The motivation of Yukiko Makioka`s family in finding a husband for Yukiko as seen in Junichiro Tanizaki`s The Makioka Sisters - USD Repository

  

THE MOTIVATION OF YUKIKO MAKIOKA’S FAMILY

  

IN FINDING A HUSBAND FOR YUKIKO

AS SEEN IN JUNICHIRO TANIZAKI’S THE MAKIOKA SISTERS

A THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree

in English Language Education

  by

  

Christina Putri Widowati

Student Number: 041214016

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM

DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION

FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA

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THE MOTIVATION OF YUKIKO MAKIOKA’S FAMILY

  

IN FINDING A HUSBAND FOR YUKIKO

AS SEEN IN JUNICHIRO TANIZAKI’S THE MAKIOKA SISTERS

A THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree

in English Language Education

  by

  

Christina Putri Widowati

Student Number: 041214016

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM

DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION

FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA

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STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY

  I honestly declare that this thesis, which I have written, does not contain the work or parts of the work of other people, except those cited in the quotations and the references, as a scientific paper should.

  Yogyakarta, May 20, 2011 The Writer,

  Christina Putri Widowati 041214016 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN

PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS

  Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma :

  Nama : Christina Putri Widowati Nomor Mahasiswa : 041214016

  Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul :

  

THE MOTIVATION OF YUKIKO MAKIOKA’S FAMILY

  

IN FINDING A HUSBAND FOR YUKIKO

AS SEEN IN JUNICHIRO TANIZAKI’S THE MAKIOKA SISTERS

  beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, me- ngalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di Internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.

  Demikian pernyataan ini yang saya buat dengan sebenarnya. Yogyakarta, 20 Mei 2011 Yang menyatakan

  (Christina Putri Widowati)

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  I BELIEVE YOUR PROMISE

  When my heart is hurt When I have a lot of problems When I am sad I come to Jesus

  You give me power You are always with me

  When there is no one can help me Jesus gives me the way When I don’t understand something in my life His speak becomes my light (By: Liliana Tanoesoedibjo) “PEOPLE WITH GOOD HEARTS ARE THE ULTIMATE WINNERS…”

  (By: Girls Generation Seo Hyun) This Thesis is dedicated to: My beloved, father, mother, and older sister PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

  First, I would like to express my deepest praise and gratitude to Jesus

  

Christ for His big love and kindness. He gives me an opportunity to study in the

  English Language Education Study Program in Sanata Dharma University. He guides me so that I can finish my thesis. He also gives me power when I am tired.

  Next, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Henny Herawati

  

S.Pd., M.Hum. for her patience to guide me. I thank her for her support and

encouragement so that I can accomplish my thesis.

  My sincere gratitude goes to my beloved family. I deeply thank my

father, mother, and Mbak Kiki for giving me support and encouragement.

  Thank for praying for me. I will give my best for my beloved family. Cici (my little dog), I want to say thank for accompanying me every time and being my best friend.

  I would like to express my gratitude to Arsita, Patrice, Suksma, Rini,

  

Cahya, Reni, Risa, Elly, Tia, Retno, Nana, Lani, Oon, Jody, Adit, Bram,

Dian, Tiwi, Riri, Desi, Herjiyanti, Tini, and Tria who always support and

  encourage me. I would thank for the bad time and good time that we shared. I also thank my KKN friends: Rini, Ella, Anjar, Mira, Veni, Ucok, Kaka, Topik, and

  Andrian for their help, and for sharing happiness, laughter, and madness.

  I would like to thank all my lecturers in PBI and PBI secretary for teaching and being helpful. I also thank the headmaster and all teachers in SMAN

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  1 Kalasan Yogyakarta to give me an opportunity to teach English Conversation Class.

  Finally, I would like to thank Intan and Molen for being my partner to teach English Conversation Class in SMAN 1 Kalasan Yogyakarta. I also thank for their support me to finish my thesis.

  Christina Putri Widowati

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  TITLE PAGE ................................................................................................................. i APPROVAL PAGES .................................................................................................... ii STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ............................................................. iv

  LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK

KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS ....................................................................................... v

  PAGE OF DEDICATION............................................................................................. vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................... vii TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................................................. ix

  

ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... xii

  ABSTRAK ................................................................................................................... xiii LIST OF APPENDICES .............................................................................................. xiv

  

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................. 1

  1.1 Background of the Study ......................................................................................... 1

  1.2 Problem Formulation ............................................................................................. 4

  1.3 Objectives of the Study ........................................................................................... 4

  1.4 Benefits of the Study ............................................................................................... 4

  1.5 Definitions of Terms ............................................................................................... 5

  

CHAPTER 2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ....................................... 6

  2.1 Review of Related Theories .................................................................................... 6

  2.1.1 Critical Approaches ........................................................................................ 6

  2.1.2 Character ........................................................................................................ 7

  2.1.3 Characterization ............................................................................................. 9

  2.1.4 Psychology .................................................................................................... 12

  2.1.5 Motivation ..................................................................................................... 12

  2.1.5.1 Definition of Motivation ...................................................................... 12

  2.1.5.2 Types of Motivation ............................................................................. 14

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  2.1.5.2.2 Human Motives ................................................................................. 16

  2.1.5.2.3 Approach and Avoidant .................................................................... 18

  2.1.6 Reviews on Literature Marriage Motivation in Japan............................. 19

  2.2 Theoretical Framework .......................................................................................... 24

  

CHAPTER 3. METHODOLOGY ............................................................................ 26

  3.1 Subject Matter ........................................................................................................ 26

  3.2 Approach of the Study ........................................................................................... 27

  3.3 Method of the Study ............................................................................................... 27

  

CHAPTER 4. ANALYSIS ......................................................................................... 29

  4.1 Description of Yukiko Makioka’s Character ......................................................... 29

  4.1.1 Psychological Traits ...................................................................................... 30

  4.1.1.1 Shy ....................................................................................................... 30

  4.1.1.2 Quiet ..................................................................................................... 31

  4.1.1.3 Submissive ........................................................................................... 32

  4.1.1.4 Patient ................................................................................................... 33

  4.1.1.5 Passive .................................................................................................. 33

  4.1.1.6 Introvert ................................................................................................ 34

  4.2 The Motivations of Yukiko Makioka’s Family in Finding a Husband for Yukiko .......................................................................................................................... 35

  4.2.1 Extrinsic ........................................................................................................ 36

  4.2.2 Intrinsic ......................................................................................................... 39

  4.2.3 Achievement ................................................................................................. 41

  4.2.4 Approach ....................................................................................................... 50

  4.2.5 Avoidant ........................................................................................................ 52

  

CHAPTER 5. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ........................................ 54

  5.1 Conclusions ............................................................................................................ 54

  5.2 Suggestions ............................................................................................................ 55

  5.2.1 Suggestion for Future Researchers................................................................ 55

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REFERENCES ........................................................................................................... 59

APPENDICES ............................................................................................................ 61

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ABSTRACT

  Widowati, Christina Putri. 2011. The Motivation of Yukiko Makioka’s Family

  

in Finding a Husband for Yukiko as Seen in Junichiro Tanizaki’s The

Makioka Sisters. Yogyakarta: Department of Language and Arts Education,

  Faculty of Teachers Training and Education, Sanata Dharma University.

  This study analyzed the novel, The Makioka Sisters by Junichiro Tanizaki. Yukiko Makioka is one of four main characters in the novel. She is 33 years old and still unmarried. According to Encyclopedia of Contemporary Japanese

  th Culture, in the middle 19 century, girls were often married by the age of sixteen.

  Japanese society still thought that a girl who was 30 years old and still unmarried was a taboo. That made the family tried to arrange for marriage (miai). Yukiko’s family also has motivations in finding a husband for Yukiko.

  There are two problems discussed in this study. The first problem is how is Yukiko Makioka’s character described in the novel? The second problem is what motivate Yukiko Makioka’s family in finding a husband for Yukiko?

  The method used in this study was library study. The primary source of this study was the novel, The Makioka Sisters by Junichiro Tanizaki. The secondary sources were books related to the theory of Literature, theory of Psychological Approach, theory of Character and Characterization, theory of Psychology, theory of Motivation, and articles on Marriage Motivation in Japan.

  There are two results based on the analysis in this study. The first result is Yukiko is described as shy, quiet, submissive, passive, patient, and introvert. The second result reveals five motivations of Yukiko’s family in finding a husband for Yukiko. First, Yukiko’s family has the extrinsic motivation because Yukiko is so passive and shy and looks so lonely that makes Yukiko’s family have to find a husband for Yukiko. Second, Yukiko’s family’s intrinsic motivation is to find a wealthy husband for Yukiko. Third, Yukiko’s family’s achievement motivation is to maintain the Makioka’s status and reputation. Fourth, Yukiko’s family’s approach motivation is to expect Yukiko to get married soon. Finally, Yukiko’s family’s avoidant motivation is to avoid what people said and thought negatively about Yukiko.

  There are some suggestions for future researchers who are interested in analyzing the novel, The Makioka Sisters. Future researchers can analyze Japanese wedding motivation, Japanese women and family life in Japan, traditions, cultures, and customs in Japan in 1930s-1940s found in The Makioka Sisters. In this thesis, there are also a lesson plan and materials to teach Intensive Reading 2. The source for the materials is selected from some parts of the novel The Makioka Sisters. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

ABSTRAK

  Widowati, Christina Putri. 2011. The Motivation of Yukiko Makioka’s Family

  

in Finding a Husband for Yukiko as Seen in Junichiro Tanizaki’s The

Makioka Sisters. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Jurusan

  Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

  Skripsi ini menganalisa novel The Makioka Sisters dari Junichiro Tanizaki. Yukiko Makioka adalah salah satu dari empat tokoh utama di dalam novel. Dia berusia 33 tahun dan masih tidak menikah. Menurut Ensiklopedia dari Kebudayaan Jepang Kontemporer, dipertengahan abad ke-19, gadis-gadis sering dinikahkan pada usia 16 tahun. Masyarakat Jepang masih berpikir bahwa seorang gadis berusia 30 tahun dan masih tidak menikah adalah suatu hal yang tabu. Hal itu membuat keluarga mencoba untuk mengatur pernikahan (miai). Keluarga Yukiko juga mempunyai motivasi dalam mencari seorang suami untuk Yukiko.

  Terdapat dua masalah yang dibahas dalam skripsi ini. Masalah pertama adalah bagaimana karakter Yukiko Makioka digambarkan dalam novel? Masalah kedua adalah apa motivasi keluarga Yukiko Makioka dalam mencari seorang suami untuk Yukiko?

  Metode yang dipakai dalam skripsi ini adalah penelitian perpustakaan. Sumber utama dalam skripsi ini adalah novel The Makioka Sisters karya Junichiro Tanizaki. Sumber lainnya adalah buku yang berhubu.bungan dengan teori Kesusastraan, teori Pendekatan Psikologi, teori Karakter dan Karakterisasi, teori Motivasi, dan artikel tentang Motivasi Pernikahan di Jepang.

  Ada dua hasil berdasarkan analisis yang dilakukan dalam skripsi ini. Hasil analisa pertama adalah Yukiko digambarkan pemalu, pendiam, penurut, pasif, dan introvert. Hasil analisa kedua menyatakan lima motivasi dari keluarga Yukiko dalam mencari seorang suami untuk Yukiko. Pertama, keluarga Yukiko mempunyai motivasi ekstrinsic karena Yukiko sangat pasif dan pemalu. Hal itu membuat keluarganya harus mencarikan seorang suami untuk Yukiko. Kedua, motivasi intrinsik dari keluarga Yukiko adalah untuk mencarikan seorang suami yang kaya untuk Yukiko. Ketiga, motivasi pencapaian dari keluarga Yukiko adalah untuk mempertahankan status dan reputasi Makioka. Keempat, motivasi pendekatan dari keluarga Yukiko adalah mengharapkan Yukiko segera menikah. Terakhir, motivasi menjauh adalah untuk menghindari apa yang orang katakan dan pikirkan tentang Yukiko secara negative.

  Terdapat beberapa saran bagi peneliti selanjutnya yang tertarik menganalisa novel yang sama. Peneliti selanjutnya dapat menganalisa motivasi pernikahan orang Jepang, kehidupan wanita Jepang dan keluarga di Jepang, tradisi, kebudayaan, dan adat istiadat Jepang di tahun 1930an-1940an yang dapat ditemukan dalam novel. The Makioka Sisters. Di skripsi ini juga terdapat Rencana Pelaksanaan Pembelajaran mata kuliah Intensive Reading 2. Sumber untuk materi diambil dari sebagian novel The Makioka Sisters.

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  1. Summary of The Makioka Sister ........................................................................... 61

  2. Biography of Junichiro Tanizaki ........................................................................... 63

  3. Lesson Plan for Teaching Intensive Reading 2 ..................................................... 66

  4. Materials of Intensive Reading 2 ........................................................................... 68

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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION In the introduction, there are five parts that are discussed in this study. They are background of the study, objectives of the study, problem formulation,

  benefits of the study, and definition of terms. The first part is background of the study, which explains reasons why the novel is chosen as the source of this study.

  The second part is objectives of study. It deals with the aim in conducting this study. In the third part, problem formulation, two problems become the main discussion in this study. The fourth part, benefit of the study provides some information about the benefits of this study. The last part is definition of terms that defines some terms related to the study.

1.1 Background of the Study

  Literature is an expression of life through a language. According to Wellek and Warren states that the works of “literature portray life as reality. They also say literature looks like a real life portrait. It is an illustration of human lives because the literary works present the reality of human situations, problems, feelings, and relationship” (96). Literature can be a reflection of someone’s experiences in his or her daily life. Wellek also says literature is a creative working, an art contains imagination, and figurative language (3). Authors can create literary works based on their imagination creatively.

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  Wellek and Warren (227) state that most modern literary theory divides three main’s genre in literature. The first one is prose. Prose divides into types.

  They are fiction (short stories, fairy tales, folk tales, novels, poems) and non- fiction (short stories, reports, letters). The second is drama. The last one is poetry.

  I am interested in novel among several genres of literature above. Therefore, I decided to use a novel as the source of this study.

  According to Abrams, “novel is applied to a great variety of writings that have in common only the attribute of being extended works of fiction written in prose” (130). Chevally explains that novel is a fiction in prose of a certain extent and the extent over 50,000 words (3). Thus, novel is a fiction story which is written in a book form. It has a certain length, with characters, plots, time and place of action, and incidents. The story in novels is closely related to human life.

  Readers see experiences, problems, feelings, relationship, romance, characters’ development and the symbolic action that is intended as a dramatization of the book’s ideas, mood or state of the mind. Novel has six elements. Hudson (130- 131) states that the six elements are plot, characters, dialogue, time and place of action, style, and a stated or implied philosophy of life entering into the composition of any work of prose fiction, small or great, good or bad.

  In this study, I used one of Junichiro Tanizaki’s novels as the source. The title of the novel is The Makioka Sisters. It is the Japanese greatest post war novel. What is interesting about this novel is its theme, which is about a girl who lives in Osaka. She comes from an upper class family just before the war. She is

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  33 years old and is unmarried. Her name is Yukiko Makioka. In the end, she gets married in her 30s.

  The reason why this study chooses this novel is because in this novel, Tanizaki tried to tell the readers about Japanese women’s life and marriage in 1930s-1940s. As stated above, literature and novel are closely related to human life or human nature, and The Makioka Sisters also relates to women’s life.

  Therefore, I am very interested in knowing the realities, problems, feelings, and relationship in that novel. After I read that novel, I could see one problem which Tanizaki wanted to tell to the readers, which is about Japanese women’s marriage.

  In 1930s-1940s, the average age for marriage was very important for girls.

  th

  According to Encyclopedia of Contemporary Japanese Culture, in the early 19 century, girls were often married by the age of sixteen (9). Japanese society still thought negatively about a girl who was 30 years old and still unmarried was sort of a taboo. It made the family tried to arrange for marriage (omiai). Yukiko Makioka’s family also tries to find a husband for Yukiko.

  In the same way, Yukiko Makioka’s family must have motivations in finding a husband for Yukiko Makioka. Therefore, I am interested in analyzing the motivations of Yukiko Makioka’s family to find a husband for Yukiko Makioka. Before analyzing the motivations, I also analyze Yukiko Makioka’s character. It helps me to know her behavior that makes her family to help her in finding a husband. It is because motivations are causes or reasons underlying particular behaviors.

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  1.2 Problem Formulation

  Based on the background above, the questions are:

  1. How is Yukiko Makioka’s character described in the novel?

  2. What motivate Yukiko Makioka’s family to find a husband for Yukiko?

  1.3 Objectives of the Study

  This study aims to answer the questions in the problem formulation. The first one is to describe Yukiko Makioka’s character. The second one is to find out the motivations of Yukiko Makioka’s family in finding a husband for Yukiko. These two objectives are related to each other. The first one is used to answer the second one.

  1.4 Benefits of the Study

  This study has the benefits for the readers and students of English Education Study Program. By reading this study, they may know about Japanese marriage motivation in 1930s-1940s. This study also gives a good contribution for the readers and students of English Education Study Program who want to analyze Asian novels, especially Junichiro Tanizaki’s The Makioka Sisters, because they can enrich their knowledge about Japanese women’s life, Japanese culture, customs, and society in 1930s-1940s.

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1.5 Definition of Terms

  According to Huffman, Vernoy and Vernoy, motivation “refers to factors within an individual, such as needs, desires, and interests that activate, maintain, and direct behavior toward a goal”. This indicates that the way a person did some behaviors is guided by some purpose and that it leads to a goal or the satisfaction of some need (392). Thus, in this novel, motivation is factors (needs, desires, and interests) of an individual that activate, maintain, and direct behavior reach a goal.

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CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE This chapter consists of two parts. Those are review of related theories and

  theoretical framework. In the review of related theories, I discuss The Theory of Critical Approaches, Theory of Character, Theory of Characterization, Theory of Psychology, Theory of Motivation, and Reviews on Literature Marriage Motivation in Japan. The last part is theoretical framework which explains the theories used to analyze the novel.

2.1 Review of Related Theories

  In review of related theories, I discuss the theory of critical approaches, theory of character and characterization.

2.1.1 Theory of Critical Approaches

  Novel is one of literary works that give us a lot of knowledge and values that it implies. We have to broaden our knowledge so that we understand the novel deeper. To understand the values of the novel, the readers must know critical approaches. According to Mary Rohrberger and Samuel H. Woods, the purpose of a critical approach is “to put you in a position to receive some of the positive esthetic values, to provide the means whereby you can understand how literature is shaped and something of what it means” (3). They also state there are five critical approaches. They are formalist approach, biographical approach, sociocultural-historical approach, mythopoeic approach, and psychological

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  approach (6-15). In this study, I use the psychological approach. The Psychological Approach uses the theory of human psychology to understand characters in the story (14). Human psychology field is motivation, personality, behavior, emotion, and thought. Through the psychological approach, the character’s personality, motivation, behavior, emotion, and thought can be analyzed.

2.1.2 Theory of Character

  Character has an important role in the novel. By understanding the characters in the novel, the readers also understand the story, feeling, and events.

  In The Junichiro Tanizaki’s The Makika Sisters, I am interested in one of four characters as the main character to be analyzed in this study. In the novel, Junichiro Tanizaki describes Yukiko Makioka’s life clearly. By analyzing Yukiko Makioka’s character, I also get to analyze the motivations of Yukiko Makioka’s family in finding a husband for Yukiko. Therefore, some theories of character are used to give more understandings about what the character is.

  According to Abrams, “character is the person presented in dramatic or narrative works who are interpreted by the readers as being endowed by moral dispositional qualities that are expressed in what they say-the dialogue and what they do-the actions” (21). In the same way, Abrams says characters are the representative of human beings. Characters are presented not only from the narration of the author in his work but also from their and actions which the author shows.

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  While Blair says “character is a description of figures in the story. The description includes the description of professions, statements, dialogues, and thoughts. The purpose is to describe what the character is to the readers, such as his behavior and how he lies” (52-54).

  Milligan states that character can be determined into two terms. There is major and minor character. Major character is the most important character in the literary work because he or she plays the important role. He or she plays from the beginning until the end of the story. He or she often appears more than the other characters. In other word, a major character is the centre of the story. While minor characters are characters who plays less important role in the story. They just appear in certain setting and support the major character to develop the story (155).

  Another expert, such as Foster, defines two kinds of characters. The first type is a “flat” character. This character is formed in “a single idea or quantity”.

  The readers usually recognize this character without any difficulty. It is because a flat character does not have a complexity in the sense. The author also usually describes the flat character in a short explanation. The description of this character is not presented in details. It can be in a short sentence (21).

  The second type is a “round” character. This character is more complex in temperament and motivation. The readers do not easily recognize a round character because this character can change his or her personality. This character is unpredictable. Therefore, he or she is always surprising the readers. The round character is more or less the same as a person in real life (21).

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  Kenny also says that there are traits that influence the building the whole character. They are physical traits, psychological traits, and social traits. Physical traits are related to the physical appearance of the character, such as handsome, beautiful, thin, fat, tall, short, straight hair, etc. Psychological traits concern with the emotion, intellectuality, feeling, and motivation of the character. Social traits are related to the character’s role in society e.g. the relationship with groups or institutions that are recognized by society (32-34). Therefore, characters in this study are persons who are presented in the story.

2.1.3 Theory of Characterization

  The process by which the author reveals the personality of a character or the process of conveying information about characters in fiction is called characterization. By giving description of characterization of the characters in the novel, the author makes the readers to understand the characters. The author also creates different characterization between one character and other characters in the novel. As we know that all human in the world must have different characterization. To understand what characterization is, I give some definitions of characterization from some experts.

  According to Rohrberger and Woods, Jr. (21), characterization is the process of how authors make a character to exist. They also say that characterization can be described by using two principles. Two principles are direct principle and dramatic principle. Direct principle is used to draw physical appearances of the character, such as height, weight, color of slim or eyes, hair,

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  and others. Dramatic principle is used to put the character in certain situations so that the readers understand what he or she is, through his or her way on behaving or speaking.

  Abrams defines characterization as process for distinguishing the persons in a narrative. This process uses two techniques. They are showing and telling. In showing technique or the dramatic method, the author simply presents his or her characters talking and acting. In telling technique, the author intervenes and authoritatively in order to describe and to evaluate the motives and dispositional qualities of his or her characters (21).

  Barnet, Berman, and Burto divides three various points to understand the characteristic of a character in the literary work. The first is what the character says. The way of his or her speaking helps us to determine his or her feeling and emotion (71-72).

  The second is what the character does. It relates to the character’s action during the story. His or her reaction also reflects his or her personality. Sometimes he or she does not say in reacting in a certain moment but through the description of their body language by the author also helps us to understand the character well.

  The third is what the other characters say about the character. This method is based on the comments and opinions of other characters toward the character itself and the last is what other characters do that refers to their action toward the character help us to analyze the character.

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  Furthermore, Murphy states there are nine ways to get better understanding on the characteristics and personalities of the main character (161- 173). The first way is personal description. The author uses personal description to describe a character’s physical appearance of the character, such as face, body, skin, haircut, and clothes. By knowing the appearances of the character, the readers also can imagine the character well (161-162).

  The second way is character as seen by another. The author describes the character through the opinions of another (162).

  The third way is speech. The author gives the readers an insight of the character in the novel through what the character or the person says. When the character is in conversation with another, and he or she gives his or her opinion, he or she is giving the readers some clues to his personality (164).

  The fourth way is past life. Sometimes in a story of the novel, the plot jump to the past events and it also includes the past life of the character. It can be done by direct comment by the author, though the person’s thoughts, through his or her conversation or through the medium of another person (165).

  The fifth way is conversation with other characters. The author tries to describe a person’s character through conversation other people and the things they say about the character (166).

  The sixth way is reactions. The author tries to describe the character through how the character reacts to various situations and events. In this way, the readers see the quality of the character in dealing with any conflicts, problems, or situations arise (168).

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  The seventh way is direct comment. The author describes or comments about the character directly (170).

  The eighth way is thoughts. The author gives the readers direct knowledge of what a character is thinking about. It is very important for the readers to know the thought of the character in the novel because they understand the motives behind the actions of the character (171).

  The last way is mannerism. The author describes mannerisms and habits of the character in the novel. The author reveals the habits or the mannerism of the character positively or negatively (173).

  Through some definitions above, characterization in this study is a process to describe person in the story.

  2.1.4 The Theory of Psychology

  I need the psychological theory to analyze the motivations of Yukiko Makioka’s family in finding a husband for Yukiko Makioka, because this theory is suitable for this study. There is one theory that is used in this study. That is theory of motivation. This theory is related with the motivations of Yukiko Makioka’s family in finding a husband for her.

  2.1.5 Theory of Motivation

2.1.5.1 Definition of Motivation Every individual must have goals that want to be reached in his or her life.

  Those goals stimulate individuals to do certain thing and behave in a certain way.

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  Franken in states “motivation theorists start with the assumption that, for every behavior, there is a cause” (3). Murray says motivations theorists are concerned with the origins or causes of action. Therefore, they are also interested in why people do any number of things. Early motivation theorists also hypothesized that needs cause action. Needs gives people a push or nudge in a certain direction (27). Worchel and Shebilske state “psychologists have used the term motive to describe the condition that energizes and directs the behavior of organisms.” Therefore, motivation is defined as a reason why an organism acts in a certain way in certain time caused by some energy from the body which devices temporarily translate the capabilities into action (373). Some energy from the body is called desires.

  According to Huffman, Vernoy and Vernoy, motivation “refers to factors within an individual, such as needs, desires, and interests that activate, maintain, and direct behavior toward a goal”. This indicates that the way a person did some behaviors is guided by some purpose and that it leads to a goal or the satisfaction of some need (392).

  Murray says motivation distinguished from the other factors that also influence behavior, such as the past experience of a person, the physical capabilities, and the environmental situation in which a person finds himself (7). Abram also says that the ground in the characters’ temperament, desires, and moral nature for their speech and actions are called their motivation (23).

  Robert C. Beck says “motivation is broadly concerned with the contemporary determinants of choice (direction), persistence, and vigor of goal- directed behavior” (24). Therefore, when an organism has one or more behaviors

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  are equally possible and one of the behaviors is chosen, the organism persists in that behavior with more or less vigor until a goal becomes more dominant (24).

  Benjamin B. Lahey states motivation is “the internal state or condition that activates and gives direction to our thoughts, feelings, and actions” (360) According to Herbert L. Petri, motivation is “the concept we use when we describe the forces acting on or within an organism to initiate and direct behavior”

  (4). The concept of motivation is often used to indicate the direction of behavior.

  From the definitions of motivation above, motivation in this study is factors that can stimulate, maintain, and direct behavior on someone thoughts, feelings, and behaves to reach a goal. The factors that influence behavior are needs, desires, and interests, past experiences, physical capabilities and the environmental situation. The other factors that influence behavior are past experiences, physical capabilities, and the environmental situation.

2.1.5.2 Types of Motivation

  To analyze the motivations of Yukiko Makioka’s family in finding a husband for Yukiko deeper, we must also know about what the types of motivation are.

2.1.5.2.1 Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation

  According to Huffman, Vernoy, and Vernoy, two forms of motivation that affect achievement are intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation. Intrinsic motivation is “the desire to perform an act for its own sake; motivation is derived

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  from the satisfaction arising out of the behavior” (401). Extrinsic motivation is “the desire to perform an act because of external rewards or avoidance punishment” (401).

  Herbert L.Petri defines intrinsic motivation as “the value or pleasure associated with an activity as opposed to the goal toward which the activity is directed” (315). People can be motivated to do a task because their behavior itself is rewarding, not because an external reward. Extrinsic motivation emphasizes “the external goals toward which the activity is directed” (315). People motivate to do something because they want to get an external reward. Herbert L. Petri divides rewards into three types. They are extrinsic, intrinsic, and affective. Extrinsic reward consists of “some external object or situation that satisfies some expectation of the individual” (319). Intrinsic reward is “different, involving the feeling of competence one obtains when one successfully complete a task” (319). Affective reward involves “the positive emotional experience that one gains when a goal is reached” (319).

  According to Worchel and Shebilske, intrinsic motivation is “motivated behavior that derives from the enjoyment of performing the task rather than from an expected reward” (409). Intrinsic rewards are intellectual challenge or pride make us fell that we are in control (408). Extrinsic motivation is “motivated behavior that results from external factors, such as a promotion, or other type of reward” (409). This reward can control our behavior.

  Therefore, intrinsic motivation in this study is enjoyment or satisfaction to do something and not because external rewards. It is because the successful to do

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  something is the reward. While extrinsic motivation is the motivation is from external factors (a promotion or other type of reward) of individuals. The extrinsic reward consists of some external object or situation that satisfies some expectation of the individual and the intrinsic reward involves the feeling of competence one obtains when one successfully complete a task.

2.1.5.2.2 Human Motives

  According to David McClelland, there are four human motives. They are achievement motive, power motive, affiliative motive, and avoidance motive (224). Worchel and Shebilske state achievement motive is “motive to do things as rapidly and/or as well as possible” (406). McClelland in Robert A. Baron’s defines power motive is “the motive is in charge, to have status and prestige, and influence others” (394). Houston in Benjamin B. Lahey’s defines affiliative motive is “the need to be with other people and to have personal relationships” (368). Avoidance motive is “motives as efforts to avoid discomfort and to reduce strong stimulation, whether caused by hunger, thirst, pain, electric shock, conflict, or frustration” (374). This study only discuss about achievement motive since this motive is appropriate.