Code-mixing used by Indonesian marine affairs and fisheries Minister Susi Pudjiastuti as seen in Mata Najwa February 11, 2015.

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ABSTRACT

LEWI, DWI RATNASARI. Code-Mixing Used by Indonesian Marine Affairs and Fisheries Minister Susi Pudjiastuti As Seen in Mata Najwa February 11, 2015. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2016.

English is a world language that is learned and spoken internationally. In Indonesia, English is still a foreign language. However, some Indonesians master English and use English as the second language. The ability of speaking English enriches their communication skills and reveals bilingualism or multilingualism in the society. The fact is the ability of speaking more than one language allows people to mix the codes whenever they speak. The phenomenon of using two or more codes in the same sentence is called code mixing. Based on this background, this research aims to analyze the code mixing used by Indonesian Fishery Minister Susi Pudjiastuti as seen in Mata Najwa talk show February 11, 2015. Susi Pudjiastuti is the Marine and Fishery Affairs Minister of Indonesia since 2014. Though she just graduated from Junior High School, since she loves reading, Susi Pudjiastuti can speak English well and master English

There are two problems to be answered in this research. They are: (1) What types of code mixing are used by Susi Pudjiastuti as seen in Mata Najwa February 11, 2015; (2) What are the reasons of code mixing used by Susi Pudjiastuti as seen in Mata Najwa February 11, 2015. The objectives of this research are to identify the types and to identify the reason of code mixing used by Susi Pudjiastuti as seen in Mata Najwa February 11, 2015.

This research used the data taken from Mata Najwa talk show. T_{he writer} only listed the utterances spoken by Susi Pudjiastuti that contain code mixing. After finding all of data that contain code mixing, the writer categorized each of the code mixing based on the types of code mixing according to Kachru’s theory (1982) and the reasons of code mixing according to Hoffmann’s theory (1991).

The result of the research shows that there are 176 utterances that contain code mixing. The writer found that there are five types of code mixing that occurred in the utterances, namely unit Insertion (72.37%), sentence insertion (11.85%), unit hybridization (5.26%), idiom and collocation insertion (5.26%), and reduplication (5.26%). The writer also found the reasons of code mixing used by Susi Pudjiastuti as seen in Mata Najwa talk show February 11, 2015. From seven reasons stated by Hoffman, the writer only found four reasons that were observed in the utterances, namely talking about particular topic (69.73%), being emphatic about something (19.73%), quoting somebody else (5.27%), and repeating word used for clarification (5.27%).

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ABSTRAK

LEWI, DWI RATNASARI. Code-Mixing Used by Indonesian Marine Affairs and Fisheries Minister Susi Pudjiastuti As Seen in Mata Najwa February 11, 2015. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2016.

Bahasa Inggris merupakan bahasa global yang dipelajari dan digunakan dalam skala internasional. Di Indonesia, status bahasa Inggris merupakan bahasa asing. Walaupun demikian, ada sebagian masyarakat Indonesia yang menguasai bahasa Inggris dan mmenggunakannya sebagai bahasa kedua. Kemampuan berbicara bahsa Inggris memperkaya penguasaan bahasa seseorang dan menyebabkan bilingualism dan multilingualisne dalam masyarakat. Faktanya, kemampuan untuk menggunakan lebih dari satu bahasa memungkinkan seseorang untuk mencampurkan beberapa bahasa ketika berbicara. Fenomena penggunaan dua bahasa atau lebih secara bersamaan disebut campur code (code mixing). Berdasarkan latar belakang tersebut, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa campur kode yang digunakan oleh Susi Pudjiastuti dalam Mata Najwa talk show pada tanggal 11 Februari 2015. Susi Pudjiastuti merupakan Menteri Kelautan dan Perikanan Indonesia sejak 2014. Meskipun Susi Pudjiastuti merupakan lulusan Sekolah Menengah Pertama (SMP), karena kecintaanya membaca, Susi Pudjiastuti dapat menguasai dan berbicara bahasa inggris dengan baik.

Ada dua permasalahan yang harus dijawab dalam penelitian ini, yaitu: (1) Apa tipe campur kode yang digunalkan Susi Pudjiastuti dalam Mata Najwa talk show pada tanggal 11 Februari 2015?; (2) Apa alasan penggunaan campur kode oleh Susi Pudjiastuti dalam Mata Najwa talk show pada tanggal 11 Februari 2015? Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi tipe-tipe dan alasan penggunaan campur kode oleh Susi Pudjiastuti dalam Mata Najwa talk show pada tanggal 11 Februari 2015.

Penelitian ini menggunakan data yang diambil dari Mata Najwa talk show. Penulis hanya mengumpulkan data berupa ucapan-ucapan Susi Pudjiastuti yang memuat campur kode. Setelah mengumpulkan semua data yang memuat campur kode, penulis mengklasifikasikan data berdasarkan tipe menurut teori Kachru dan alasan penggunaan campur kode berdasarkan teori Hoffmann.

Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa ada 176 ucapan yang memuat campur kode. Penulis menemukan bahwa ada lima tipe campur kode yang digunakan, yakni penyisipan unit (72.37%), penyisipan kalimat (11.85%), hibridasi unit (5.26%), penyisipan idiom dan kolokasi (5.26%), dan reduplikasi (5.26%). Penulis juga menemukan alasan penggunaan campur kode oleh Susi Pudjiastuti dalam Mata Najwa talk show pada tanggal 11 Februari 2011. Dari tujuh alasan yang dikemukakan Hoffmann, penulis hanya menemukan empat alasan saja, yakni alasan membicarakan suatu topik (69.73%), rasa empati terhadap sesuatu (19.73%), mengutip pernyataan orang lain (5.27%), dan pengulangan kata yang digunakan untuk klarifikasi (5.27%).

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CODE-MIXING USED BY INDONESIAN MARINE AFFAIRS

AND FISHERIES MINISTER SUSI PUDJIASTUTI AS SEEN IN

MATA NAJWA FEBRUARY 11, 2015

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

In English Letters

DWI RATNASARI LEWI Student Number: 104214056

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA

2016

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CODE-MIXING USED BY INDONESIAN MARINE AFFAIRS

AND FISHERIES MINISTER SUSI PUDJIASTUTI AS SEEN IN

MATA NAJWA FEBRUARY 11, 2015

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

In English Letters

DWI RATNASARI LEWI Student Number: 104214056

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA

2016

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STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY

I certify that this undergraduate thesis contains no material which has been previously submitted for the award of any university, and that, to the best of my knowledge, this undergraduate thesis contains no material previously written by any other person except where due reference is made in the text of the undergraduate thesis.

Yogyakarta, July 21, 2016

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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS Yang bertandatangan dibawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma

Nama : Dwi Ratnasari Lewi Nomor Mahasiswa : 104214056

Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul

CODE-MIXING USED BY INDONESIAN MARINE AFFAIRS

AND FISHERIES MINISTER SUSI PUDJIASTUTI AS SEEN IN

MATA NAJWA FEBRUARY 11, 2015

Beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin kepada saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.

Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya. Dibuat di Yogyakarta

Pada tanggal, 25 Juli 2016

Yang menyatakan,

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vii

Just because you took longer than others,

doesn’t mean you failed

.

Anonymous

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viii

Dedicated to

My beloved Parents, Brothers,

and Friends,

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I would like to thank the Almighty God, Allah SWT for the blessing during the completion of this thesis, as a requirement to obtain the degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letter, Sanata Dharma University.

I sincerely thank and appreciate my advisor Anna Fitriati S.Pd.,M.Hum. for her guidance, advice, and support. I am so thankful for her patience and suggestion during my thesis writing. I would like to thank my co-advisor Dr. Fr. B. Alip, M.Pd., M.A for the correction and suggestion so that I could finally finish my thesis.

My greatest gratitude goes to my beloved parents, Lewi S.P. and Amin Munjaroah, for everlasting love, care, support, and prayer. Also, to my lovely brothers, Eko Diliyanto Lewi S.Kom. and Januar Tri Saputra Lewi, I would like to say thank their support and prayer for me.

I would like to thank all lecturers and staff of English Letters Department, B-10 Sasing, English Letters 2010, the members of UKM Mapasadha (whom I cannot mention one by one), Luisa Dian Arvina, Insan Jati Nirmala, and Dara Kurniawati, for their care and support. Special thanks go to Riki Riandy, Dona Windasari, and Jeanne Maria Pingkan Hapsari who always support me during the completion of this thesis.

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TABLE OF CONTENT

TITLE PAGE ... ii

APPROVAL PAGE ... iii

ACCEPTANCE PAGE ... iv

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH .... v

STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ... vi

MOTTO PAGE ... vii

DEDICATION PAGE ... viii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... x

ABSTRACT ... xii

ABSTRAK ... xiii

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION A. Background of the study ... 1

B. Problem Formulation ... 3

C. Objective of the Study ... 3

D. Definition of Term ... 4

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE A. Review of Related Studies ... 5

B. Review of Related Theories ... 7

1. Bilingualism ... 7

2. Code Mixing and Code Switching ... 8

3. Borrowing ... 10

4. Types of Code Mixing ... 12

a. Unit Insertion ... 12

b. Unit Hybridization ... 12

c. Sentence Insertion ... 13

d. Idiom and Collocation Insertion... 13

e. Reduplication ... 14

5. Reasons for Code Mixing ... 14

a. Talking about Particular Topic... 14

b. Quoting Somebody Else ... 15

c. Being Emphatic about Something ... 15

d. Repetition for Clarification ... 16

e. Express Group Identity ... 16

f. Interjection ... 17

g. Clarifying the Speech Content for the Interlocutor ... 18

C. Theoretical Framework ... 18

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY A. Object of the Study... 20

B. Approach of the Study ... 20

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1. Data Collection... 21

2. Data Analysis ... 22

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS A. The Types of Code Mixing ... 23

1. Unit Insertion ... 24

2. Unit Hybridization ... 31

3. Sentence Insertion ... 33

4. Idiom and Collocation Insertion... 34

5. Reduplication ... 35

B. The Reason of Using Code Mixing ... 36

1. Talking about Particular Topic... 36

2. Quoting Somebody Else ... 38

3. Being Emphatic about Something ... 40

4. Repetition for Clarification ... 41

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ... 43

BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 45

APPENDICES Appendix 1: Types of Code Mixing used by Susi Pudjiastuti as seen in Mata NajwaFebruary 11, 2015

...

Appendix 2: Reasons of Code Mixing used by Susi Pudjiastuti as seen in Mata NajwaFebruary 11, 2015 ... 62

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xii ABSTRACT

LEWI, DWI RATNASARI. Code Mixing Used by Indonesian Marine Affairs and Fisheries Minister Susi Pudjiastuti As Seen in Mata Najwa February 11, 2015. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2016.

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xiii ABSTRAK

LEWI, DWI RATNASARI. Code Mixing Used by Indonesian Marine Affairs and Fisheries Minister Susi Pudjiastuti As Seen in Mata Najwa February 11, 2015. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2016.

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1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study.

English is a world language that is learned and spoken internationally. English as a world language is not only characterized by the number of its native and second language speakers, but also its geographical distribution and in diplomatic relation. As stated by Albert C. Baugh and Thomas Cable in “A History of the English Language”:

The number of speakers who have acquired English as a second language with near native fluency is estimated to be between 350 and 400 million. If we add to first and second language speakers those who know enough English to use it more or less effectively as a foreign language, the estimates for the total number of speakers range between one and one and a half billion (2002: 5).

Though in Indonesia English is still a foreign language, some people master English and use English as the second language. Since people begin to aware of the importance of English, more people nowadays try to learn and introduce English to children earlier than several years ago. The ability of speaking English helps people to speak effectively with people around the worlds. As stated by Burton;

Language is fundamentally social – it’s one of the most important tools that human beings have to interact each other. Language not only communicates thought and ideas, it also communicates which part of society a person belongs to (Burton, 2012:152).

Indonesian people actually speak Indonesian as the national language and some of them also master their local language. The ability of

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speaking English enriches their language and reveals bilingualism and multilingualism in the society. Bilingualism in the individual results from a person’s contact with two (or more) languages. Multilingualism comes about when speakers of different languages are brought together within the same political entity(Hoffman, 1991:157).The fact is the ability of speaking more than one language not only reveals bilingualism and multilingualism, but also allows people to mix the codes whenever they speak. The phenomenon of using two or more codes in the same topic is called code mixing. As stated by Wardaugh, code mixing occurs when a conversant uses both languages together to the extent that they change from one language to the other in the course of a single utterance (Wardaugh, 1992:106). From the definition, it can be concluded that code mixing occurs to people who master more than one language and mix the codes in the conversations.

Code mixing is commonly found in bilingual and multilingual communities. Code mixing not only occurs in formal and non-formal speech but also in written texts such as magazines, tabloids, newspapers, and so on. In an informal conversation code mixing can occur quite frequently. As stated by Hoffmann:

Children tend to mix more if they are frequently exposed to mixed speech. And both children and adults appear to mix and switch more when they are in each other’s company than when talking to monolinguals – indeed, they may well have their reasons for such linguistic behavior, such as signaling group identity to outsiders or solidarity to other group members, or expressing a shared experience (Hoffman, 1991:95).

On the other hand, in a formal speech situation code mixing can occur less frequently because of the factors relating to prestige, language loyalty, and

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formality. Related to this study, code mixing becomes an interesting topic to be discussed because code mixing represents phenomenon of language in the society. This study is focused in the using of code mixing in a talk show as a semi-formal situation. Then, the data have been collected from the utterances included code mixing used by Indonesia’s Marine and Fishery Affairs Minister Susi Pudjiastuti as seen in Mata Najwa talk show.

B. Problem Formulation

1. What types of code mixing are used by Indonesia’s Marine and Fishery Affairs Minister Susi Pudjiastuti as seen in Mata Najwa February 11, 2015?

2. What are the reasons of code mixing used by Indonesia’s Marine and Fishery Affairs Minister Susi Pudjiastuti as seen in Mata Najwa February 11, 2015?

C. Objectives of the Study

This research has two objectives of the study. The first objective of the study is to identify the types of code mixing used by Indonesia’s Marine and Fishery Affairs Minister Susi Pudjiastuti as seen in Mata Najwa February 11, 2015. The second objective is to identify the reason of using of code mixing used by Indonesia’s Marine and Fishery Affairs Minister Susi Pudjiastuti as seen in Mata Najwa February 11, 2015.

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D. Definition of Terms

In order to support this study, there are some terms related to the topic: 1. Sociolinguistics is the study of the relationship between society and

language. (O’Grady 2010:485)

2. Code is a system used for communication between two or more parties (Wardaugh, 1992:103). According to Finch, code is human language. Code is basically a sign system, and using it to refer to language entails the recognition that words signs (Finch, 2000:209).

3. Code-mixing occurs when conversant uses both languages together to the extent that they change from one language to the other in the course of a single utterance (Wardaugh, 1992:106).

4. Mata Najwa is a semi-formal talk show aired on Metro TV. This program is hosted by a senior journalist, Najwa Shihab. Mata Najwa is one of best programs on Metro TV, which consistently presents the best topics and guests.

5. Susi Pudjiastuti is the Marine Affairs and Fisheries Minister of Indonesia since 2014. Before she became a minister, she has become a successful business woman in the fishery sector who started her business from zero. Though she just graduated from Junior High School, since she loves reading, Susi Pudjiastuti can speak English well and master English (https://m.tempo.co/read/news/2014/10/29/215617830/susi-doyan-baca-novel-supaya-fasih-bahasa-inggris).

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5 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

This chapter consists of three important parts: a review of related studies, review of related theories, and theoretical framework. A review of related studies discusses two previous studies which have similar topic with this research. Review of related theories consists of several theories applied in this research. The last part is theoretical framework which elaborates the theories to accomplish this research.

A. REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES

1. English – Indonesia Code-Mixing Used by Indonesian Twitter Users as Seen Through Their Tweets (Rinakit, 2012)

This undergraduate thesis discusses the code mixing used in Twitter. Rinakit sees that the ability of speaking more than one language in Indonesia influences not only in oral communication, but also in written communication. Twitter is one of popular media used for communication. As a tool of communication, the writer found that many Indonesian Twitter users do code

mixing in their tweets. Rinakit‟s study was to find out the types of code mixing and the possible reasons of using code mixing. She collected 100 tweets and concluded that there are five types of code mixing namely insertion, unit insertion, idiom and collocation insertion, unit hybridization, and reduplication. Besides, there are also seven possible reasons of using code mixing, showing habitual experience, talking about particular topic, showing mood of the speaker,

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emphasizing a point, quoting somebody else, being emphatic about something and

showing the speaker‟s desire to be well understood, and other reasons.

2. The Possible Reasons and the Readers‟ Opinion on a Code Switching Phenomenon in Cosmogirl Indonesia Magazine (Hastoro, 2010)

This undergraduate thesis discusses code switching in Cosmogirl Indonesia magazine. The writer sees that magazines have an important role as a media to receive information. In presenting information, there is a possibility to include code switching from another language, in this case English (2010:4). The phenomena of code switching in the magazine became the reason of the writer to

find out the possible reasons of using code switching and the readers‟ opinion

about code switching. The result of the study shows that there are seven reasons of using code switching, they are to show lack of facility, to show lack of register, to show mood of the speaker, to emphasize a point, to show habitual experience, to show identity with a group, and to attract attention. The writer also found that there are advantages and disadvantages on the use of code switching collected

from the readers‟ opinion. The advantage is to support the English language

development, while the disadvantage is to reduce the familiarity of certain words in Indonesian.

Actually, this present thesis has the same topic with the first previous study, which is to find out the types code mixing and possible reasons of using code mixing. The differences can be seen on the data and theories used the thesis.

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thesis used the utterances spoken by Indonesia‟s Marine and Fishery Affairs Minister Susi Pudjiastuti in Mata Najwa.

B. REVIEW OF RELATED THEORIES 1. Bilingualism

Bilingualism is the ability to speak two languages. According to Weinreich (1968: 1), the practice of alternately using two languages will be called bilingualism, and the person involved, bilingual (Hoffman, 1991: 15). Spolsky stated that the simplest definition of a bilingual is a person who has some functional abilities in a second language (2010: 45). Since there are many languages in the world, the ability to speak more than one language becomes a common phenomenon. As stated by Wardhaugh:

In many parts of the world it is just normal requirement of daily living that people speak several languages: perhaps one or more at home, another in the village, still another for purposes of trade, and yet another contact with the outside world of wider social or political organization (Wardhaugh, 1992: 98).

Dealing with the bilingualism, the ability to speak more than one language causes the mixing of languages in conversation. This phenomenon is known as code-mixing or the process of mixing two or more codes. However, code mixing and bilingualism are related to each other, as stated by Cantone:

Language mixing is said to occur when the bilingual as in a bilingual situation, hence when interacting with other bilinguals. In this situation, both languages will be fully activated and will therefore lead to language mixing, for example, code-switching, or borrowing (2007: 55).

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However, that statement is also proved by Hamers & Blanc that bilingualism refers equally to the state of a linguistic community in which two languages are in contact with the result that two codes can be used in the same interaction (1989:6).

2. Code Mixing and Code Switching

Code is particular dialect or language that a person chooses to use on any occasion, a system used for communication between two or more parties (Wardhaugh, 1992: 103). Code is a system of speech used to deliver the message from one speaker to other speaker(s). The use of code is related to the background of the speaker, the relation of the speaker to address and the situation.

Bilinguals can actually choose the code they want to use. This situation, then, allows people to shift from one code to another at the same time. The switches and mixes of code in conversation come up because of the ability to use more than one code. Wardaugh stated that people are usually required to select a particular code whenever they choose to speak, and they may also decide to switch from one code to another or to mix codes even within sometimes very short utterance (2010: 98).

Dealing with code switching and code mixing, people sometimes got confused with how to differentiate both of them. Code switching involves the alternate use of two languages or linguistics varieties within the same utterance or during the same conversation (Hoffman, 1991: 110). According to Wardhaugh, there are two kinds of code switching (or code mixing): situational and metaphorical.

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Situational code switching occurs when the language used change according to the situations in which the conversant find themselves: they speak one language in one situation and another in different one. No topic change is involved. When a change topic requires a change in the language used we have metaphorical code switching (Wardhaugh, 1992: 106). Redlinger and Park (1980: 339) wrote: language mixing refers to the combining of elements from two languages in a single utterance (Hoffman, 1991: 105). Those theories show that both of code mixing and code switching has the same concept. The use of code switching in a conversation sometimes requires the use of code mixing. This statement is also proved by Hoffman, switches occurring at the lexical level within a sentence (intra-sentential switches) are referred to as „code

-mixes‟ and „code-mixing‟ (1991: 104).

McLaughlin (1984) also emphasizes the distinction between mixing and switching by referring to code-switches as language changes occurring across phrase and sentence boundaries, whereas code-mixes take place within sentence and usually involve single lexical items (Hoffman, 1991: 110). According to Holmes, some people call the kind of rapid switching as code mixing, but he prefers the term metaphorical switching. Holmes on his book an Introduction to Sociolinguistics also stated:

Code mixing suggests the speaker is mixing codes indiscriminately or perhaps because of incompetence, whereas the switches are very well-motivated in relation to the symbolic or social meanings of the two codes (2001: 42).

According to Holmes, code mixing occurs because of the incompetence of the speaker or, because the speaker masters more than one language, the speaker mixes two or more codes randomly. Code switching occurs because the speaker

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requires good control of both codes. By switching two or more codes, the speaker conveys affective meaning as well as information.

As stated before, the phenomenon of code mixing is the result of bilingualism occurs in society. The ability to speak more than one language influences the way people to communicate to each other. The code that is used by the speaker depends on some factors, such as participant, topic, or place. Hoffman stated that:

In an informal speech conversation between people who are familiar with each other and have a shared educational ethnic and social-economic background, code switching can occur quite frequently. On the other hand, in a formal speech situation between persons who have little in common code-switches may be avoided because factors relating to prestige, language loyality and formality influence the language behavior in such a way as to concentrate the mind of the speaker on trying to approximate or keep to monolingual standards (1991: 113).

3. Borrowing

Code mixing is different with borrowing. According to Oxford Advanced

Learner’s Dictionary borrowing word or loan word is a word from another

language used in its original form (2010: 905). Borrowing contains a restricted set of expression and practically represents vocabulary and grammar of other language. As stated in Introduction to Bilingualism, Grosjean (1982) uses the term

“language borrowing” to refer to terms that have passed from one language to

another and have come to be used even by monolinguals (Hoffmann, 1991: 102). Here are some example given by Grosjean (1982: 308) to illustrate the difference between code mixing and borrowing:

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a. „ça m‟ étonnerait qu‟on ait code-switched autant que ça‟ b. „ça m‟ étonnerait qu‟on ait code-switché autant que ça‟

(Hoffmann, 1991: 111-112)

Both sentences have the same meaning; I can‟t believe that we code switched as

often as that. As stated in Introduction to Bilingualism, Grosjean stated that borrowing involves morphological adoption, while code switching (or code mixing does not (Hoffmann, 1991: 111). The first sentence contains code mixing because the word code-switched used the past participle of English language, while the second sentence contains borrowing because it is adapted from French.

To define whether it is code mixing or borrowing word, it depends on the main language used by the speaker. For example;

Aku membeli radio baru minggu lalu. (I bought a new radio last week.)

The example shows that it uses Indonesian as the main language. If the example is a written sentence, it does not contain code mixing because radio is an Indonesian word. Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia also proves that the word radio is an Indonesian word. Though the word radio is not classified as code mixing, it can be classified as a borrowing word which is borrowed from English. If the example is an utterance, it depends on how the speaker pronounced the word radio. If the speaker pronounced it as /ra·dio/, it means the speaker used Indonesian. If the speaker pronounced it as /ˈ reɪ dɪ əʊ/, it means the speaker mixed the utterance with English word. Though in English the word radio is a borrowing word, since

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the speaker used Indonesian as the main language, the word radio is classified as a code mixing.

4. Types of Code Mixing

This research uses five types of code mixing from Kachru‟s theory as seen

in The Bilingual’s Linguistics Repertoire. According to Kachru there are five

types of code mixing namely unit insertion, unit hybridization, sentence insertion, idiom and collocation insertion, and reduplication.

a. Unit Insertion

Unit insertion means the insertion of word, phrase, or dependent clause from different language in single utterance. Here are the examples of unit insertion taken from Redlinger and Park (1980: 340) and Pfaff (1979):

An English-German bilingual:

And the forggie‟s getting nass.

(And the forggie‟s getting wet.)

(Hoffman, 1991: 106) A Spanish-English bilingual:

Estaba training para pelear. (He was training to fight.)

(Wardaugh, 1992: 108) b. Unit Hybridization

As stated in Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary, hybrid means a something that is the product of mixing two or more different things (2010: 764). Unit hybridization means the mixing of two language in a single word, for

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example the mixing of a word from one language with suffix from another language as shown below:

Aku beli HP pavilion mx50, walau processor-nya Celeron 766 tapi spesifikasinya bagus.

(I bought HP pavilion mx50, eventhough the processor is Celeron 766, the specification is good.)

(Rinakit, 2012: 12)

This example contains the unit hybridization which the word “processor” is

combined with Indonesian suffix –nya. The example shows that the speaker mixes the English and Indonesian codes without the changing the meaning of the sentence.

c. Sentence Insertion

Sentence insertion means inserting the sentences from different language in the utterance. According to Kachru, it refers to an insertion of a sentence from another language into the language base of the discourse (1982: 39). Here is the example taken from Valdes Fallis (1982: 220):

A Spanish-English bilingual:

„I started going to like this. Y luego decia (and then he said), look at the

smoke coming out of my fingers.‟

(Hoffman, 1991: 111) d. Idiom and Collocation Insertion

Idiom is a group of words whose meaning is different from the meaning of the individual words (Hornby, 2010: 771). According to Brown and Attardo (2000: 30), collocation is the way that two or more words are associated, for

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examples “bread and butter, get away with murder, salt and pepper” (Rinakit,

2012: 13). There are examples of idiom and collocation insertion:

Kita harus menunggu at least satu jam lagi. (We have to wait at least an hour.)

Itu adalah the biggest mistake yang pernah ku lakukan. It was the biggest mistake I that ever did

e. Reduplication

Reduplication means repeating the word, phrase or sentence by using different code without changes the meaning. There is an example of reduplication in a sentence:

Thank you, terima kasih atas bantuannya. (Thank you, thank you for your helps.)

The italic word has the same meaning with the word terima kasih. The speaker mixes the languages by using the different word which has same meaning.

5. Reasons for Code Mixing

According to Hoffman (1991:115-116), there are several reasons of using code mixing that are described as follows:

a. Talking about Particular Topic

People prefer to talk about particular topic using language(s) they mastered. Sometimes, people switch the language because of the lack of

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competence; they cannot find an appropriate word in that language so they use another language to deliver the message. As stated by Hoffman:

Talking about particular topic may cause a switch, either because of lack of facility in the relevant register or because certain items trigger off various connotations which are linked to experiences in a particular language (1991:115).

Here is an example taken from Grosjean (1982): A French-English bilingual:

„Va chercher Marc (go and fetch Marc) and bribe him avec un chocolat chaud (with a hot chocholate) with cream on top.‟

(Hoffman, 1991: 111)

b. Quoting Somebody Else

In this case, code mixing is used to quote somebody else‟s statement.

People sometimes like to quote a famous expression or saying of some well-known figures. The quotation can be words, phrases, sentences or utterances. Here is the example of quotation taken from Calsamiglia and Tuson (1984:115):

An adult Spanish-Catalan bilingual:

„… y si dices “perdon” en castellano, se te vuelve la mujer y te dice:‟ („… and if you say “sorry” in Castilan Spanish, the lady turns to you and

says:‟)

„en catala‟ („in Catalan!‟)

(Hoffman, 1991: 112)

c. Being Emphatic about Something

In some cases, code mixing is used when the speaker wants to be emphatic about something or expressing something forcibly and clearly. People often intentionally or unintentionally use code mixing by switching from the one

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language to another language to be emphatic about something. Here is the example taken from Ibid (115):

A Spanish-Catalan bilingual:

„Hay cuatro sillas rotas y‟ („There are four brouken chair and‟)

Prou!‟ („that‟s enough!‟)

(Hoffman, 1991: 112) The italic word shows that the speaker switches the language to show the emphatic utterance. The speaker shows the strong expression to emphasize the important point of the sentence.

d. Repetition Used for Clarification

As stated in Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, repetition is the fact of doing or saying the same thing many times. (Hornby, 2010:1294) Repetition is

used to clarify someone‟s speech so the listener will be more understand the utterances. The example is taken from Silva-Corvalan (1989: 181):

An adult Spanish-English bilingual:

„Tenia zapatos blancos, un poco, they were off-white, you know.‟

(Hoffman, 1991: 112) e. Express Group Identity

Code mixing can also be used to express group identity and solidarity with such a group. In some cases, in order to be accepted in a particular group, speakers have to switch the language. Hewitt (1982) indicates that even members of majority groups (in this case, young whites in London) may switch (into Jamaican Creole) in order to be accepted by particular group (cited by Hoffman, 1991: 116).Hewitt

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stated that for the white boys, creole signifies toughness, street credibility and adolescent solidarity. Here the example given by Hewitt (1968: 94) which shows white working-class teenagers in south London mixes the languages by using London Jamaican Creole:

White boy: Oh Royston, ya goin‟ football on Saturday? Black boy: Mi na go football! Who for?

White boy: Check some gyal later. Black boy: Na. Mi wan check gyal now. White boy: Rasschlaht! Fink ya bent.

(Maybin, 2005: 24) f. Interjection

According to Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary, interjection means a

short sound, word or phrase spoken suddenly to express an emotion, such as Oh!, Look out!, Ow!, Oops! (Hornby, 2010:814). Here is the example of interjection taken from Silva-Corvalan (1989: 185):

An adult Spanish-American English speaker:

„...Oh! Ay! It was embarrasing! It was very nice, though, but I was

embarrased.‟

(Hoffman, 1991: 112)

From the example we can see that „Ay!‟ is an expression that has no grammatical

meaning in the sentence. Though interjection has no grammatical value, people use them quite often. It might be because interjections are kind of expression to convey surprise, to show a strong emotion, or to gain attention.

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g. Clarifying the Speech Content for the Interlocutor

In a conversation between two or more bilinguals, there must be a lot of code mixing occurred. The code mixing not only occurs in a conversation as a single word, idiom, or sentence, but also at phonological level. Hoffman gives an example of conversation when the speaker changes the pronunciation:

Cristina (4:0): (introducing her younger brother to a new friend of hers.)

„This is Pascal‟ [paskwal]

Friend: „What‟s his name?‟ (i.e she didn‟t catch it) Cristina: „Pascual!‟ [pəskwæɫ ]

Friend: „Oh…‟

(Hoffman, 1991: 112) On the example above, the first speaker changes Pascal into Spanish

pronunciation; the vowel sounds from [a] to „schwa‟ or [ə] and also [a] into [æ]. Hoffman explain that the consonants also change from initial unaspirated to aspirated [ph] and from non-velarized to velarized [ɫ ], to follow a more English pattern. (Hoffman, 1991: 112)

C. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

The Kachru‟s theory about the types of code mixing and Hoffman‟s theory

about the reason for code mixing are the basic understanding to the topic being discussed in this study. Those theories are needed to answer the problems of this study to find out the types and the reason of code mixing spoken by Indonesian Marine Affairs and Fisheries Minister Susi Pudjiastuti as seen in Mata Najwa February 11, 2015.

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In answering the first problem, the writer will use the Kachru‟s theory about the

types of code mixing. According to Kachru, there are five types of code mixing; they are unit insertion, unit hybridization, sentence insertion, idiom and collocation insertion, and reduplication. To answer the second problem, the writer

will use Hoffman‟s theory about the reason of using code mixing. According to

Hoffman, there are seven reasons of using code mixing; talking about particular topic, quoting somebody else, being emphatic about something, repeating words used for clarification, expressing solidarity, showing emphatic, and clarifying the speech content for the interlocutor.

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CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the methodology used in this research. The writer used certain methodology to conduct this study, and this chapter provides the object of the study, the approach of the study and the description of the procedures used in data collection and data analysis.

A. OBJECT OF THE STUDY

The object of this study are the utterances consist of code mixing. As mentioned previously, this study analyzed the use of code mixing in the utterances spoken by Indonesian Marine Affairs and Fisheries Minister Susi Pudjiastuti as seen in Mata Najwa February 11, 2015. By collecting all the utterances spoken by Susi Pudjiastuti consisting code mixing, the writer classified the data into the table to find the reasons of using code mixing and the types of code mixing.

B. APPROACH OF THE STUDY

In this research the writer used a sociolinguistics approach. The writer chose sociolinguistics approach because this approach is appropriate with the topic of the research. As mentioned previously, the topic of this research is about code mixing. Since code mixing is used in communication, the approach of this study belongs to sociolinguistics approach. Based on the statement given by Holmes, sociolinguistics is concerned with the relationship between language and the context in which it is used (2001:1). Sociolinguistics not only discusses

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language, but also discusses and learns it relation with the society or community. In other words, sociolinguistics is the study of the ways people use language in social interaction. As stated by Spolsky:

Sociolinguistics is the field that studies the relation between language and society, between the use of language and the social structures in which the users of language live. It is a field of study that assumes that human society is made up of many related patterns and behaviors, some of which are linguistics (2010:3).

Based on the explanation above, the writer used sociolinguistics approach because sociolinguistics is a study of language in society. Besides, code of language is one of linguistics scopes of studies. Dealing with this research, this approach supports the writer to answer the problems stated in problem formulation.

C. Method of the Study

This section consists of two parts, namely data collection and data analysis. Data collection explains how data are collected and organized, and data analysis presents the analysis of the data to reveal the answer for the problem formulation.

1. Data Collection

This study used the data taken from Mata Najwa talk show. There were some steps to do this research. The first step is the writer downloaded the video from youtube.com. Then, the writer made the transcript of the talks show. There were four speakers in the talks show, namely Najwa Shihab, Susi Pudjiastuti, Riza Damanik, and Captain Samson, but the writer only focused in Susi Pudjiastuti

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which means the writer only listed the utterances spoken by Susi Pudjiastuti that contain code mixing. The writer limited the data and chose only some appropriate data to be analyzed. Finally, After collecting the data, the writer divided the data into two tables, the first table was for the types of code mixing and the second table was for the reasons of code mixing.

2. Data Analysis

This part presents the analysis of the data. The writer categorized the collected data and made the descriptive analysis to check the result of the data collection. Firstly, data were classified into the types of code mixing and the reasons of code mixing. Then the writer summarized and explained the analysis about the type and the reasons of code mixingspoken by Susi Pudjiastuti based on the Kachru’s dan Hoffmann’s theory. On the next chapter, the writer provided some examples to represent the data. By categorizing each of the code mixing, the writer was able to answer questions stated in problem formulation. The sample data were used to describe each type and reason of code mixing.

To simplify the analysis of the data, the writer made the numbering of the data. The data were presented like A/DN-15, which means Appendix 1, Data Number 15, or B/DN-15, which means Appendix 2, Data Number 15. Appendix 1 presents the types of code mixing, while appendix 2 presents the reasons of code mixing.

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CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

This chapter discusses the results of the research. This chapter consists of two sections, namely the types of code mixing and the reasons of code mixing occurrence in the utterances used by Indonesian Marine Affairs and Fisheries Minister Susi Pudjiastuti in Mata Najwa February 11, 2015. By collecting the utterances, the writer finally found 76 data containing code mixing. Here, the writer will display some examples taken from the data to explain the types and reasons of code mixing.

I. THE TYPES OF CODE MIXING

In this research, the writer classified the data based on Kachru’s theory.

According to Kachru (1982), there are five types of code mixing, namely Unit Insertion, Unit Hybridization, Sentence Insertion, Idiom and Collocation Insertion, and Reduplication. Here are the data of the types of code mixing:

Type Number Percentage UI Unit Insertion 56 73.69% UH Unit Hybridization 4 5.26%

SI Sentence Insertion 9 11.85% IC Idiom and Collocation

Insertion 4 5.26%

R Reduplication 3 3.94%

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1. Unit Insertion

According to Kachru, unit insertion means the insertion of word, phrase, or dependent clause from different language in single utterance. In this research, the writer found that 56 data (73.69%) are unit insertion code mixing. These are some examples of unit insertion found in utterances spoken by Susi Pudjiastuti as seen in Mata Najwa talk show displayed in the following analysis.

a. Word

Based on the data finding, the writer has classified the data based on the part of speech (noun, verb, adjective, and adverb form). Here are some examples that contain unit insertion.

1.) Noun

After collecting the data of unit insertion, the writer has found 26 utterances that contain the noun insertion forms. In this part, the writer gives some examples that represent the data.

Data Number Utterance

A/DN-25 Di negeri ini yang ada adalah agent - agent, ada yang tertulis clear dan mengaku ini milik - milik saya, ada yang tidak, ada yang on the background.

A/DN-61 Ya, 12 jam itu juga banyak stakeholder yang demo - demo juga pada duduk diatas, tapi akhirnya semua diam juga sih, nggak rame.

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These examples show that the speaker mixed English language in the utterances. In the first example (A/DN-25), the word agent - agent means agents.

The reduplication occurs because of the influence of the speaker’s background. In

Indonesian, the plural noun is formed by reduplicating the noun, for example, murid - murid (students), while in English the plural noun is formed by adding –s or –es.

In the second example (A/DN-61), the speaker also uses the noun form stakeholder in the sentence as the subject. The sentence occurs when Susi

Pudjiastuti talked about the stakeholders who also attended Peoples’

Representative meeting. The word stakeholder is formed as singular, since the speaker add the word banyak (some) the meaning becomes plural.

2.) Verb

Verb is a word that expresses an action. Based on the data, the writer also found utterances that contain verb. Here are some examples to represent the data.

Data Number Utterance

A/DN-3 Kalau sampai tertangkap saya akan lakukan ini, dan itu sudah clear dengan mereka semua dan mereka juga ada yang bahas akan announce di negerinya, duta besar juga yang bilang akan educate nelayan - nelayannya.

A/DN-66 Saya selama ini tidak mendapatkan kesulitan dan saya pikir beliau orang yang giving orang yang dia percaya itu untuk execute sesuai dengan mau kita.

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The first data (A/DN-3) shows that the speaker mixed two codes by inserting the verb announce in the utterance. Announce is a verb which means an activity to tell people something officially, especially about decision, plans, etc (Hornby: 2010: 52). The same case can also be seen in the second data (A/DN-66), that the speaker inserted the verb execute. The word execute means to a piece of work, perform a duty, put a plan into action, etc (Hornby: 2010: 529).

3.) Adjective

By collecting the data based on the types of unit insertion, the writer found that there are 7 utterances that contain the adjective.

Data Number Utterance

A/DN-6 Ada surat anonymous ya, tapi kan bukan resmi. Kalau kita secara antar negara semestinya resmi. A/DN-28 Sampai hari ini semua firm, semua

confident karena kita sampai hari ini tidak ada yang telepon.

A/DN-29 Sampai hari ini semua firm, semua confident karena kita sampai hari ini tidak ada yang telepon.

In the first example (A/DN-6), the sentence means “There is anonymous letter, but it is not an official letter.” The word anonymous in this sentence shows an adjective form. The same form can also be seen in the other example where the writer used the words firm and confident as the adjective form. The sentence means “So far we are firm, we are confident because there is no complaint.”

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From the example, the speaker mixes two English words in a single utterance. And both of them are adjective forms.

4.) Adverb

Adverb is a word that adds more information about place, time, manner, cause or degree to a verb, an adjective, a phrase or another adverb (Hornby, 2010: 22). From the data, there are only 2 data that include adverb form. Both of them present in the following table:

Data Number Utterance

A/DN-49 Mereka jelas, si pelaku, ABK - ABK ini kan just ABK jadi mereka awak kapal saja.

A/DN-57 Mostly saya, kalau jawab hampir 50% saya.

Both data show that the speaker mixed two codes in a single utterance. The words just and mostly are adverbs that add more information about the word next to the adverb. Just means exactly. This adverb is used to emphasize they are exactly the crew. The word mostly is also an adverb form that means mainly or almost all. This adverb form is also used to show that almost all the messages were replied by the speaker.

b. Phrase

The writer also found that the speaker mixed phrases in the utterances. Phrase is a group of words without a finite verb, especially one of that forms part of a sentence (Hornby, 2010: 1139).

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1.) Noun Phrase

As stated in Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, noun phrase is a word

or group of words in a sentence that behaves in the same way as a noun, that is a subject, an object, a complement, or as the object of a preposition (2010: 1042). The writer chooses some examples to represent the data as seen in the table below.

Data Number Utterance

A/DN-6 Ada yang pakai katanya surat ijin begitu diperiksa ternyata surat ijinnya palsu, dan kebanyakan mereka ini memang seperti stateless boat, gitu aja.

A/DN-13 Juga program - program untuk beberapa peraturan menteri saya keluarkan, maksudnya untuk juga menjaga jangan sampe nanti illegal fishing ini sudah kita cracking down, sudah kita selesaikan, tapi banyak juga kapal - kapal trawl yang beroperasi dan menghabiskan sumber daya ini lagi. Kan sama aja bohong, gitu kan

The first example (A/DN-6), stateless boat is a noun phrase form. The word stateless is the adjective form which belongs to the head boatas the noun form. The same case can also be found in the next data (A/DN-13). Illegal fishing is a noun phrase that includes a noun fishing as the head and an adjective illegal. 2.) Adjective Phrase

An adjective phrase is a phrase whose head word is an adjective. From the data collected, the writer found that there is 1 datum that contain adjective phrase.

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Data Number Utterance

A/DN-5 Sebetulnya nelayan - nelayan ini hanya kru - kru saja, tapi pengusaha - pengusaha perikanannya terutama. Jadi, saya sudah sampaikan bahwa kita akan strict into our undang - undang untuk bisa kita laksanakan.

The datum (A/DN-5) shows that the speaker mixed the code by inserting a phrase strict into in the utterance. The utterance actually means I have informed that we will be strict into our law. According to the part of speech, Strict is an adjective and followed by the word into which is a prepositional. The word strict into became an adjective phrase which modifies the noun we.

3.) Verb Phrase

A verb phrase is a phrase that consists of a main verb and any auxiliaries. In other case, verb phrase can be combined with a noun or noun phrase that acts as subject to form a simple sentence. The writer found that there are 4 data (7.28%) that contain verb phrase. Some examples of verb phrase can be seen in the table below.

Data Number Utterance

A/DN-25 Saya nggak tahu itu recorded. A/DN-41 Yang kedua juga mereka kan tiap

hari tuh trained oleh hardwork ya, oleh kerjaan yang berat; nggulung jaring, angkat, junjung, jadi fisik mereka memang sangat keras.

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The first datum utterance (A/DN-25) shows that the speaker mixed the codes by inserting the word recorderedin the utterance. The word recordered is actually a verb phrase that has a function as a passive form. The utterance must be

I didn’t know that it was recorded. Because the speaker mixed the language, she omitted the beand only put the verb recorded. The same thing also can be seen on the second datum (A/DN-41). On the second datum, the speaker mixed the codes by inserting the word trained. The utterance must be They have trained by doing the hard work. The word trained actually follows the auxiliary verb have, so it is a verb phrase. Similar with the first datum, the speaker omitted the auxiliary verb and only put the verb trained.

4.) Prepositional Phrase

A prepositional phrase is a group of words consists of a preposition and an object of a preposition. There is only 1 datum that contains prepositional phrase and can be seen in the following table:

Data Number Utterance

A/DN-27 Di negeri ini yang ada adalah agent - agent, ada yang tertulis clear dan mengaku ini milik - milik saya, ada yang tidak, ada yang on the background.

On the datum above (A/DN-27), on the background is a prepositional phrase that functions as an adjective of the sentence. On is a preposition and the background is a noun phrase that functions as the object of the preposition. The

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speaker used the prepositional phrase on the background to explain something that was done illegally.

c. Phrasal Verb

According to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary phrasal verb is a verb combined with an adverb or a preposition, or sometimes both, to give a new meaning (2010: 1139). From the data collected the writer also found one datum that represents a phrasal verb form.

Data Number Utterance

A/DN-14 Juga program - program untuk beberapa peraturan menteri saya keluarkan, maksudnya untuk juga menjaga jangan sampe nanti illegal fishing ini sudah kita cracking down, sudah kita selesaikan, tapi banyak juga kapal-kapal trawl yang beroperasi dan menghabiskan sumber daya ini lagi. Kan sama aja bohong, gitu kan.

The datum utterance (A/DN-14) shows that the speaker inserted the phrasal verb cracking down in the utterance. According to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, cracking down is a phrasal verb which means an activity to try harder to prevent an illegal activity and deal more severely with those who are caught doing it (2010: 353).

2. Unit Hybridization

As stated in previous chapter, unit hybridization means the mixing of two languages in a single word, for example the mixing of a word from one language

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with suffix from another language. The writer found that there are 4 data (5.33%) that contain unit hybridization. Here are some examples to represent the data.

Data Number Utterance

A/DN-44 Tapi ada yang masih beroperasi dan itu hanya sekedar agent saja,

jadi seperti apa namanya..eee…

influence, dia menjual influence-nya untuk dapat ijin, untuk dapat apa, gitu.

On the first example (A/DN-5) the speaker mixed the word our and undang - undang in a single utterance. The word our is a possessive pronoun that must be followed by noun and, in this case, undang - undang is a noun form that means law. The unit hybridization caused the meaning change from law into our law.

The other example (A/DN-44) shows different case where the speaker mixed the word influence with the Indonesian suffix –nya. The word influence is a noun and the suffix –nya is inserted to show the possessive pronoun.

3. Sentence Insertion

Based on the data collected, it can be concluded that there are 9 utterances (11.85%) that include sentence insertion. The sentence must be formed, at least, of a subject and a verb.

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Data Number Utterance

A/DN-43 Jadi it’s a crime organization dimana mereka itu terputus kan, jadi ya kita bisannya ya kapal asing ini kita cuma tangkap, nggak bisa sampai ke yang punya. Karena kita tidak dapat data PT-nya apa disana, jalanPT-nya apa, pebisnisnya siapa.

A/DN-54 I’m happy, tapi kan juga yang penting kita mesti kerja

The first datum is a complex sentence that contains of independent and dependent clause. It’s a crime organization is an independent clause that is followed by a relative clause. Relative clause is one kind of dependent clause that

has a subject and verb, but can’t stand alone as a sentence. It is also called adjective clause because it functions like an adjective; it gives more information about a noun.

The second datum is a compound sentence. A compound sentence is a sentence that consists of two independent clauses joined by a conjunction or semicolon. I’m happy is an independent clause that is mixed with an independent clause using Indonesian and combined by the conjunction tapi or but. The different example can be seen in the following table.

Data Number Utterance

A/DN-42 Dan seperti yang tadi saya bilang, bahwa mereka, modus daripada organisasi - organisasi seperti ini walaupun itu sebetulnya it’s a

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business, tapi peran dalam organisasi struktural kriminal.

The example (A/DN-42) shows that the speaker mixed the utterance with English language by inserting a sentence in the middle of the utterance as the complement.

4. Idiom and Collocation Insertion

Based on the data collected, the writer found that there was no collocation spoken by the speaker. Since there was no collocation insertion, the writer only explains about idiom insertion case. Idiom is a group of word that cannot be understood from the meanings of its separate words but that has separate meaning of its own. Some examples of Idiom insertion can be seen in the table below:

Data Number Utterance

A/DN-10 At least saya sudah terima banyak sms dari Sorong, dari Morotai, dari beberapa pulau - pulau kecil itu

“terimakasih ibu sejak ibu

tenggelamkan kapal - kapal itu sekarang lautnya sepi tidak pernah lagi terlihat kotak terapung - apung

di tengah laut malam hari”,

katanya.

A/DN-73 So far, sekarang ini, that’s what I see.

In the first datum (A/DN-10), the utterance contains an idiom at least. At least is an idiom which means something to add positive comment about a negative situation. The same case also can be seen in the second datum

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(A/DN-73). The speaker inserted an idiom so far which means until now or up to this point (Hornby, 2010: 554).

5. Reduplication

Reduplication is the repetition of two codes that have same meaning. Based on the data collected, the writer found that there are 3 data (3.94%) include the reduplication. All of the data are displayed and explained as follows:

Data Number Utterance

A/DN-35 Kita tahun ini akan jadi, sampai akhir tahun itu, empat kapal yang besar, 60 meter-an panjangnya, itu akan kita jadikan standby, markas untuk pengawasan di daerah - daerah ujung-ujung perbatasan, gitu.

A/DN-36 Emm… saya ada baca beberapa buku - buku dan artikel dari banyak kasus-kasus kriminal di laut, gitu, ocean crimes, buku, juga banyak artikel - artikel Koran.

The word standby in the first example (A/DN-35) has the same meaning with markas which means a place that is available especially in emergencies. The word ocean crimes in the second example (A/DN-36) also has the same meaning with kasus - kasus kriminal di laut.

II. THE REASONS OF USING CODE MIXING

As mentioned previously, the writer used Hoffmann’s theory to analyze the

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namely talking about particular topic, quoting somebody else, being emphatic about something, repeating words used for clarification, expressing solidarity, showing interjection, and clarifying the speech content for the interlocutor. Here are the data of the reason of using code mixing:

Reason Number Percentage R1 Talking about particular topic 53 69.73% R2 Quoting somebody else 4 5.27% R3 Being emphatic about

something 15 19.73% R4 Repeating word used for

clarification 4 5.27% R5 Expressing solidarity - - R6 Showing interjection - - R7 Clarifying the speech content

for the interlocutor - -

Total 76 100%

The next section discusses each reason of code mixing. Some data will be displayed in the table as the example and followed by the explanations in order to give the more understandable concept.

1. Talking about Particular Topic

The first reason of using code mixing is talking about particular topic. As stated in previous chapter, when talking about particular topic, code mixing occurs either because of the lack of facility in the relevant register or because certain items trigger off various connotations which are linked to experiences in a particular language. In this case, the speaker is a bilingual who masters both Indonesian and English language. Therefore, the reason of using code mixing is

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not because of the lack of competence of the speaker. The code mixing occurred because the words, the terms, or the sentences indicated the certain topic.

After collecting all the data, the writer found that the most reason occurs is talking about particular topic. The writer found that there are 53 data (69.73%) which are using the first reason. Here, some data which indicates the first reason.

Data Number Utterance

B/DN-8 Ada yang pakai katanya surat ijin begitu diperiksa ternyata surat ijinnya palsu, dan kebanyakan mereka ini memang seperti stateless boat, gitu aja.

B/DN-33 Jadi authority di Thailand juga sering punya problem dengan nelayan - nelayan Thailand, Filipin juga sering punya problem dengan nelayan - nelayan dari…

B/DN-54 Ya mungkin kita akan usahakan membantu misalnya kalau mereka butuh kredit dari Perbankan kita bantu ke Perbankan nya supaya kasih grace period, seperti itu.

In the first datum (B/DN-8), the word stateless boat means a boat that is not officially belong to any country. The word is related with the topic discussed. Beside, the word stateless boat is also related to the sentence that talks about the finding boats which had no official license from the country they came from.

The second datum (B/DN-33), the speaker inserted the word authority in the

utterance. According to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, the word

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who have a particular area of responsibility in a country or region (Hornby, 2010: 87). In this sentence, the speaker related the word authority with the government of a country. The code mixing in the second datum is also related with the topic discussed by the speaker.

The last example taken from the data is the sentence that contains the word grace period as the code mixing (B/DN-54). The word grace period means extra time that is given to someone to pay a bill. The word is related to the topic that talks about the credit given by bank for the fisherman.

2. Quoting Somebody Else

The second reason of using code mixing is for quoting somebody else. As stated before, code mixing can be word, phrase, or sentence that is quoted from someone else statement. The writer found that there are four data (5.27%) which use the second reason. Some of the data are displayed and explained as follows:

Data Number Utterance

B/DN-3,4 Kalau sampai tertangkap saya akan lakukan ini. Dan itu sudah clear dengan mereka semua dan mereka juga ada yang bahas akan announce di negerinya, duta besar juga yang bilang akan educate nelayan - nelayannya.

B/DN-5,6 Sebetulnya nelayan - nelayan ini hanya kru-kru saja, tapi pengusaha - pengusaha perikanannya terutama. Jadi, saya sudah sampaikan bahwa kita akan strict into ourundang - undang untuk bisa kita laksanakan.

(54)

In the first datum (B/DN-3,4), the main idea of the utterance is about the meeting held by Susi Pudjiastuti with Ambassador from some countries. The meeting was held on November 4, 2014 and attended by six ambassadors. The speaker tried to show about the speech spoken by the Ambassadors that they will announce and educate the fisherman in their country. One of the ambassadors who attended the meeting and promised to educate the fishermen is Vietnam ambassador to Indonesia, Nguyen Xuan Thuy. As written in Tribunnews.com, Nguyen Xuan Thuy who was interviewed after the meeting said that he will educate the fishermen to decrease the number of illegal fishing in Indonesia (http:/m.tribunnnews.com/nasional/2014/11/04/Vietnam-janji-edukasi

nelayannya). The speaker translated almost the entire words of the sentence into Indonesian, but the words announce and educate.

In the second data (B/DN-5,6), the writer found that the speaker quoted her statement spoken in different time. The statement was spoken in the meeting held on November 4, 2014. The speaker changed the subject from saya or I into kita or we. The subject kita or we refers to the country. Therefore, from the utterance the speaker wanted to inform that she had announced other countries that Indonesia will strict into the law. In the second data the speaker also translated almost the entire words into Indonesian, but strict into our.

3. Being Emphatic about Something

According to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, emphatic statement is given with force to show that it is important (Hornby, 2010: 497). As mention previously, emphatic statement is also used when the speaker shows the strong

(55)

expression to emphasize the important point of the sentence. Based on the definition above, the writer found that there are 15 data (19.73%) that contain the third reason which is being emphatic about something.

Data Number Utterance

B/DN-44 Jadi it’s a crime organization dimana mereka itu terputus kan, jadi ya kita bisannya ya kapal asing ini kita cuma tangkap, nggak bisa sampai ke yang punya. Karena kita tidak dapat data PT-nya apa disana, jalanPT-nya apa, pebisnisnya siapa.

B/DN-48 Ya, ya, ada beberapa yang tentu tokoh masyarakat, ada yang bekas pejabat, dan pebisnis juga. So many things.

B/DN-55 I’m happy, tapi kan juga yang penting kita mesti kerja.

The first datum (B/DN-44) shows that the speaker inserted the sentence it’s a crime organization to show that the illegal fishing in Indonesia is done by a crime organization. A crime organization is an organization doing activities that involve breaking the law. By telling that it is a crime organization the speaker wanted to show the reason why it is hard to arrest the owner or the boss of the business.

In the second datum, the writer used so many things also to emphasize the point of the utterance. So manyt hings refers to people that stated in the previous utterance; tokoh masyarakat, bekas pejabat, dan pebisnis. The writer wanted to

(56)

stress the statement that there are many people in Indonesia also doing the illegal fishing.

The last example (B/DN-55) shows that by using English expression the speaker wanted to emphasize the point of the utterance. The speaker tried to show her feeling by telling I’m happy. She tried to explain to the host that she is happy with the result of the survey done by Populi, but the more important thing is she still has to work.

4. Repetition used for clarification

As mentioned in the previous chapter, repetition is used to clarify

someone’s speech so the listener will be more able to understand the utterances. Repetition is also used to emphasize something that has already been said. From the data collected, the writer found four utterances (5.27%) which indicate the repetition. Some of the data are displayed and explained as follows:

Data Number Utterance

B/DN-36 Kita tahun ini akan jadi, sampai akhir tahun itu, empat kapal yang besar, 60 meter-an panjangnya, itu akan kita jadikan standby, markas untuk pengawasan di daerah-daerah ujung - ujung perbatasan, gitu.

B/DN-37 Emm… saya ad abaca beberapa buku - buku dan artikel dari banyak kasus - kasus kriminal di laut, gitu, ocean crimes, buku, juga banyak artikel - artikel Koran. B/DN-42 Yang kedua juga mereka kan tiap

hari tuh trained oleh hardwork ya, oleh kerjaan yang berat; nggulung

(57)

jaring, angkat, junjung, jadi fisik mereka memang sangat keras.

The word standby in the first datum (B/DN-36) means a standby place or a place that can always be used if needed or if there is an emergency. That word has the same meaning with the word markas as an Indonesian term.

The second datum (B/DN-37) also shows the repetition that is done by the speaker in her utterance. The speaker used the word ocean crimes that has the same meaning with kasus - kasus kriminal di laut. Ocean crimes mean criminal activities that are done in ocean, for example illegal fishing. In the beginning of the utterance the speaker actually had been mentioned the Indonesian term kasus-kasus criminal di laut, but then she repeated by using English term ocean crimes. In the third datum (B//DN-42) the speaker inserted the word hard work which means use more time or energy on a task than is necessary (Hornby, 2010: 707). The word hard work was repeated by using an Indonesian term kerjaan yang berat. The writer even added some examples of the hard works such as menggulung jaring, mengangkat and menjunjung.

(1)

UTTERANCE

REASON OF USING CODE MIXING

R1 R2 R3 R4

B/DN-35 Jadi authority di Thailand juga sering punya problem dengan nelayan-nelayan Thailand, Filipin juga sering punya problem dengan nelayan-nelayan dari…  B/DN-36 Kita tahun ini akan jadi, sampai akhir tahun itu, empat kapal yang besar, 60

meter-an panjangnya, itu akan kita jadikan standby, markas untuk pengawasan

di daerah-daerah ujung-ujung perbatasan, gitu. 

B/DN-37 Emm… saya ad abaca beberapa buku-buku dan artikel dari banyak kasus-kasus

kriminal di laut, gitu, ocean crimes, buku, juga banyak artikel-artikel Koran.  B/DN-38 Banyak pelaut-pelaut ini adalah bekas-bekas residivis. Jadi mereka itu people

yang sudah di age yang memang sangat tough. 

B/DN-39 Banyak pelaut-pelaut ini adalah bekas-bekas residivis. Jadi mereka itu people

yang sudah di age yang memang sangat tough. 

B/DN-40 Banyak pelaut-pelaut ini adalah bekas-bekas residivis. Jadi mereka itu people

yang sudah di age yang memang sangat tough. 

B/DN-41 Yang kedua juga mereka kan tiap hari tuh trained oleh hardwork ya, oleh kerjaan yang berat; nggulung jaring, angkat, junjung, jadi fisik mereka memang

(2)

B/DN-42 Yang kedua juga mereka kan tiap hari tuh trained oleh hardwork ya, oleh kerjaan yang berat; nggulung jaring, angkat, junjung, jadi fisik mereka memang

sangat keras. 

B/DN-43 Dan seperti yang tadi saya bilang, bahwa mereka modus daripada organisasi-organisasi seperti ini walaupun itu sebetulnya it’s a business, tapi peran dalam

organisasi struktural kriminal. 

B/DN-44 Jadi it’s a crime organization dimana mereka itu terputus kan, jadi ya kita bisannya ya kapal asing ini kita cuma tangkap, nggak bisa sampai ke yang punya. Karena kita tidak dapat data PT-nya apa disana, jalannya apa, pebisnisnya siapa.

 B/DN-45 Tapi ada yang masih beroperasi dan itu hanya sekedar agent saja, jadi seperti

apa namanya.. eee… influence, dia menjual influence-nya untuk dapat ijin,

untuk dapat apa, gitu. 

B/DN-46 Tapi ada yang masih beroperasi dan itu hanya sekedar agent saja, jadi seperti apa namanya.. eee… influence, dia menjual influence-nya untuk dapat ijin,

untuk dapat apa, gitu. 

B/DN-47 Tapi ada yang masih beroperasi dan itu hanya sekedar agent saja, jadi seperti apa namanya.. eee… influence, dia menjual influence-nya untuk dapat ijin,

(3)

UTTERANCE

REASON OF USING CODE MIXING

R1 R2 R3 R4

B/DN-48 Ya, ya, ada beberapa yang tentu tokoh masyarakat, ada yang bekas pejabat, dan

pebisnis juga. So many things. 

B/DN-49 Tapi kan kita sedang verifikasi sedang investigasi, belum selesai semua kita beberapa kita sudah dapat ininya, tapi yang sulit adalah untuk menangkepnya karena inikan seperti white collar crime, yang di Indonesia-nya ya.  B/DN-50 Mereka jelas, si pelaku, ABK-ABK ini kan just ABK jadi mereka awak kapal

saja. 

B/DN-51 Sebetulnya sudah ada aturan Permen memperbolehkan cantrang itu sampai,

kalau tidak salah, 2011 itu hanya sampai 12 miles. 

B/DN-52 sibolga sebetulnya tidak mempebolehkan tapi sangat banyak kapal-kapal yang

memakai jaring trawl di Sibolga. 

B/DN-53 Tapi sebetulnya masyarakat di Tapanuli Tengah, Tapanuli Selatan, mereka keberatan dengan kapal-kapal trawl dari Sibolga ini.  B/DN-54 ya mungkin kita akan usahakan membantu misalnya kalau mereka butuh kredit

dari Perbankan kita bantu ke Perbankan nya supaya kasih grace period, seperti

itu. 

B/DN-55 I’m happy, tapi kan juga yang penting kita mesti kerja.

(4)

B/DN-56 Selain dari itu ya it’s not very important.

 B/DN-57 Kadang-kadang saya pikir ya, kadang-kadang banyak no-nya juga saya pikir

 B/DN-58 Mostly saya, kalau jawab hampir 50% saya.

 B/DN-59 50% saya bicara, Vika yang texting atau kadang-kadang ada…

 B/DN-60 Sebagai pengusaha saya kontrol semua sendiri mudah. Ini saya mau, saya

kerjakan, go, tidak usah tanya kenapa, jadi tidak terlalu banyak concern sama

tidak kepikir ada orang akan protes atau apa. 

B/DN-61 Sebagai pengusaha saya kontrol semua sendiri mudah. Ini saya mau, saya kerjakan, go, tidak usah tanya kenapa, jadi tidak terlalu banyak concern sama

tidak kepikir ada orang akan protes atau apa. 

B/DN-62 Ya, 12 jam itu juga banyak stakeholder yang demo-demo juga pada duduk

diatas, tapi akhirnya semua diam juga sih, nggak rame.  B/DN-63 Saya respect beliau, beliau juga saya pikir respect dengan pekerjaan saya.

 B/DN-64 Saya respect beliau, beliau juga saya pikir respect dengan pekerjaan saya.

(5)

UTTERANCE

REASON OF USING CODE MIXING

R1 R2 R3 R4

B/DN-65 Dan saya orang yang this is this, that is that.

 B/DN-66 Saya selama ini tidak mendapatkan kesulitan dan saya pikir beliau orang yang

giving orang yang dia percaya itu untuk execute sesuai dengan mau kita.  B/DN-67 Saya selama ini tidak mendapatkan kesulitan dan saya pikir beliau orang yang

giving orang yang dia percaya itu untuk execute sesuai dengan mau kita.  B/DN-68 Jadi dia berikan ini visi misi saya, you execute dengan cara you.

 B/DN-69 Jadi dia berikan ini visi misi saya, you execute dengan cara you.

 B/DN-70 Saya pikir itulah Dia menghargai professionalism kita dan sampai sejauh ini.

 B/DN-71 Jadi Dia (Jokowi) memberikan guidelines dan let the people do it.

 B/DN-72 Jadi Dia (Jokowi) memberikan guidelines dan let the people do it.

 B/DN-73 It takes so long and it takes so much dan saya pikir nanti pasti akan yang lebih

(6)

R1 R2 R3 R4 B/DN-74 So far, sekarang ini, that’s what I see.



B/DN-75 So far, sekarang ini, that’s what I see. _

B/DN-76 Sekarang ini ya seperti itu, belum terpikir untuk.. tapi I will do my best for even

two years. 

total

53 4 15 4

R1 : Talking about Particular Topic R2 : Quoting Someody Else

R3 : Being Emphatic bout Something R4 : Repeating Word used for Clarification

Code-mixing used by Indonesian marine affairs and fisheries Minister Susi Pudjiastuti as seen in Mata Najwa February 11, 2015.

CODE-MIXING USED BY INDONESIAN MARINE AFFAIRS

AND FISHERIES MINISTER SUSI PUDJIASTUTI AS SEEN IN

MATA NAJWA FEBRUARY 11, 2015

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA

2016

CODE-MIXING USED BY INDONESIAN MARINE AFFAIRS

AND FISHERIES MINISTER SUSI PUDJIASTUTI AS SEEN IN

MATA NAJWA FEBRUARY 11, 2015

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA

2016

CODE-MIXING USED BY INDONESIAN MARINE AFFAIRS

AND FISHERIES MINISTER SUSI PUDJIASTUTI AS SEEN IN

MATA NAJWA FEBRUARY 11, 2015

Just because you took longer than others,

doesn’t mean you failed

.

Anonymous

Dedicated to

My beloved Parents, Brothers,

and Friends,

...

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