CONCEPTUAL METAPHORS IN MYLO XYLOTO ALBUM BY COLDPLAY.

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Conceptual Metaphors in Mylo Xyloto Album

By Coldplay

A Research Paper

Submitted to the English Education Department of the Faculty of Languages and Arts Education of the Indonesia University of Education as Partial

Fulfillment of the Requirements for Sarjana Sastra Degree

By:

Selvia Neilil Kamaliah 0801277

English Education Department

Faculty of Language and Arts Education

Indonesia University of Education

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Studi Kinerja Rumah Sakit Khusus

Gigi dan Mulut Kota Bandung

Dengan Pendekatan Balanced

Scorecard

Oleh

Asaretkha Adjane A

Sebuah skripsi yang diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar Sarjana pada Fakultas Pendidikan Ekonomi dan Bisnis

Januari 2012

Hak Cipta dilindungi undang-undang.

Skripsi ini tidak boleh diperbanyak seluruhya atau sebagian, dengan dicetak ulang, difoto kopi, atau cara lainnya tanpa ijin dari penulis.

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English Education at Secondary

Education

Oleh Didi Sukyadi S.Pd IKIP Bandung, 1993

Sebuah skripsi yang diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar Magister Pendidikan (M.Pd.) pada Fakultas Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni

Juli 2004

Hak Cipta dilindungi undang-undang.

Skripsi ini tidak boleh diperbanyak seluruhya atau sebagian, dengan dicetak ulang, difoto kopi, atau cara lainnya tanpa ijin dari penulis.

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PAGE OF APPROVAL

CONCEPTUAL METAPHORS IN MYLO XYLOTO ALBUM BY COLDPLAY

A Research Paper By:

Selvia Neilil Kamaliah 0801277

Approved by:

Main Supervisor Second Supervisor

Iwa Lukmana, M.A., Ph.D. Riesky, S.Pd., M.Ed. NIP. 196611271993031002 NIP. 198105252005011002

Head of English Education Department

Prof. Dr. Didi Suherdi, M. Ed. NIP. 196211011987121001

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ABSTRACT

Main Supervisor: Iwa Lukmana, M.A., Ph.D. Co-Supervisor: Riesky, S.Pd., M.Ed.

This study entitled ‘Conceptual Metaphors in Mylo Xyloto Album by Coldplay’ investigates Conceptual Metaphor (CM) and the types of CM that are used in Mylo Xyloto song lyrics as well as the possible reasons that can be generated from the uses of the metaphors.

The study uses the song lyrics of Coldplay’s album entitled Mylo Xyloto as data. In analyzing the data, the qualitative method especially a case study is used. Furthermore, the data are analyzed using the framework of the Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) (Lakoff and Johnson, 1980a, 1980b, 1980c; Kovesces, 2002, 2010).

The study found that the dominant conceptual metaphors used are about life, love, and changes, namely LIFE IS JOURNEY, CHANGES ARE MOVEMENT, LIGHT IS A FLUID, PURPOSES ARE DESTINATION, LOVE IS A UNITY, LOVE IS WAR, LOVE IS STRUGGLE, VISUAL FIELDS ARE CONTAINERS, ACTIVITIES ARE SUBSTANCES, STATES ARE LOCATIONS, LESS IS DOWN, and BAD IS DOWN. The conceptual metaphors are categorized as structural (68.9%), ontological (17.8%) and orientational (13.3%) metaphors. This occurrences lead to the conclusion of four possible reasons. The song writer uses the metaphors to support the issue of freedom and struggle and to persuade to do something, to share his values, to show that what we experience in daily life can be seen as a container and substance, and to evaluate events as something good or bad.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE OF APPROVAL ... i

STATEMENTS OF AUTHORIZATION ... ii

PREFACE ... iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... iv

ABSTARCT ... vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... vii

LIST OF TABLES ... x

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ... 1

1.1 Background of the Study ... 1

1.2 Research Questions ... 4

1.3 The Aims of Study ... 4

1.4 The Scope of the Study ... 4

1.5 Research Methodology ... 5

1.6 Clarification of the Terms ... 6

1.7 Organization of the Paper ... 7

CHAPTER II LITETURE REVIEW ... 8

2.1 Metaphors: Definitions, Key Terms, and Function. ... 8

2.2 Views on Metaphors………...15

2.3 Conceptual Metaphors Theory ... 18

2.3.1 Structural Metaphors ... 19

2.3.2 Ontological Metaphors ... 20

2.3.3 Orientational Metaphors ... 22

2.4 Song Lyrics ... 24

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CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLGY ... 28

3.1 Research Questions ... 28

3.2 Research Design ... 28

3.3 Data Collection ... 29

3.4 Data Analysis ... 30

CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS ... 34

4.1 Conceptual Metaphors ... 34

LIFE IS JOURNEY ... 35

PURPOSES ARE DESTINATIONS ... 37

LIGHT IS A FLUID ... 39

CHANGES ARE MOVEMENTS ... 40

LOVE IS UNITY ... 43

LOVE IS WAR ... 44

LOVE IS STRUGGLE ... 46

VISUAL FIELDS ARE CONTAINERS ... 47

ACTIVITIES ARE SUBSTANCES ... 49

STATES ARE LOCATIONS ... 50

LESS IS DOWN ... 51

BAD IS DOWN ... 52

4.2 Types of Conceptual Metaphors ... 53

4.2.1 Structural Metaphors ... 53

4.2.2 Ontological Metaphors ... 56

4.2.3 Orientational Metaphors ... 58

4.3 The Possible Reason of the Use of Metaphors ... 58

CHAPTER V CONCULSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS………65 5.1 Conclusion ... 65

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BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 68

APPENDICES ... ……… 73

Appendix I : Coldplay’s Lyrics ... 73

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents an introductory section of the study. It provides the background of the study, research questions, aims of the study, scope of the study, research methodology, clarification of the terms, and organization of the paper.

1.1 Background of the Study

Language as one of the means of communications has several functions in our daily life. Language is used to exchange information among people (Halliday, 1994). For example, people use language when they demand and give some information to others. In this case, language refers to referential function of language in Jakobson’s (1960) terms. In addition, language can also be used to express thought (Finegan et al, 1992). In other words, people communicate and express their wills, desires, or feelings with others using language. Here the language serves an expressive or emotive function (Jakobson, 1960).

The expressive or emotive function of language can be found, for instance, in song lyrics. It is reflected from the use of slang or metaphorical language which can trigger a certain emotional response (e.g. Martin, 2003; Martin and White, 2005). In

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the song lyrics, the composers can freely express and communicate their emotions and feelings with their hearers. Therefore, in this case, the use of metaphorical language is an indication of the expressive function of language in song lyrics.

Composers use metaphors for variety of reasons. First, they use metaphors in order to get more appreciation from their listeners or readers. Second, they want to make their lyrics become more poetic. Third, through the use of metaphors in the lyrics they invite various interpretations from listeners. Thus, lyrics with a touch of metaphors will be interpreted differently by people who read or hear the lyrics and will be more valuable.

Metaphors for some people are a device to create poetic languages. In other words, metaphors are the device which is used to make extraordinary languages. In this sense, metaphors closely relate to literary works such as poems, novels, and song lyrics. For other people, however, metaphors do not only refer to stylistic features of language or figurative languages. Lakoff and Johnson (1980a, 1980b), for instance, argue that metaphors are also a part of everyday life. Moreover, they state that metaphors are vehicle in which people represent, feel, and think about one thing with respect to other things. According to them, ordinary conceptual system, namely what people think, act, and feel is metaphorical in nature (Lakoff and Johnson, 1980a, 1980b). They then propose conceptual metaphor consisting structural, orientational, and ontological metaphor for that kind of metaphor.

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Metaphors especially conceptual metaphors (CM) have investigated with regard to various semiotic resources. In this case, CM has been applied to images such as cartoon (Bounegru and Forciville, 2011), advertising (Koller, 2009; Yu, 2009) and comics (Erden, 2009; Shinohara and Matsunaka, 2009), new sentences such as political texts (Zinken, 2003; McEntee-Atalianis, 2011) and song lyrics (Alvarez et al, 2009), and movies (Rohdin, 2009; Eggertsson and Forceville, 2009).

In general, metaphors are a powerful device to influence people in everyday life (e.g Martin, 2004). More specifically, metaphors are used as tools to influence people emotionally in song lyrics since the lyrics are media used to share and negotiate feelings. In other words, metaphors are used to attract listeners’ attention and build solidarity between composers and listeners as demonstrated by Alvarez et al. (2009).

Although studies on conceptual metaphors have been conducted, it appears that the Coldplay’s song lyrics have not been explored in depth. The previous study which investigates song lyrics using CM only focus on Dido’s song lyric White flag (Cardoso and Vieira, 2006) and the comparison between pop and rock music in general (Alvarez et al., 2009). Therefore, the present study attempts to explore conceptual metaphors in Coldplay’s song lyrics, specifically in Coldplay’s album entitled Mylo Xyloto.

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1.2. Research Questions

The research questions of the study are formulated as follows:

1. What conceptual metaphors are used in Mylo Xyloto song lyrics?

2. What types of conceptual metaphors are used in Mylo Xyloto song lyrics? 3. What possible reasons can be generated from the use of those conceptual

metaphors and the types of metaphors?

1.3 The Aims of the Study

Based on the formulation of research questions above, the aims of the study are to identify conceptual metaphors and types of conceptual metaphors used in the song lyric of Mylo Xyloto album and to discover the possible reasons that can be generated from the use of the conceptual metaphors.

1.4 Scope of the study

This study investigates conceptual metaphors used in song lyrics. More specifically, the present study focuses only on the analysis of conceptual metaphors and types of conceptual metaphors found in Mylo Xyloto album and the identification of the possible reasons that can be generated from the use of the conceptual metaphors.

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1.5 Research Methodology

This study primarily uses a qualitative method to achieve the aims of the study. It identifies, analyzes, and interprets data by describing and understanding the categorization of the data found in the analysis (Cresswell, 1998, 2003). Since the study is located within a qualitative approach, the present study employs a case study as its design. According to Yin (1981a), a case study focuses on single person or organization and investigates a contemporary phenomenon within its real life context; in this case the study focuses on an album of Coldplay.

The data used in this study are the fifth album of Coldplay entitled Mylo Xyloto. The album was released in 2011. The Mylo Xyloto got a reward as Billboard’s Top Selling Album of 2009. This present study analyzes the lyrics of all the songs in the fifth album of Coldplay. These lyrics are chosen since those are contains a large amount of metaphors.

The collected data was analyzed using Lakoff and Johnson’s (1980) framework on Conceptual Metaphor (CM). In analyzing the data, there are several steps. Those are doing close reading before analysis, identifying lyrics that contain metaphor, classifying or categorizing the song lyrics into the types of metaphor, describing the results of analysis.

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1.6 Clarification of the Terms

To avoid misunderstanding, the following explanation is the clarification of key terms used in this study.

 Metaphors

According to Bredin (1984) cited in Pugsley (1990: 51), “Metaphor[s] [are] the application of the name of a thing to something else, in such a way that the name refers to both things simultaneously, and implies by such reference that they are similar to one another”

 Conceptual Metaphors

Kovesces (2010: 4) who states that conceptual metaphors is defined as “understanding one conceptual domain in terms of another conceptual domain”. Furthermore, Lakoff and Johnson states that “the essence of metaphor is understanding and experiencing one kind of thing in terms of another” (Lakoff and Johnson, 1980a: 5).

 Song lyrics

A lyric is a poem which is used and sung to accompany a lyre (Abrams, 1999; Childs and Fowler, 2006; Mikics, 2007). A lyre is a small stringed instrument. In the current usage, lyrics associates with a short poem which is written to be set to music (Abrams, 1999).

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1.7 Organization of the Paper

The research paper is organized into five chapters. Each chapter contains several subtopics. The first chapter puts forward an introduction of paper. It present the background of the study, research questions, aims of the study, limitation of the study, research methodology in conducting the research, clarification of terms, and organization of the paper. The second chapter provides a theoretical framework of the paper. It includes more than one library theory related to the research questions. Third chapter consists of research methodology and research procedures. It elaborates the research questions, research design, data collection, and data analysis. In this chapter, the writer informs about procedures of analyzing the data. The fourth chapter covers findings from the data analysis that are represented. It discusses the writer’s interpretation of the figurative language in song lyric. Furthermore, the discussion is elaborated in this chapter. The fifth chapter covers the conclusion of the study and its result. It consists of conclusion and suggestion for further study.

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CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the research methodology in the present study. It covers research questions, research design, data collection, and data analysis.

3.1 Research Questions

The present study was conducted to answer the following research questions:

1. What conceptual metaphors are used in Mylo Xyloto song lyrics?

2. What types of conceptual metaphors are used in Mylo Xyloto song lyrics?

3. What possible reasons can be generated from the use of those conceptual metaphors and types of metaphors?

3.2 Research Design

This study primarily uses a qualitative method to achieve the aims of the study. It is because this study identifies, analyzes, and interprets data by describing and understanding the categorization of the data found in the analysis. Williams

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(2007: 67) asserts that “qualitative research builds its premises on inductive, rather than deductive reasoning.” In this case, the present study looks for the types of each conceptual metaphor. It is then concluded inductively the tendency or the dominant types of metaphors. From the tendency, the study interprets the possible reasons of the use of those conceptual metaphors in the Coldplay‟s lyrics.

Since this study is situated within qualitative research, the study employs a case study as its design. The case study is considered suitable since it focuses on single person or entity (Gillham, 2000; Yin, 2003), investigates a contemporary phenomenon within its real life context (Yin, 1981, 2003; Duff, 2008) and analyzes the phenomenon in-depth (Cresswell, 1998; Duff, 2008). The present study focuses on an album of Coldplay. In this case, the album is considered as a single entity and it is analyzed in depth to examine the conceptual metaphors and types of conceptual metaphor. In addition, it is examined within its context in order to identify the possible reasons why the writer uses the conceptual metaphor.

3.3 Data Collection

The data used in the present study were song lyrics in Mylo Xyloto Album written by Chris Martin with his band named Coldplay. This album is not explored in any depth by researchers. The Mylo Xyloto is the fifth album of Coldplay. The album was released in 2011. It contains thirteen songs. Those are Don’t It Break Your Heart,

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Paradise, Ufo, Us Against The World, Charlie Brown, Hurt Like Heaven, Princess of China, Up in Flames, Major Minus, Every Teardrop is Waterfall, Up With The Bird, M.M.I.X and A Hopeful Transmission. Thus, the data analyzed in the study consist of thirteen song lyrics. These lyrics were accessed via website (http//www.azlyrics.com; http//www.directlyric.com)

Criteria for the selection were based on the process of identification of metaphors in the lyrics. Based on the identification, it is concluded that the lyrics in Mylo Xyloto were suitable because the lyrics contain a large amount of metaphors.

3.4 Data Analysis

The data used in the present study were analyzed into several steps. The steps include doing close reading before analysis, identifying lyrics that contain metaphors using MIP proposed by Crisp et al. (2007), classifying or categorizing the song lyrics into conceptual metaphors proposed by Lakoff and Johnson (1980a, 1980b), and describing the results of analysis.

The first step, which is reading closely the lyrics, is conducted to understand the whole meaning of the lyrics. In other words, the texts or lyrics were read to establish a general understanding of meaning and content.

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The second step is identifying metaphors. In this step, the present study adopts several procedures proposed by Crisp et al (2007) to analyze metaphors. The procedure is called the “Metaphor Identification Procedures” (MIP). It was used in the selection and analysis of the data. Here, the metaphorical expressions were identified by identifying lexical units, by determining the meaning of lexical choice in the context, by creating the status of the meaning of lexical meaning, namely to establish whether the lexical unit had a more basic meaning or had a more dictionary meaning, and by determining whether the lexical unit had a more basic contemporary meaning compared to the meaning within context under exploration. If the lexical unit contained a more basic contemporary meaning, then the lexical unit was considered as „metaphorical‟ (Praglezz Group, 2007 cited in Mc-Entee-Atalianis, 2011: 399).

The next step is to classify the metaphorical expressions which have been identified before in song lyrics. The metaphorical expressions are classified into three types of conceptual metaphors as proposed by cognitive linguists (Lakoff and Johnson, 1980a, 1980b; Koveces, 2002; 2010). Those are structural, ontological, and orientational metaphors. To make the process of classification easy, the present study uses tables. The data that has been collected are placed in the columns with certain labels in a table. The following table is the example of analysis and classification of conceptual metaphor in Princess of China.

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Table 3.1 An instance of analysis

Lyrics Conceptual Metaphors (CM)

Types of Conceptual Metaphors (CM)

Lord, I don't know which way I am going

LIFE IS JOURNEY Structural

Which way the river's going to flow It just seems that upstream I keep rowing

LIFE IS JOURNEY Structural

Still got such a long way to go Still got such a long way to go And that light hits your eyes I know I swear we find somewhere

PURPOSES ARE

DESTINATIONS Structural The streets are paved with gold

Bullets fly, split the sky

But that's all right, sometimes sunlight

LIGHT IS A FLUID Structural

Comes streaming through the holes Oh

Oh Oh Oh

The next step is describing the findings. This step includes the analysis of the distribution of conceptual metaphor. Specifically, it finds the number of each conceptual metaphors and type of conceptual metaphor in song lyrics. In doing this, the study uses a formula suggested by Sugana (1986). The formula is as follow.

p = ― x 100% n

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p = percentage f = frequency

n = total of code switching

The last step is interpreting the findings. In this step, the conceptual metaphors and types of metaphors together with their occurrences which have been identified previously are interpreted and elaborated. This step contributes to answer the third research question, namely possible reasons from the use of those types of metaphors in the lyrics.

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

This chapter provides the summary of the findings and discussions briefly, followed by the suggestions for further study relating to conceptual metaphor analysis.

5.1 Conclusions

This study aims to investigate the conceptual metaphors that are used in Mylo Xyloto song lyrics, the types of the conceptual metaphors, and the possible reasons that can be generated from the use of those metaphors and the types of the metaphors. Based on the findings, it is found that the conceptual metaphors used in the Mylo Xyloto are LIFE IS JOURNEY, CHANGES ARE MOVEMENT, LIGHT IS A FLUID, PURPOSES ARE DESTINATION, LOVE IS A UNITY, LOVE IS WAR, LOVE IS STRUGGLE, VISUAL FIELDS ARE CONTAINERS, ACTIVITIES ARE SUBSTANCES, STATES ARE LOCATIONS, LESS IS DOWN, and BAD IS DOWN.

Mostly, the conceptual metaphors are categorized as structural metaphors, i.e. to understand one concept through another concept (Lakoff and Johnson, 1980a, 1980b; Kovesces, 2002, 2010). In other words, one concept is associated or applied to other concept. The study found that the occurrence of the structural metaphors is in the first rank, namely 68. 3%. It is followed by ontological

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metaphors with the occurrence about 17.1%. The last rank is orientational metaphors with the occurrence about 14. 6%.

Furthermore, the study discovered that such metaphors are probably used in the Coldplay’s album entitled Mylo Xyloto for several reasons. The reasons can be drawn from the dominant use of the conceptual metaphors and the types of the metaphor. From the dominant use of the conceptual metaphors, it can be concluded that the song writer uses the metaphors to support the issues such as a freedom of life and share his own values with audiences as discussed in previous chapter. From the types of the metaphors it can be conclude as follow. First, the song writer probably wants to share his knowledge with audiences about one concept. Here he describes one concept uses various concepts to understand it. This is reflected through the use of structural metaphor. Naturally, structural metaphors provide the richest source for elaboration one concept as Kovesces (2010) describe. Second, the song writer wants to show us that what we experience in everyday life can be seen as a container and substance. Of course, this is reflected through the use of ontological metaphors. Third, the song writer here uses the metaphors to evaluate events that he probably experiences in the past. This can be seen from the use of orientational metaphors in the song lyrics which are investigated.

Based on the finding above, it can be said that metaphors are pervasive in daily life as suggested by Lakoff and Johnson (1980a; 1980b). The metaphors are a part of human life which cannot be separated since the metaphors, as Martin (1985) explains, are an effective way to interpret the world and to persuade

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people. Furthermore, the findings show that associating (in metaphors) is part of human cognitive system since basically humans like relating something with other things.

5.2 Suggestions

This section provides some suggestions on the basis of the delimitation of the present study. It should be noted that the present study only uses English song lyrics as the data and focuses only on the analysis of the text. Further studies are recommended to analyze the texts such as political texts, media texts, and so on using conceptual metaphor theory within CDA (see Hart, 2008, 2010). Through this way, it is expected that the analysis will be deep and fruitful since CDA considers the macro analysis, namely the context and other elements beyond the texts (Wodak and Meyer, 2009). Second, it is recommended that further studies analyze Indonesian texts. It is useful to enrich the literature especially the study of conceptual metaphors across cultures.

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