname)
“Jangan takut melangkah untuk mencapai kesuksesan, karena jarak 1000 mil
dimulai dari satu langkah.” (the researcher)
v
DEDICATION
This thesis is dedicated to:
Allah the Almighty
Her beloved dad and mom (Pak Jono and Bu Rujiyati)
Her beloved sisters (Dek Dwi and Dek Upik)
Her aunt (Bude Nanik)
Her big family
Her all beloved friends
Her boy friend
vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Alhamdullillahirabbil’alamin, first and foremost, my gratitude goes to
Allah SWT for the blessing and inspiration leading the reseach paper entitled
“PERCEPTION OF POLITENESS IN REQUEST BY INDONESIAN
LEARNERS OF ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE”.
Subsequently, the completion of this undertaking could not have been
possibly done without the participation and assistance of so many people whose
names may not all be enumerated. On this good opportunity, the writer
wishes to reveal his special gratitude to:
1. Prof. Harun Joko Prayitno, M. Hum. as the Dean of the School of
Teacher Training and Education Faculty of UMS,
2. Mauly Halwat Hikmat, Ph.D. as the chief of English Department for
approving this research,
3. Drs. Agus Wijayanto, M. A., Ph.D. as the first consultant, who has
given careful guidance, suggestion and correction during this research,
4. Dra. Siti Zuhriyah Ariatmi, M. Hum. as the second consultant and
Academic Consultant of Teacher Training and Education, who has given
much valuable suggestion for the correction of the research,
5. Drs. Maryadi, M. A . as the examiner, who has given much correction and
suggestion of the research,
vii
6. Her beloved father and mother who always give support, care, prayer,
advice and motivation to the researcher for everything she has done,
7. All of DEE’s lecturer, for their knowledge, patience and guidence, thanks
a lot of.
8. Her beloved sisters who always support her during the study and
being a good sibling.
9. Her big family especially my uncle and aunt (Bude Nanik) who always
support, advice, prayer and motivation during the study.
10. Her special one Mas Kenji (JSW) for the lovely hug, supports, prayer,
motivations, patience and guidence during finishing this study.
11. Her beloved best friends (Andriyani, Bondan and Zustyna) for being a
very great friend, for all the quality of time and warm togetherness,
12. His beloved friends at Wisma Indah Pink who always supported the writer.
13. His beloved friends of class F 2010 for warm togetherness,
14. All of her friends in Gendhing and SMK Muhammadiyah 1 Sukoharjo.
15. Thanks to all Indonesian EFL participants in Muhammadiyah University
of Surakarta, who has helped the writer to get the data for fullfilling this
study, without you this research would not be perfect.
The last, the researcher would like to give thanks to all of
one who have given their support. The writer realizes this research is
far from being perfect. Thus, the writer will accept any criticism and
suggestion from the reader. Finally, she hopes this research will be useful
viii
ABSTRACT
EKO WALUYANTI, 320100244. “PERCEPTION OF POLITENESS IN
REQUESTS BY INDONESIAN LEARNERS OF ENGLISH AS A
FOREIGN LANGUAGE.” Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta.
Research Paper. 2014.
This study focuses on analyzing the perception of politeness in requests by EFL
leraners. This study aim at 1) describes the perception of the learners for the
politeness in requests in some different social situation produced by Indonesian
EFL learners, 2) describe the different perception of politeness used in request
between males and females , 3) classified the reasons provided by Indonesian EFL
students to judge politeness used in requests. This research applies descriptive
qualitative method in which the research participants were fourty Indonesian EFL
learners in Muhammadiyah Universty of Surakarta. The data were the perception
of politeness used in request which provided in three scale polite, impolite and I
don’t know. The way to collect data is using documentation and questionare form
of DCT (Discourse Completion Task) scenarios. The subject of this research were
taken through a random sampling technique consisting of 40 students comprising
20 males and 20 females participants who were in seventh semester. The writer
analyzed the data by using politeness theory by Brown and Levinson (1987),
impoliteness theory by Culpeper (2010), and the last request theoty by Trosborg
(1995).
The result show that there were perceptions to judge politeness used in requests
which provided by Indonesian EFL learners, the students regarded that indirect
request included polite and direct request was considered impolite. The difference
perception also happened between males and females to make judgements.
Female had better perception about politeness on request than male because in
mostly DCT female have more confidence to judge whether the utterance of
request polite or impolite. But, male prefer to not make judgements in politeness
request. The writer found several reasons to judge politeness, there were fourteen
kinds of reasons which provided by Indonesian EFL learners. It could be seen
total of the reasons, Word choice as 35,86%, modal verb as 16,53%, habitual
action as 7,78%, distance as 10,97%, strategy of request as 4,72%, type of
sentence as 5,69%, emotion as 2,5%, right as 0,83%, intonation as 4,86%,
exclamatory mark as 2,08%, expression of face as 0,14%, culture as 0,55%,
attention getter as 0,14%, and condition as 0,42%. In fact, there were some
students doesn’t give reason because the participants not sure whether the request
polite or impolite.
Keyword: Perception, Politeness, Request, Reason.
x
TABLE OF CONTENT
COVER ................................................................................................................ i
APPROVAL ......................................................................................................... ii
ACCEPTANCE………………………………………………………. ............... iii
TESTIMONY........................................................................................................ iv
MOTTO ................................................................................................................ v
DEDICATION ...................................................................................................... vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .................................................................................... vii
ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................... x
TABLE OF CONTENT ........................................................................................ xi
LIST OF TABLE ..................................................................................................
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION .......................................................................... 1
A. Background of the Study ......................................................... 1
B. Scope of the Study .................................................................... 4
C. Problem Statement .................................................................... 5
D. Objectives of the Study ............................................................ 5
E. Benefit of the Study ................................................................. 6
F. Research Paper Organization .................................................. 7
CHAPTER II: UNDERLYING THEORY ........................................................... 8
A. Previous Study ......................................................................... 8
B. Pragmatics ................................................................................ 15
1. Notion of Pragmatics ........................................................... 15
2. Aspect Linguistics on Linguistics ........................................ 16
xi
a. Deixis ............................................................................ 17
b. Presupposition ............................................................... 17
c. Entailment ..................................................................... 18
d. Implicature .................................................................... 18
e. Speech Act .................................................................... 19
3. Speech Act Theory ............................................................... 19
a. Notion of Speech Act .................................................... 20
b. Level of Speech Act ...................................................... 20
1) Locutionary Act ...................................................... 20
2) Illocutionary Act ..................................................... 21
3) Perlocutionary Act .................................................. 21
c. Type of Speech Act ....................................................... 22
1) Representative/ Assertive ........................................ 22
2) Directive .................................................................. 23
3) Commisive .............................................................. 23
4) Expressive ............................................................... 23
5) Declarative .............................................................. 24
4. Directive Utterance .............................................................. 25
a. Commanding .......................................................... 25
b. Ordering ................................................................. 26
c. Requesting ............................................................. 26
d. Prohibiting ............................................................. 27
e. Suggestion .............................................................. 27
xii
C. Perception ................................................................................ 27
D. Speech Act of Request .............................................................. 28
1. Notion of Request .............................................................. 28
2. Classification of Speech Act............................................... 30
a. Hints .............................................................................. 30
b. Questioning/ Statements of Ability/ Willingness........... 32
E. Politeness Theory ..................................................................... 36
1. Notion of Politeness ............................................................ 36
2. Brown Levinson’s Theory of Politeness ............................. 39
3. Politeness Strategy .............................................................. 40
a. Bald on Record ............................................................ 41
b. Positive Politeness ....................................................... 43
c. Negative Politeness ...................................................... 50
d. Off Record Indirect Strategies ..................................... 54
4. Impoliteness Theory ............................................................. 61
a. Impolite Definition ......................................................... 61
b. Culpeper’s Categories of Impoliteness .......................... 61
c. Impoliteness Strategies ................................................... 62
d. Gender and Impoliteness ................................................ 65
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHOD .............................................................. 67
A. Type of the Research ............................................................... 67
B. Subject of Research .................................................................. 67
C. Object of the Research ............................................................. 68
xiii
D. Data and Data Source ............................................................... 68
E. Technique of Collecting Data .................................................. 69
F. Technique of Analyzing Data ................................................... 71
G. The Result of Pilot Study ......................................................... 71
CHAPTER IV: DATA ANALYSIS, RESEARCH FINDING
AND DISCUSSION ............................................................ ..105
A. Data Analysis ..........................................................................105
1. Perception of the Indonesian EFL learners to the politeness
used in some different social situation .............................106
2. The differences perception of politeness used in requests
between males and females (different gender) ................124
3. The reasons provided by the students to judge politeness
used in requests ................................................................142
B. Research Finding ...................................................................210
C. Discussion of the Finding .......................................................224
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION .......................................236
A. Conclusion ..............................................................................235
B. Suggestion...............................................................................236
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIX
xiv