Representation of Education in Papua in LPMAK Posters.

ABSTRACT

Pendidikan sangat berperan penting dalam meningkatkan kualitas kehidupan manusia. Di Indonesia, terdapat beberapa daerah terpencil yang memiliki kualitas pendidikan rendah. Hal ini disebabkan oleh banyak faktor, diantaranya adalah kurangnya kesadaran masyarakat di daerah tersebut akan pentingnya pendidikan.

Dalam Tugas Akhir ini, saya menganalisis dua buah poster kampanye pendidikan yang dikeluarkan oleh Lembaga Pengembangan Masyarakat Amungme dan Kamoro (LPMAK) di Papua. Guna melakukan analisis, saya menggunakan pendekatan Semiotika untuk membahas bagaimana poster LPMAK mengkomunikasikan konsep melalui tanda visual maupun verbal kepada pembaca. Saya pun menganalisis bagaimana pendidikan di Papua direpresentasikan dalam kedua poster tersebut.

Setelah melakukan analisis, saya menemukan bahwa terdapat dua konsep yang diangkat oleh kedua poster LPMAK. Konsep pertama adalah tentang pendidikan (education), dan konsep kedua adalah tentang tentang panggilan (calling). Kedua konsep tersebut menghasilkan representasi tentang pendidikan di Papua dimana pendidikan di Papua khususnya pendidikan dasar masih belum menjadi sebuah kebutuhan, sehingga masyarakat masih perlu diberi panggilan untuk bersekolah.

iii Maranatha Christian University

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ..……….

TABLE OF CONTENTS ...……….. ABSTRACT ... CHAPTER ONE:

Background of the Study……….

Statement of the Problem……….

Purpose of the Study……….... Method of Research………. Organization of the Thesis………... CHAPTER TWO: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ..………... CHAPTER THREE: REPRESENTATION OF EDUCATION

IN PAPUA IN LPMAK POSTERS ..……….. CHAPTER FOUR: CONCLUSION ..………... BIBLIOGRAPHY ...………. APPENDIX ………...

i iii iv 1 4 4 5 5 6 10 28 33 35

APPENDIX

36 Data 2:

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Communication is the most important tool to transfer information, as it is

“the activity or process of expressing ideas and feelings or of giving people

information” (Hornby 257). In this case, people try to gain understanding of the information shared among them. In order that communication can happen, the media of transmitting information is needed. One of the most important media for communication is language.

Language is “a way of expressing ideas and feelings using movements, symbols and sound” (Hornby 752). Language becomes a specific medium to produce meanings. Commonly, language describes the ideas in mind, feelings or experiences through words. However, there are many ways for people to express their ideas, such as through posters, covers (novels, magazines, and story books), pamphlets, advertisements, and et cetera.

In linguistics, the ways people express their ideas are considered signs. Signs are studied in Semiotics, which is a study that concerns with “everything

Maranatha Christian University 2

that can be found everywhere (Chandler 2). Chandler states, “in the Semiotic sense, a sign takes the form of words, images, sounds, gestures, and objects” (2).

Thus, anything can be taken as a sign as long as it “stands for something else”

(Chandler 2). I focus on Saussure’s theory of Semiotics to analyze the data in this thesis. The theory will be explained further in the next chapter.

I am interested in analyzing posters as I believe that a poster is one of the creative ways of its makers to show their intention, feelings, or ideas. Posters consist of many diverse images or signs which create a representation about something. In a poster, there are not only images but also taglines. Both the tagline and images are crucial in the production of meaning.

In this paper I would like to analyze the posters of a foundation that focuses its attention on education in Papua. The topic that I am going to discuss in this paper is Representation of Education in Papua in LPMAK Posters. I am interested in taking the topic as I think education plays an important role in the world. Everything starts from education. People are educated to read, to write, to do things and to invent great things. Education is very important for all people. Without education, a person will not be able to change the world. Besides, a

person’s life quality is also determined by his or her education.

Unfortunately, not all people can get proper education even for the basic education like elementary school, especially at the remote places like Papua (Jubi). It is also said that the quality of education in Papua is not as good as in other regions of Indonesia. There is a lack of teachers and there are parents who do not send their children to school because they need the children to help them work.

As mentioned before, the poster to analyze is made by LPMAK. LPMAK stands for Lembaga Pengembangan Masyarakat Amungme dan Kamoro. It is a non-profit organization which manages the fund partnership of PT Freeport Indonesia (PTFI) and has the major role in the development in Mimika regency

especially for the seven tribes’ society in Papua (bintangpapua).

PTFI has concern for the people because as a company which has been working on Mimika land, it has the moral obligation to protect the local communities which have the rights of the wealthy areas being used for the company activities (lpmak). The very specific concerns of LPMAK are to fulfill the people of Mimika’s basic needs, such as basic education, health and the economic condition (bintangpapua). LPMAK focuses on two tribes, Amungme and Kamoro because there are so many uneducated people in both Amungme and Kamoro and the two tribes are not really paid attention to by the government. The people there do not care about school, even from the early education (makur).

In addition, I choose two LPMAK posters to be the source of my data because I want to know how a foundation which puts its concerns on Papua creates a representation of the condition in Papua through the posters. Besides, the language used in the tagline of the posters is Indonesian. In this case, the tagline would be easier for me to understand and analyze, as Indonesian is my mother tongue.

The topic discussed is significant because it can encourage readers to be more critical when seeing posters. By doing the study, I aim at making readers of this thesis aware that a poster is not just a combination of colors, words and pictures, but there are deeper meanings from the posters that will help people

Maranatha Christian University 4

know the reality about something. The readers can also acknowledge how a poster can be a medium of representation.

Word count: 809

1.2 Statement of the Problem

1. What are the signifiers and signified of the posters? 2. What is the sign system of the posters?

3. How is education in Papua represented in the posters?

1.3 Purpose of the Study

1. To find out the signifier and signified in the posters. 2. To find out the sign system of the posters.

3. To find out how education in Papua is represented in the posters.

1.4 Methods of Research

First, I started the research by doing a library research and read some semiotic theories. Next, I decided to use the theory of Saussure to analyze my data. After that, I found the data (education posters and the taglines) from the Internet. Finally, I analyzed the data and find out the signifier and signified of the posters which at the end would carry the sign system of each poster. After that I drew some conclusions from the analysis.

1.5 Organization of the Thesis

The thesis is presented in four chapters. The first chapter is the Introduction, which consists of the Background of the Study, Statement of the Problem, Purpose of the Study, Methods of Research, and Organization of the Thesis. Chapter Two contains the Theoretical Framework. Chapter Three is the data analysis. Chapter Four is the Conclusion in which I write my comments and opinions. At the end of my thesis, I enclose the Bibliography and Appendix, which contains the poster by LPMAK.

28 Maranatha Christian University

CHAPTER FOUR

CONCLUSION

After analyzing the two data in the previous chapter, I come to the conclusion that LPMAK’s main concern for education is basically to the elementary education in Papua. As I have discussed in the background of the study, there are many uneducated people live in Papua, especially in the Amungme and Kamoro regions. Only few of them care about getting education because there is a lack of teachers and there are parents who do not send their children to school because they need the children to help them work. Thus I can say that through the two posters, LPMAK is trying to call Papuans children to get education, especially the elementary education. That is why there are two concepts, education and calling, portrayed in both posters.

The concept of education in the two posters is found in both verbal and visual signifiers. Concerning the verbal signifiers, in both posters there are words that show the attributes of education. In the first poster, there are the words GURU and SEKOLAH; while the second poster has the word PENDIDIKAN. As for the visual signifiers, the two posters have the image of elementary school students, wearing elementary school attributes such as the uniform and hat.

The concept of calling is also found in both posters. In the first poster, there are verbal signifiers, the words MEMANGGILMU and AYO. While in the second poster there is no specific word that shows a call. Turning to the visual signifiers, the concept of calling in the first poster is shown by the body language and facial expression of the two girls in the poster. Similar to the first poster, the concept of calling in the second poster is also signified by the facial expression and body language of the boy portrayed in the poster.

After doing the analysis, I think the concept of calling is clearer in the first poster than in the second poster. In the first poster, the tagline AYO SEKOLAH speaks clearly about request to go to school. Thus, I am of the opinion that the first poster focuses more on calling than the second poster. However, concerning the concept of education, I think the second poster portrays the concept clearer because all the signifiers, such as the tagline, the model and the background are all related to education and school.

Comparing the first and the second poster, I can say that in both posters, the verbal and visual signifiers work together to communicate the concept of education and calling. What I find interesting is that even though the verbal and visual signifiers of the two posters are different, they can convey the same concepts. I believe this is so because the posters represent the mission of LPMAK, which is to call Papuan children to go to school and get educated.

Through the posters, I can find that education in Papua is represented as lacking in several aspects. First, education in Papua is lacking in teachers. This is specifically shown by the tagline of the first poster. Secondly, education in Papua is lacking in students. The condition is shown through the message of the two

30 Maranatha Christian University posters which is calling Papuan children to go to school. Third, there is also a lack of facilities for the schools in Papua. In the first poster, this is shown through the portrayal of one the girls who goes to school wearing slippers. In the second poster, this condition is shown by the portrayal of the school building as the background of the poster.

In my opinion, the two posters also represent the condition that there is a lack of awareness of the Papuans about getting basic education. By having models wearing elementary school attributes such as uniforms and school cap, the poster show concerns for elementary education. Actually, the Indonesian government has set the role that elementary education is compulsory for school-age children. Therefore, by portraying Papuan elementary school students in the posters, it seems that the posters want to represent that education is not considered as a primary need for the Papuans.

As “education is often equated with being civilized” (micsem), then the portrayal of Papuans lacking in education makes me aware that somehow the portrayal shows a general idea of the uncivilized nature of black people. Some research of Education Recourses Information Center about the issues in the Educational Progress of black People tells that the progress of education for the black community is slow. Thus the blacks are continued to be incorrectly stereotyped as intellectually inferior (Alexander 1). I think LPMAK is using the stereotype in portraying the condition of education in Papua.

As a result, I think these two posters make use of the black people stereotype, especially concerning education to gain sympathy. As LPMAK is a foundation that provide education for the Papuans, the need some fund to do so.

By having such stereotype, people will think that just as the Blacks in general, the Papuans are lacking in resources so that it needs people’s care and attention so that they can have a better life.

For further research, I think this study can be a basis to give some ideas about how education in Papua is represented. Those interested in doing the same research can try to acquire more information about LPMAK. By having more information, the research can be made deeper and more critical. For those who want to make this research more global, they can try to find other sources in which Papuans are portrayed. From the sources, a bigger picture of how Papuans are portrayed in the media can be found out.

After doing a semiotic analysis, I become more aware that a poster can speak more than just what the verbal text or visual shows. I also understand more that when doing a semiotic analysis, one needs to be open for information even from the disciplines outside linguistics. In my analysis, knowledge about the condition in Papua is significant to help me find out about how education in Papua is represented in the poster. Other researcher doing semiotic analysis also will need some other theories which can be about psychology, advertising, economy, and other fields of knowledge to make their analysis thorough.

32 Maranatha Christian University

BIBLIOGRAPHY

References:

Bahasa, Pusat. Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 2008. Print.

Chandler, Daniel. Semiotics: The Basic. New York: Routledge, 2004. Print. Hornby, A S. Oxford Advanced Learners’ Dictionary. 6th ed. Oxford: Oxford

University Press, 2000. Print. Websites:

Poster Pendidikan Papua. Wordpress, 2010.Web.05 Agustus 2011.

Papua Memanggilmu Menjadi Guru. Wordpress, 2010. Web. 05 Agustus 2011. LPMAK Berkiprah untuk kesejahteraan Papua. Bintang Papua, 2011. Web. 08

Agustus 2011.

Tjahjono, ep. Mempersiapkan Anak Papua Jadi Bintang. LPMAK, 2010. Web. 10 Agustus 2011.

Kuayo, Yulianus. “Keadilan dan Kejujuran Dari Hati Akan Menjawab Permasalahan Pendidikan Papua” (2007). Web. 10 Agustus 2011

Kuayo, Yulianus. “Pendidikan di Pedalaman Papua Harus Diperhatikan”. 2007. Web. 12 Agustus 2011.

Egeidaby. Tidak Mencairkan Dana Ujian, Sekolah Dasar Se-Kabupaten Dogiyai Mogok Belajar-Mengajar. Pendidikan Papua, 2011. Web. 12 Agustus 2011.

Suku dan Bahasa. Kabupaten Asmat Provinsi Papua, 2009. Web. 15Agustus 2011.

Kosur, Heather Marie. The Functions of Adjectives and Adjective Phrases in English, 2010: n. pag.Web.15Agustus 2011.

“Education”. Oxford Online Dictionary. Web. 18 Agustus 2011.

Kalimat Permohonan /Kalimat Perintah. Fkip-uninus: n. d. Web. 20 Agustus 2011.

UUD 1945 utamanya pasal 31 tentang Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan. Landasan-Yuridis-Pendidikan-Indonesia, 2011. Web. 05 September 2011.

Nilai Sosial Jauh Lebih Tinggi Daripada Nilai Ekonomi. Tabloid Jubi, 2008. Web. 06 September 2011.

Kusumaputra, Robert Adhi. “PengembangRumahMurahDapatFasilitasPemerintah” Kompas: n.pag. 2011. Web. 16 September 2011.

Hilman, Maman. “Pemukiman Masyarakat Pedesaan.” Upi.edu Direktori, ‘n.page’. Web. 16 September 2011.

Facial Expression.Aquiziam, n. d. Web. 17 September 2011.

“Calling”. Dictionary.reference.com. dictionary.reference,browse 2011. Web. 01 Nov 2011.

Cenderawasihpos. Cenderawasihpos, 2011. Web. 02 Nov 2011. Changingminds. Emotional body language, n.d. Web. 06 Nov 2011. How to Make Student Name Tag. N.p, n.d. Web. 15 Feb 2012.

34 Maranatha Christian University Masa-orientasi-sekolah-sd-model. Therasana.2011. Web. 15 Feb 2012.

McKinney, Marry. “How To Learn Student Names” successfulacademic (2006): n. pag. Web. 16 feb 2012.

Gedung SD YPPK St Johanes Bosco Kimaam Memprihatinkan. Cendrawasihpos, 2011. Web. 16 Feb 2012.

SD Negeri Inpres Kalibobo. Wordpress, 2008. Web. 16 Feb 2012. Wordpress. Wordpress, 2010. Web. 16 Feb 2012.

Givens, David B. “The Nonverbal Dictionary of Gesture, Signs and Body

29 Maranatha Christian University The concept of calling is also found in both posters. In the first poster, there are verbal signifiers, the words MEMANGGILMU and AYO. While in the second poster there is no specific word that shows a call. Turning to the visual signifiers, the concept of calling in the first poster is shown by the body language and facial expression of the two girls in the poster. Similar to the first poster, the concept of calling in the second poster is also signified by the facial expression and body language of the boy portrayed in the poster.

After doing the analysis, I think the concept of calling is clearer in the first poster than in the second poster. In the first poster, the tagline AYO SEKOLAH speaks clearly about request to go to school. Thus, I am of the opinion that the first poster focuses more on calling than the second poster. However, concerning the concept of education, I think the second poster portrays the concept clearer because all the signifiers, such as the tagline, the model and the background are all related to education and school.

Comparing the first and the second poster, I can say that in both posters, the verbal and visual signifiers work together to communicate the concept of education and calling. What I find interesting is that even though the verbal and visual signifiers of the two posters are different, they can convey the same concepts. I believe this is so because the posters represent the mission of LPMAK, which is to call Papuan children to go to school and get educated.

Through the posters, I can find that education in Papua is represented as lacking in several aspects. First, education in Papua is lacking in teachers. This is specifically shown by the tagline of the first poster. Secondly, education in Papua is lacking in students. The condition is shown through the message of the two

30 Maranatha Christian University posters which is calling Papuan children to go to school. Third, there is also a lack of facilities for the schools in Papua. In the first poster, this is shown through the portrayal of one the girls who goes to school wearing slippers. In the second poster, this condition is shown by the portrayal of the school building as the background of the poster.

In my opinion, the two posters also represent the condition that there is a lack of awareness of the Papuans about getting basic education. By having models wearing elementary school attributes such as uniforms and school cap, the poster show concerns for elementary education. Actually, the Indonesian government has set the role that elementary education is compulsory for school-age children. Therefore, by portraying Papuan elementary school students in the posters, it seems that the posters want to represent that education is not considered as a primary need for the Papuans.

As “education is often equated with being civilized” (micsem), then the portrayal of Papuans lacking in education makes me aware that somehow the portrayal shows a general idea of the uncivilized nature of black people. Some research of Education Recourses Information Center about the issues in the Educational Progress of black People tells that the progress of education for the black community is slow. Thus the blacks are continued to be incorrectly stereotyped as intellectually inferior (Alexander 1). I think LPMAK is using the stereotype in portraying the condition of education in Papua.

As a result, I think these two posters make use of the black people stereotype, especially concerning education to gain sympathy. As LPMAK is a foundation that provide education for the Papuans, the need some fund to do so.

31 Maranatha Christian University By having such stereotype, people will think that just as the Blacks in general, the Papuans are lacking in resources so that it needs people’s care and attention so that they can have a better life.

For further research, I think this study can be a basis to give some ideas about how education in Papua is represented. Those interested in doing the same research can try to acquire more information about LPMAK. By having more information, the research can be made deeper and more critical. For those who want to make this research more global, they can try to find other sources in which Papuans are portrayed. From the sources, a bigger picture of how Papuans are portrayed in the media can be found out.

After doing a semiotic analysis, I become more aware that a poster can speak more than just what the verbal text or visual shows. I also understand more that when doing a semiotic analysis, one needs to be open for information even from the disciplines outside linguistics. In my analysis, knowledge about the condition in Papua is significant to help me find out about how education in Papua is represented in the poster. Other researcher doing semiotic analysis also will need some other theories which can be about psychology, advertising, economy, and other fields of knowledge to make their analysis thorough.

32 Maranatha Christian University

BIBLIOGRAPHY

References:

Bahasa, Pusat. Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 2008. Print.

Chandler, Daniel. Semiotics: The Basic. New York: Routledge, 2004. Print. Hornby, A S. Oxford Advanced Learners’ Dictionary. 6th ed. Oxford: Oxford

University Press, 2000. Print. Websites:

Poster Pendidikan Papua. Wordpress, 2010.Web.05 Agustus 2011.

Papua Memanggilmu Menjadi Guru. Wordpress, 2010. Web. 05 Agustus 2011. LPMAK Berkiprah untuk kesejahteraan Papua. Bintang Papua, 2011. Web. 08

Agustus 2011.

Tjahjono, ep. Mempersiapkan Anak Papua Jadi Bintang. LPMAK, 2010. Web. 10 Agustus 2011.

Kuayo, Yulianus. “Keadilan dan Kejujuran Dari Hati Akan Menjawab Permasalahan Pendidikan Papua” (2007). Web. 10 Agustus 2011

Kuayo, Yulianus. “Pendidikan di Pedalaman Papua Harus Diperhatikan”. 2007. Web. 12 Agustus 2011.

33 Maranatha Christian University Egeidaby. Tidak Mencairkan Dana Ujian, Sekolah Dasar Se-Kabupaten Dogiyai Mogok Belajar-Mengajar. Pendidikan Papua, 2011. Web. 12 Agustus 2011.

Suku dan Bahasa. Kabupaten Asmat Provinsi Papua, 2009. Web. 15Agustus

2011.

Kosur, Heather Marie. The Functions of Adjectives and Adjective Phrases in English, 2010: n. pag.Web.15Agustus 2011.

“Education”. Oxford Online Dictionary. Web. 18 Agustus 2011.

Kalimat Permohonan /Kalimat Perintah. Fkip-uninus: n. d. Web. 20 Agustus

2011.

UUD 1945 utamanya pasal 31 tentang Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.

Landasan-Yuridis-Pendidikan-Indonesia, 2011. Web. 05 September 2011.

Nilai Sosial Jauh Lebih Tinggi Daripada Nilai Ekonomi. Tabloid Jubi, 2008.

Web. 06 September 2011.

Kusumaputra, Robert Adhi. “PengembangRumahMurahDapatFasilitasPemerintah” Kompas: n.pag. 2011. Web. 16 September 2011.

Hilman, Maman. “Pemukiman Masyarakat Pedesaan.” Upi.edu Direktori, ‘n.page’. Web. 16 September 2011.

Facial Expression.Aquiziam, n. d. Web. 17 September 2011.

“Calling”. Dictionary.reference.com. dictionary.reference,browse 2011. Web. 01

Nov 2011.

Cenderawasihpos. Cenderawasihpos, 2011. Web. 02 Nov 2011. Changingminds. Emotional body language, n.d. Web. 06 Nov 2011. How to Make Student Name Tag. N.p, n.d. Web. 15 Feb 2012.

34 Maranatha Christian University

Masa-orientasi-sekolah-sd-model. Therasana.2011. Web. 15 Feb 2012.

McKinney, Marry. “How To Learn Student Names” successfulacademic (2006):

n. pag. Web. 16 feb 2012.

Gedung SD YPPK St Johanes Bosco Kimaam Memprihatinkan. Cendrawasihpos,

2011. Web. 16 Feb 2012.

SD Negeri Inpres Kalibobo. Wordpress, 2008. Web. 16 Feb 2012. Wordpress. Wordpress, 2010. Web. 16 Feb 2012.

Givens, David B. “The Nonverbal Dictionary of Gesture, Signs and Body