Uji Efek Antidiabetes Nanopartikel Daun Afrika (Vernonia Amygdalina Del.) Pada Mencit Jantan Yang Diinduksi Aloksan
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Anonim. (2012). Bahan Aktif Dari Tumbuhan Daun Afrika . Diakses tanggal 23
Juli 2012. http://deskripsipatenantimutagenik-vernonia.pdf
Anonim. (2013). Lab Analisis Bahan. Diakses tanggal 15 Maret 2014.
http:// physics.ipb.ac.id/2014/03/15/laboratoium.pdf.lab analisis bahan/
Adnyana, I.K., Yulinah, E., Andreanus, A., Kumolosasi, E., Iwo, M.I., Sigit, J.I.,
Suwendar, dan Endang, K. (2004). Uji Aktivitas Antidiabetes Ekstrak
Etanol Buah Mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia L.). Acta Pharmaceutica
Indonesia. 29(2): 45.
Anggraeni, N.D. (2008). Analisa SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) dalam
Pemantauan Proses Oksidasi Magnetite Menjadi Hematite. Seminar
Nasional ke-VII. Artikel. Hal. 52.
Atangwho, I.J., Ebong, P.E., Egbung, G.E., dan Obi, A.U. (2010). Extract of
Vernonia amygdalina Del. (African Bitter Leaf) Can Reverse Pancreatic
Cellular Lesion after Alloxan Damage in the Rat. Australian Journal of
Basic and Applied Science. 4(5): 711-716.
Buzea, C., Blandino, I.I.P., dan Robbie, K. (2007). Nanomaterials And Nanoparticles:
Sources and Toxicity. Biointerphases. 2(4): 17-172.
Ditjen POM. (1979). Farmakope Indonesia. Edisi Ketiga. Jakarta: Departemen
Kesehatan RI. Hal. 744.
Ditjen POM. (2000). Parameter Standar Umum Ekstrak Tumbuhan Obat. Jakarta:
Departemen Kesehatan RI. Hal. 1, 10-11.
Erasto, P., Grierson, D.S., dan Afolayan, A.J. (2008). Bioactive Sesquiterpene
Lactones from The Leaves of Vernonia amygdalina. Int. J. Environ. Res.
Public Health. 5(5): 342-348.
Filipponi, P., Gregorio, F., Cristallini, S., Ferrandina, C., Nicoletti, I., dan
Santeusanio, F. (2008). Selective impairment of pancreatic A cell
suppreession
by
glucose
during
acute
alloxan
–
induced
insulinopenia: in vitro study on isolated perfused rat pancreas.
Diakses
tanggal
18
Februari
2009.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3522213.
Ganong, W.F. (2005). Fungsi Endokrin Pangkreas dan Pengaturan Metabolisme
Karbohidrat dalam buku Ajar Fisiologi Kedokteran. Edisi 22. Jakarta:
Penerbit Buku Kedokteran ECG. Hal. 347.
40
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Ginting, R.A. (2012). Karakterisasi Simplisia dan Skrining Fitokimia Serta Uji
Antimutagenik Ekstrak Etanol Daun Afrika (Vernonia amygdalina
Delile) Pada Mencit Jantan Menggunakan Metode Mikronukleus. Skripsi.
Medan: Fakultas Farmasi USU.
Goldstein, B.J., dan Muller, W.D. (2008). Pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes.
Dalam Type 2 Diabetes Principle and Practice. Edisi 2. New York:
Informa Healthcare. Hal. 13–26.
Greco, R.S. (2002). Nanoscale Technology in Biological System. Florida: CRC
Press. Hal. 77.
Gustaviani, R. (2007). Diagnosis dan Klasifikasi Diabetes Mellitus. Buku Ajar
Ilmu Penyakit Dalam. Jilid 3. Edisi 4. Jakarta: Pusat Penerbitan
Departemen Ilmu Penyakit Dalam Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas
Indonesia. Hal. 1867.
Haskel, R. (2009). Nanotechnology in Drug Discovery And Development. Bristol:
Myers Squibb. Hal. 1-8.
Ibrahim, G., Abdurahman, E.M., dan Katayal, U.A. (2004). Pharmacognostic
Studies On The Leaves Of Vernonia amygdalina Del. (Asteraceae). Nig. J.
Nat. Orid. And Med. 08(1): 8-10.
Ijeh, I.I., dan Ejike, E.C. (2010). Current Perspectives on the Medical Potentials of
Vernonia amygdalina Del. Journal of Medical Plants Research. 57: 10511061.
Igile, G.O., Oleszek, W., Jurzysta, M., Burd, S., Fafunso, M., dan Fasanmade,
A.A. (1994). Flavoniods, from Vernonia amygdalina and Their
Antioxidant Activities. J Agric Food Chem. 42: 2445-2448.
Jain, P.K., Lee, K.S., dan El-Sayed, I.H. (2006). Calculated absorption and
scattering properties of gold nanoparticles of different size, shape, and
composition: applications in biological imaging and biomedicine. Journal
of Physical Chemistry B. 110: 7238–7248.
Lawrence, J.C. (2005). Insulin and Drugs Used in therapy of Diabetes Mellitus.
Human Pharmacology Molecular to Clinical. Edisi 4. Mosby: London.
Page: 523-539.
Misnadiarly. (2006). Diabetes Melitus Gangren, Ulcer, Infeksi, Mengenali gejala,
Menanggulangi, dan Mencegah komplikasi. Jakarta: Pustaka
Obor Populer. Hal. 138.
Mohanraj V.J., dan Chen Y. (2006). Nanoparticles-A review. J PharmaceutRes
5:561-573.
41
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Neal, M.J. (2005). At a Glance Farmakologi Medis. Edisi Ke-5. Jakarta: Penerbit
Erlangga. Hal. 70-71.
Nelson D.L., dan Michael M.C. (2004). Lehninger Principle of Biochemistry
Fourth Edition. New York: WH Freeman & Company.
Njan, A.A, Adza, B., Agaba, A.G., Byamgaba, D., Diaz, S., dan Bansberg, D.R.
(2008). The Analgesic and Antiplasmodial Activities and Toxicology of
Vernonia amygdalina. J. Med. Food. 11: 574-581.
Nwanjo, H.U., dan Nwokoro, E.A. (2004). Antidiabetic And Biochemical Effects
Of Aqueous Extract Of Vernonia amygdalina Leaf In Normoglycaemic
And Diabetic Rats. J. Innov. Life Sci. (7): 6-10.
Oyugi, D.A., Luo, X., Lee, K.S., Hill, B., dan Izevbigie, E.B. (2009). Activity
Markers of The Anti-Breast Carcinoma Cell Growth Fractions of Vernonia
amygdalina Extracts. Exp. Biol. Medicine. 234(4): 410-417.
Oguwike, F.N., Offor, C.C., Onubeze, D.P.M., dan Nwadioha. (2013). Evaluation
of Activities of Bitterleaf (Vernonia Amygdalina) Extract on Haemostatic
and Biochemical Profile of Induced Male Diabetic Albino Rats. Journal of
Dental and Medical Sciences. 2(11): 60-66.
Okolie, U.V., Okeke. C.E., Oli, J.M., dan Ehiemere, I.O. (2008). Hypoglycemic
Indices of Vernonia amygdalina on Postprandial Blood Glucose
Concentration of Healthy Humans. African Journal of Biotechnology.
7(24): 4581- 4585.
Powers. A.C. (2008). Diabetes Mellitus. Harrison’s Principles Of Internal
Medicine. Edisi Ketujuh Belas. New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies.
Inc. Hal. 2275-2297.
Prasetyorini, Zainal, A.E., dan Rofiqoh, S. (2011). Penerapan Teknologi
Nanopartikel Propolis Trigona Spp Asal Bogor Sebagai Antibakteri
Escherichia coli Secara In-Vitro. Jurnal Ekologia. 11(1): 36-43.
Rigalli, A., dan Di loreto,V. (2009). Eksperimental Surgical Models in The
Laboratory Rat. London: CRC Press. Hal. 110.
Robinson, T. (1995). Kandungan Organik Tumbuhan Tinggi. Penerjemah:
Kosasih Padmawinata. Bandung: Penerbit ITB. Hal. 191-193.
Setiawan, A. (2012). Uji Aktivitas Antidiabetes Ekstrak Etanol Daun Afrika
(Vernonia amygdalina Del.) Terhadap Tikus Jantan Galur Wistar. Skripsi.
Medan: Falkutas Farmasi USU.
Shadine, M. (2010). Mengenal Penyakit Hipertensi, Diabetes, Stroke dan
Serangan Jantung. Jakarta: Penerbit Keenbooks. Hal. 66-65.
42
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Soppimath, K.S., Aminabhavi, T.M., Kulkarni, A.R., dan Rudzinski, W.E. (2001).
Biodegradable Polymeric Nanoparticles As Drug Delivery Devices.
Journal of Controlled Release. 20: 1-20.
Stern, S.T., dan McNeil, S.E. (2008). Nanotechnology Safety Concerns Revisited.
Toxicological Sciences. 101(1): 4-21.
Suarsa, I.W., Putu, S., dan Ika, K. (2011). Optimasi Jenis Pelarut dalam Ekstraksi
Zat Warna Alam dari Batang Pisang Kepok (Musa paradiasiaca L.cv
kapok) dan Batang Pisang Susu (Musa paradiasiaca L.cv susu). Jurnal
Kimia 5(1): 74.
Suhardjono, D. (1995). Percobaan Hewan Laboratorium. Yogyakarta: Penerbit
Gajah Mada. University Press. Hal. 207.
Syamsuni, H.A. (2006). Ilmu Resep. Jakarta: EGC. Hal. 249-250, 270.
Szkudelski, T. (2001). The Mechanism of Alloxan and Streptozotocin Action in B
Cells of The Rat Pancreas. Physiological Research. 50: 536-546.
Tanquilut, N.C., Estasio, M.A.C., Torres, E.B., Rosario, J.C., dan Reyes, B.A.S.
(2009). Hypoglycemic Effect of Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers. on
Alloxan-induced Diabetik Mice. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research.
3(12). 1067.
Thomson, E.B. (1985). Drug Bioscreening-Fundamental of Drug Evaluation
Techniques in Pharmacology. New York: Graceway Publ. Co. Inc.
Triplitt, C.L., Reasner, C.A., dan Isley, W.L. (2008). Diabetes Mellitus. Edisi
Ketujuh. New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Hal. 1205, 1207,
1209, 1213.
Vijaykumar, N., Venkateswarlu, V., dan Raviraj, P. (2010). Development of Oral
Tablet Dosage Form Incorporating Drug Nanoparticles. Research Journal
of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences. 1(4): 952-955.
Vogel, G.H. (2008). Drug Discovery and Evaluation: Pharmacological Assays.
New York: Springer Verlag. Hal. 352.
Walde, S.S., Dohle, C., Schott-Ohly, P., dan Gleichmann, H. (2002). Molecular
Target Structures In Alloxan-Induced Diabetes In Mice. Journal of Life
Sciences. 71: 1681–1694.
World Health Organization. (2012). Diabetes. Diakses tanggal 20 Maret 2014.
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheet.
Winaryo, F.G., dan Fernandes, I.E. (2010). Nanoteknologi Bagi Industri Pangan
dan Kemasan. Bogor: M-Brio Press. Hal. 16.
43
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Yeap, K., Hoyong, W., Beh, K., Liang, S., Ky, H., Yousr, N., dan Alitheen, B.
(2010). Vernonia amygdalina, an Ethnoveterinary and Etnomedical Used
Green Vegetable with Multiple Bioactivity. Journal of Medicinal Plants
Research. 4(25): 2787-2812.
Yuniarti, T. (2008). Ensiklopedia Tanaman Obat Tradisional. Cetakan Pertama.
Yogyakarta: Media Presindo. Hal. 64.
Zastrow, V.M., dan Bourne, R.H. (2001). Reseptor dan Farmakodinamika Obat.
Farmakologi Dasar dan Klinik. Edisi I. Jakarta: Salemba Medika. Hal. 53.
44
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Anonim. (2012). Bahan Aktif Dari Tumbuhan Daun Afrika . Diakses tanggal 23
Juli 2012. http://deskripsipatenantimutagenik-vernonia.pdf
Anonim. (2013). Lab Analisis Bahan. Diakses tanggal 15 Maret 2014.
http:// physics.ipb.ac.id/2014/03/15/laboratoium.pdf.lab analisis bahan/
Adnyana, I.K., Yulinah, E., Andreanus, A., Kumolosasi, E., Iwo, M.I., Sigit, J.I.,
Suwendar, dan Endang, K. (2004). Uji Aktivitas Antidiabetes Ekstrak
Etanol Buah Mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia L.). Acta Pharmaceutica
Indonesia. 29(2): 45.
Anggraeni, N.D. (2008). Analisa SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) dalam
Pemantauan Proses Oksidasi Magnetite Menjadi Hematite. Seminar
Nasional ke-VII. Artikel. Hal. 52.
Atangwho, I.J., Ebong, P.E., Egbung, G.E., dan Obi, A.U. (2010). Extract of
Vernonia amygdalina Del. (African Bitter Leaf) Can Reverse Pancreatic
Cellular Lesion after Alloxan Damage in the Rat. Australian Journal of
Basic and Applied Science. 4(5): 711-716.
Buzea, C., Blandino, I.I.P., dan Robbie, K. (2007). Nanomaterials And Nanoparticles:
Sources and Toxicity. Biointerphases. 2(4): 17-172.
Ditjen POM. (1979). Farmakope Indonesia. Edisi Ketiga. Jakarta: Departemen
Kesehatan RI. Hal. 744.
Ditjen POM. (2000). Parameter Standar Umum Ekstrak Tumbuhan Obat. Jakarta:
Departemen Kesehatan RI. Hal. 1, 10-11.
Erasto, P., Grierson, D.S., dan Afolayan, A.J. (2008). Bioactive Sesquiterpene
Lactones from The Leaves of Vernonia amygdalina. Int. J. Environ. Res.
Public Health. 5(5): 342-348.
Filipponi, P., Gregorio, F., Cristallini, S., Ferrandina, C., Nicoletti, I., dan
Santeusanio, F. (2008). Selective impairment of pancreatic A cell
suppreession
by
glucose
during
acute
alloxan
–
induced
insulinopenia: in vitro study on isolated perfused rat pancreas.
Diakses
tanggal
18
Februari
2009.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3522213.
Ganong, W.F. (2005). Fungsi Endokrin Pangkreas dan Pengaturan Metabolisme
Karbohidrat dalam buku Ajar Fisiologi Kedokteran. Edisi 22. Jakarta:
Penerbit Buku Kedokteran ECG. Hal. 347.
40
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Ginting, R.A. (2012). Karakterisasi Simplisia dan Skrining Fitokimia Serta Uji
Antimutagenik Ekstrak Etanol Daun Afrika (Vernonia amygdalina
Delile) Pada Mencit Jantan Menggunakan Metode Mikronukleus. Skripsi.
Medan: Fakultas Farmasi USU.
Goldstein, B.J., dan Muller, W.D. (2008). Pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes.
Dalam Type 2 Diabetes Principle and Practice. Edisi 2. New York:
Informa Healthcare. Hal. 13–26.
Greco, R.S. (2002). Nanoscale Technology in Biological System. Florida: CRC
Press. Hal. 77.
Gustaviani, R. (2007). Diagnosis dan Klasifikasi Diabetes Mellitus. Buku Ajar
Ilmu Penyakit Dalam. Jilid 3. Edisi 4. Jakarta: Pusat Penerbitan
Departemen Ilmu Penyakit Dalam Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas
Indonesia. Hal. 1867.
Haskel, R. (2009). Nanotechnology in Drug Discovery And Development. Bristol:
Myers Squibb. Hal. 1-8.
Ibrahim, G., Abdurahman, E.M., dan Katayal, U.A. (2004). Pharmacognostic
Studies On The Leaves Of Vernonia amygdalina Del. (Asteraceae). Nig. J.
Nat. Orid. And Med. 08(1): 8-10.
Ijeh, I.I., dan Ejike, E.C. (2010). Current Perspectives on the Medical Potentials of
Vernonia amygdalina Del. Journal of Medical Plants Research. 57: 10511061.
Igile, G.O., Oleszek, W., Jurzysta, M., Burd, S., Fafunso, M., dan Fasanmade,
A.A. (1994). Flavoniods, from Vernonia amygdalina and Their
Antioxidant Activities. J Agric Food Chem. 42: 2445-2448.
Jain, P.K., Lee, K.S., dan El-Sayed, I.H. (2006). Calculated absorption and
scattering properties of gold nanoparticles of different size, shape, and
composition: applications in biological imaging and biomedicine. Journal
of Physical Chemistry B. 110: 7238–7248.
Lawrence, J.C. (2005). Insulin and Drugs Used in therapy of Diabetes Mellitus.
Human Pharmacology Molecular to Clinical. Edisi 4. Mosby: London.
Page: 523-539.
Misnadiarly. (2006). Diabetes Melitus Gangren, Ulcer, Infeksi, Mengenali gejala,
Menanggulangi, dan Mencegah komplikasi. Jakarta: Pustaka
Obor Populer. Hal. 138.
Mohanraj V.J., dan Chen Y. (2006). Nanoparticles-A review. J PharmaceutRes
5:561-573.
41
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Neal, M.J. (2005). At a Glance Farmakologi Medis. Edisi Ke-5. Jakarta: Penerbit
Erlangga. Hal. 70-71.
Nelson D.L., dan Michael M.C. (2004). Lehninger Principle of Biochemistry
Fourth Edition. New York: WH Freeman & Company.
Njan, A.A, Adza, B., Agaba, A.G., Byamgaba, D., Diaz, S., dan Bansberg, D.R.
(2008). The Analgesic and Antiplasmodial Activities and Toxicology of
Vernonia amygdalina. J. Med. Food. 11: 574-581.
Nwanjo, H.U., dan Nwokoro, E.A. (2004). Antidiabetic And Biochemical Effects
Of Aqueous Extract Of Vernonia amygdalina Leaf In Normoglycaemic
And Diabetic Rats. J. Innov. Life Sci. (7): 6-10.
Oyugi, D.A., Luo, X., Lee, K.S., Hill, B., dan Izevbigie, E.B. (2009). Activity
Markers of The Anti-Breast Carcinoma Cell Growth Fractions of Vernonia
amygdalina Extracts. Exp. Biol. Medicine. 234(4): 410-417.
Oguwike, F.N., Offor, C.C., Onubeze, D.P.M., dan Nwadioha. (2013). Evaluation
of Activities of Bitterleaf (Vernonia Amygdalina) Extract on Haemostatic
and Biochemical Profile of Induced Male Diabetic Albino Rats. Journal of
Dental and Medical Sciences. 2(11): 60-66.
Okolie, U.V., Okeke. C.E., Oli, J.M., dan Ehiemere, I.O. (2008). Hypoglycemic
Indices of Vernonia amygdalina on Postprandial Blood Glucose
Concentration of Healthy Humans. African Journal of Biotechnology.
7(24): 4581- 4585.
Powers. A.C. (2008). Diabetes Mellitus. Harrison’s Principles Of Internal
Medicine. Edisi Ketujuh Belas. New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies.
Inc. Hal. 2275-2297.
Prasetyorini, Zainal, A.E., dan Rofiqoh, S. (2011). Penerapan Teknologi
Nanopartikel Propolis Trigona Spp Asal Bogor Sebagai Antibakteri
Escherichia coli Secara In-Vitro. Jurnal Ekologia. 11(1): 36-43.
Rigalli, A., dan Di loreto,V. (2009). Eksperimental Surgical Models in The
Laboratory Rat. London: CRC Press. Hal. 110.
Robinson, T. (1995). Kandungan Organik Tumbuhan Tinggi. Penerjemah:
Kosasih Padmawinata. Bandung: Penerbit ITB. Hal. 191-193.
Setiawan, A. (2012). Uji Aktivitas Antidiabetes Ekstrak Etanol Daun Afrika
(Vernonia amygdalina Del.) Terhadap Tikus Jantan Galur Wistar. Skripsi.
Medan: Falkutas Farmasi USU.
Shadine, M. (2010). Mengenal Penyakit Hipertensi, Diabetes, Stroke dan
Serangan Jantung. Jakarta: Penerbit Keenbooks. Hal. 66-65.
42
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Soppimath, K.S., Aminabhavi, T.M., Kulkarni, A.R., dan Rudzinski, W.E. (2001).
Biodegradable Polymeric Nanoparticles As Drug Delivery Devices.
Journal of Controlled Release. 20: 1-20.
Stern, S.T., dan McNeil, S.E. (2008). Nanotechnology Safety Concerns Revisited.
Toxicological Sciences. 101(1): 4-21.
Suarsa, I.W., Putu, S., dan Ika, K. (2011). Optimasi Jenis Pelarut dalam Ekstraksi
Zat Warna Alam dari Batang Pisang Kepok (Musa paradiasiaca L.cv
kapok) dan Batang Pisang Susu (Musa paradiasiaca L.cv susu). Jurnal
Kimia 5(1): 74.
Suhardjono, D. (1995). Percobaan Hewan Laboratorium. Yogyakarta: Penerbit
Gajah Mada. University Press. Hal. 207.
Syamsuni, H.A. (2006). Ilmu Resep. Jakarta: EGC. Hal. 249-250, 270.
Szkudelski, T. (2001). The Mechanism of Alloxan and Streptozotocin Action in B
Cells of The Rat Pancreas. Physiological Research. 50: 536-546.
Tanquilut, N.C., Estasio, M.A.C., Torres, E.B., Rosario, J.C., dan Reyes, B.A.S.
(2009). Hypoglycemic Effect of Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers. on
Alloxan-induced Diabetik Mice. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research.
3(12). 1067.
Thomson, E.B. (1985). Drug Bioscreening-Fundamental of Drug Evaluation
Techniques in Pharmacology. New York: Graceway Publ. Co. Inc.
Triplitt, C.L., Reasner, C.A., dan Isley, W.L. (2008). Diabetes Mellitus. Edisi
Ketujuh. New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Hal. 1205, 1207,
1209, 1213.
Vijaykumar, N., Venkateswarlu, V., dan Raviraj, P. (2010). Development of Oral
Tablet Dosage Form Incorporating Drug Nanoparticles. Research Journal
of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences. 1(4): 952-955.
Vogel, G.H. (2008). Drug Discovery and Evaluation: Pharmacological Assays.
New York: Springer Verlag. Hal. 352.
Walde, S.S., Dohle, C., Schott-Ohly, P., dan Gleichmann, H. (2002). Molecular
Target Structures In Alloxan-Induced Diabetes In Mice. Journal of Life
Sciences. 71: 1681–1694.
World Health Organization. (2012). Diabetes. Diakses tanggal 20 Maret 2014.
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheet.
Winaryo, F.G., dan Fernandes, I.E. (2010). Nanoteknologi Bagi Industri Pangan
dan Kemasan. Bogor: M-Brio Press. Hal. 16.
43
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Yeap, K., Hoyong, W., Beh, K., Liang, S., Ky, H., Yousr, N., dan Alitheen, B.
(2010). Vernonia amygdalina, an Ethnoveterinary and Etnomedical Used
Green Vegetable with Multiple Bioactivity. Journal of Medicinal Plants
Research. 4(25): 2787-2812.
Yuniarti, T. (2008). Ensiklopedia Tanaman Obat Tradisional. Cetakan Pertama.
Yogyakarta: Media Presindo. Hal. 64.
Zastrow, V.M., dan Bourne, R.H. (2001). Reseptor dan Farmakodinamika Obat.
Farmakologi Dasar dan Klinik. Edisi I. Jakarta: Salemba Medika. Hal. 53.
44
Universitas Sumatera Utara