ANALISA DAN PERANCANGAN PERANGKAT AJAR KEANEKARAGAMAN BUDAYA INDONESIA BERBASIS MULTIMEDIA DI SEKOLAH DASAR TARSISIUS II - Binus e-Thesis
ANALISA DAN PERANCANGAN PERANGKAT AJAR KEANEKARAGAMAN
BUDAYA INDONESIA BERBASIS MULTIMEDIA DI SEKOLAH DASAR
TARSISIUS II
Agus Wibowo, Enosta Tallega, Daniel Fersbeanto
Abstrak
Karena Indonesia memiliki keanekaragaman budaya, maka anak-anak pada umumnya merasa sulit untuk memahami persamaan dan perbedaannya. Skripsi ini bertujuan untuk merancang suatu perangkat ajar berbasis multimedia untuk mengajarkan pengetahuan tentang keanekaragaman budaya Indonesia kepada anak-anak, khususnya siswa-siswa sekolah dasar dari kelas III sampai kelas VI, supaya mereka lebih lebih mengenal dan tertarik dengan ragam budaya Indonesia. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam merancang perangkat ajar ini mencakup metode analisis dan perancangan. Dalam metode analisis, penulis melakukan wawancara dan menyebarkan kuesioner untuk mengetahui permasalahan yang dihadapi. Sedangkan dalam metode perancangan penulis menggunakan alat bantu perancangan terstruktur dan Interactive
Multimedia Software Design and Development untuk membuat rancangan perangkat ajar.
Hasil yang dicapai dari penelitian ini adalah data kesulitan yang dialami para siswa sekolah dasar dan kebutuhan perangkat ajar . Penelitian ini juga meliputi perancangan, pengkodean, perancangan implementasi dan evaluasi hasil dari perangkat ajar keanekaragaman budaya Indonesia. Perangkat ajar ini mencakup 5 topik yang menjadi elemen dari suatu kebudayaan daerah, yaitu tarian, senjata, pakaian, rumah adat dan alat musik. Pada perangkat ajar juga terdapat soal-soal latihan yang berkaitan dengan keanekaragaman budaya Indonesia, yang dimaksudkan untuk meningkatkan pemahaman siswa-siswa SD terhadap materi tentang kebudayaan Indonesia.
Kata kunci : Perangkat ajar, ragam budaya, multimedia.
DAFTAR ISI
Halaman Judul Luar Halaman Judul Dalam Surat Persetujuan Softcover................................................................................................ i Abstrak...............................................................................................................................ii Prakata...............................................................................................................................iii Daftar Isi.............................................................................................................................v Daftar Gambar....................................................................................................................x Daftar Tabel......................................................................................................................xv Daftar Lampiran.............................................................................................................xvii
BAB 1 PENDAHULUAN .................................................................................................. 1
1.1. Latar Belakang Masalah...................................................................................... 1
1.2. Ruang Lingkup.................................................................................................... 2
1.3. Tujuan dan Manfaat Penulisan............................................................................ 2
1.4. Metodologi .......................................................................................................... 3
1.5. Sistematika Penulisan ......................................................................................... 6
BAB 2 LANDASAN TEORI.............................................................................................. 7
2.1. Multimedia .......................................................................................................... 7
2.1.1. Pengertian Multimedia ................................................................................ 7
2.1.2. Elemen-Elemen Multimedia ....................................................................... 7
2.1.3. Aplikasi–Aplikasi Multimedia .................................................................. 12
2.1.4. Tujuan Penggunaan Multimedia ............................................................... 13
2.2. Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI) ............................................................... 14
2.2.1. Sejarah Perkembangan Perangkat Ajar..................................................... 14
2.2.2. Sejarah Perkembangan Komputer dalam Dunia Pendidikan .................... 15
2.2.3. Jenis-Jenis CAI ......................................................................................... 16
2.2.4. Manfaat CAI ............................................................................................. 17
2.3. Sistem Basis Data ( Database )......................................................................... 17
2.3.1. Pengertian Database dan Database Management System (DBMS) ......... 17
2.3.2. Daur Ulang Aplikasi Database ................................................................. 18
2.3.3. Arsitektur Database .................................................................................. 20
2.3.4. EntityRelationship Modeling (ERM) ........................................................ 21
2.4. Perancangan User Interface .............................................................................. 22
2.4.1. Interaksi Manusia dan Komputer .............................................................. 22
2.4.2. Delapan Aturan Emas ............................................................................... 23
2.5. Piranti Lunak..................................................................................................... 25
2.5.1. Pengertian Piranti Lunak........................................................................... 25
2.5.2 Pengertian Rekayasa Piranti Lunak .......................................................... 26
2.5.3. Model Rekayasa Piranti Lunak ................................................................. 27
2.6. Pemodelan Sistem ( System Modeling ) ............................................................ 30
2.6.1. Perancangan dan Pengembangan Sistem Multimedia Interaktif............... 30
2.6.2. Diagram Transisi ( State Transition Diagram ) ........................................ 33
2.7. Kebudayaan....................................................................................................... 34
2.7.1. Definisi Kebudayaan................................................................................. 34
BAB 3 ANALISA DAN PERANCANGAN SISTEM..................................................... 36
3.1. Latar Belakang Sekolah .................................................................................... 36
3.1.1. Struktur Sekolah........................................................................................ 37
3.2. Sistem yang Sedang Berjalan............................................................................ 38
3.3. Hasil Kuesioner, Wawancara dan Analisis Data............................................... 38
3.3.1. Hasil Kuesioner......................................................................................... 38
3.3.2. Hasil Wawancara ...................................................................................... 49
3.3.3. Analisis Data ............................................................................................. 51
3.3.4. Kelemahan / Masalah................................................................................ 53
3.3.5. Solusi / Pemecahan Masalah..................................................................... 53
3.4. Struktur Menu ................................................................................................... 54
3.4.1. Struktur Menu Client ................................................................................ 54
3.4.2. Struktur Menu Admin................................................................................ 59
3.5. Struktur State Transition Diagram (STD) ........................................................ 63
3.5.1. Struktur STD Client .................................................................................. 63
3.5.2. Struktur STD Administrator...................................................................... 70
3.6. Struktur Perancangan Layar.............................................................................. 80
3.6.1. Struktur Perancangan Layar User ............................................................. 80
3.6.2. Stuktur Perancangan Layar Admin............................................................ 91
3.7. Struktur Database ........................................................................................... 100
3.7.1. Tabel Propinsi (T_Propinsi).................................................................... 100
3.7.2. Tabel Tarian (T_Tarian).......................................................................... 101
3.7.3. Tabel Senjata (T_Senjata) ....................................................................... 101
3.7.4. Tabel Alat Musik (T_Alat)...................................................................... 102
3.7.5. Tabel Rumah (T_Rumah) ....................................................................... 102
3.7.6. Tabel Pakaian (T_Pakaian) ..................................................................... 102
3.7.7. Tabel Administrator (T_Admin) ............................................................. 103
3.7.8. Tabel Soal (T_Soal) ................................................................................ 103
3.8. Spesifikasi Modul ........................................................................................... 104
3.8.1. Spesifikasi modul User ........................................................................... 104
3.8.2. Spesifikasi Modul Admin ....................................................................... 108
BAB 4 IMPLEMENTASI DAN EVALUASI ................................................................ 121
4.1. Implementasi Sistem Perangkat Ajar .............................................................. 121
4.2. Instalasi ........................................................................................................... 121
4.3. Cara Pemakaian............................................................................................... 126
4.3.1. Tampilan Layar Menu dan Cara Pengoperasiannya ............................... 126
4.3.2. Tampilan Layar Administrator dan Cara Pengoperasiannya .................. 141
4.4. Evaluasi ........................................................................................................... 148
4.4.1. Evaluasi Terhadap Sisi Pengguna ........................................................... 148
4.4.2. Evaluasi Terhadap Sisi Interaksi Manusia Komputer............................. 154
4.4.3. Evaluasi Terhadap Sisi Manfaat.............................................................. 156
BAB 5 KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN .......................................................................... 157
5.1. Kesimpulan ..................................................................................................... 157
5.2. Saran................................................................................................................ 157 DAFTAR PUSTAKA ..................................................................................................... 159 DAFTAR RIWAYAT HIDUP........................................................................................ 161 LAMPIRAN
DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 1.1Daur Perancangan dan Pengembangan Sistem Multimedia Interaktif Dastbaz...............................................................................................................................5
Gambar 2.1
Tahapan dalam Daur Hidup Aplikasi Database..........................................18
Gambar 2.2
Siklus Klasik Rekayasa Piranti Lunak, Pressman ( 2001, p28-30 ) .. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Gambar 2.3
Linear Sequential Model, Pressman ( 2001, p29).......................................27
Gambar 2.4
Model Prototyping.....................................................................................29
Gambar 2.5
Model Spiral ..............................................................................................30
Gambar 2.6
Daur Perancangan dan Pengembangan Sistem Multimedia Interaktif Dastbaz.............................................................................................................................31
Gambar 2.7
Simbol State................................................................................................33
Gambar 2.8
Simbol Transition State .............................................................................34
Gambar 2.9
Contoh STD Sederhana ..............................................................................34
Gambar 3.1
Struktur Organisasi SD Tarsisius II Tahun Pelajaran 2004/2005...............37
Gambar 3.2
Diagram Kategori Responden.....................................................................39
Gambar 3.3
Diagram Perbandingan Minat Responden terhadap Elemen Mata Pelajaran
IPS ....................................................................................................................................40
Gambar 3.4
Diagram Tingkat Kesulitan Responden terhadap Pelajaran Kebudayaan Indonesia ..........................................................................................................................42
Gambar 3.5
Diagram Pendapat Responden Mengenai Buku yang Dipakai...................43
Gambar 3.6
Diagram Minat Responden terhadap Unsur Kebudayaan Indonesia..........44
Gambar 3.7
Gambar 3.8
Struktur STD Peta Indonesia dan Informasi Kebudayaan........................68
Gambar 3.21
Struktur STD Belajar dan Menu Belajar ..................................................66
Gambar 3.22
Struktur STD Keluar dan Selesai..............................................................67
Gambar 3.23
Struktur STD Mengenal Budaya dan Peta Indonesia ...............................67
Gambar 3.24
Struktur STD Latihan dan Sub Menu Latihan..........................................68
Gambar 3.25
Gambar 3.26
Gambar 3.20
Struktur STD Informasi Kebudayaan .......................................................69
Gambar 3.27
Struktur STD Soal dan Sub Menu Soal ....................................................69
Gambar 3.28
Struktur STD Bermain dan Sub Menu Bermain.......................................70
Gambar 3.29
Struktur STD Admin .................................................................................71
Gambar 3.30
Struktur STD Login dan Keluar................................................................71
Struktur STD Bantu dan Sub Menu Bantu ...............................................65
Struktur STD Intro dan Menu Utama .......................................................65
Diagram Penggunaan Komputer.................................................................47
Struktur Menu Mengenal Budaya.............................................................57
Gambar 3.9
Diagram Minat Responden terhadap Unsur Multimedia............................48
Gambar 3.10
Struktur Menu Client ................................................................................55
Gambar 3.11
Struktur Menu Utama ...............................................................................56
Gambar 3.12
Struktur Menu Belajar ..............................................................................56
Gambar 3.13
Gambar 3.14
Gambar 3.19
Struktur Menu Admin ...............................................................................59
Gambar 3.15
Struktur Menu Utama Admin....................................................................60
Gambar 3.16
Struktur Menu File ...................................................................................60
Gambar 3.17
Struktur Menu Database ..........................................................................61
Gambar 3.18
Struktur STD Client..................................................................................64
Gambar 3.31
Gambar 3.32
Diagram Perancangan Layar Menu Senjata Daerah.................................88
Gambar 3.45
Diagram Perancangan Layar Menu Informasi Propinsi ...........................84
Gambar 3.46
Diagram Perancangan Layar Menu Pakaian Daerah ................................85
Gambar 3.47
Diagram Perancangan Layar Menu Tarian Daerah ..................................86
Gambar 3.48
Diagram Perancangan Layar Menu Rumah Adat.....................................87
Gambar 3.49
Gambar 3.50
Gambar 3.44
Diagram Perancangan Layar Menu Alat Musik .......................................89
Gambar 3.51
Diagram Perancangan Layar Menu Latihan Soal.....................................90
Gambar 3.52
Diagram Perancangan Layar Menu Bermain ...........................................90
Gambar 3.53
Diagram Perancangan Layar Menu Login................................................92
Gambar 3.54
Diagram Perancangan Layar Menu Utama...............................................92
Diagram Perancangan Layar Menu Latihan .............................................83
Diagram Perancangan Layar Menu Mengenal Budaya ............................82
STD Menu File dan Keluar ......................................................................72
Struktur STD Database Pakaian Adat......................................................77
Gambar 3.33
Struktur STD Database Propinsi ..............................................................73
Gambar 3.34
Struktur STD Database Tarian.................................................................74
Gambar 3.35
Struktur STD Database Rumah Adat .......................................................75
Gambar 3.36
Struktur STD Database Alat Musik .........................................................76
Gambar 3.37
Gambar 3.38
Gambar 3.43
Struktur STD Database Senjata................................................................78
Gambar 3.39
Struktur STD Database Soal ....................................................................79
Gambar 3.40
Struktur STD Database Admin.................................................................80
Gambar 3.41
Diagram Perancangan Layar Menu Utama...............................................81
Gambar 3.42
Diagram Perancangan Layar Menu Belajar..............................................81
Gambar 3.55
Gambar 3.56
Diagram Perancangan Layar Menu Database Tarian ..............................94
Gambar 3.57
Diagram Perancangan Layar Menu Database Rumah Adat.....................95
Gambar 3.58
Diagram Perancangan Layar Menu Database Alat Musik.......................96
Gambar 3.59
Diagram Perancangan Layar Menu Database Pakaian Adat ...................97
Gambar 3.60
Diagram Perancangan Layar Menu Database Senjata Daerah.................98
Gambar 3.61
Diagram Perancangan Layar Menu Database Soal..................................99
Gambar 3.62
Diagram Perancangan Layar Menu Database Administrator ................100
Gambar 4.1
Tahap 1 Instalasi Client ............................................................................122
Gambar 4.2
Tahap 2 Instalasi Client ............................................................................123
Gambar 4.3
Tahap 3 Instalasi Client ............................................................................124
Gambar 4.4
Tahap 4 Instalasi Client ............................................................................125
Gambar 4.5
Tahap 5 Instalasi Client ............................................................................126
Gambar 4.6
Tampilan Layar Intro................................................................................127
Gambar 4.7
Tampilan Layar Menu Utama...................................................................128
Gambar 4.8
Tampilan Layar Bantu ..............................................................................129
Gambar 4.9
Tampilan Layar Belajar ............................................................................130
Gambar 4.10
Tampilan Layar Latihan .........................................................................131
Gambar 4.11
Tampilan Layar Mengenal Budaya ........................................................132
Gambar 4.12
Tampilan Layar Propinsi ........................................................................133
Gambar 4.13
Tampilan Layar Pakaian Daerah ............................................................134
Gambar 4.14
Tampilan Layar Tarian Daerah...............................................................135
Gambar 4.15
Tampilan Layar Rumah Adat .................................................................136
Gambar 4.16
Tampilan Layar Senjata Daerah .............................................................137
Gambar 4.17
Gambar 4.18
Gambar 4.27
Gambar 4.34
Diagram Tingkat Keefektifan Perangkat Ajar........................................151
Gambar 4.33
Diagram Tingkat Ketertarikan Pengguna terhadap Perangkat Ajar .......150
Gambar 4.32
Diagram Tingkat Kemudahan Penggunaan Perangkat Ajar...................149
Gambar 4.31
Tampilan Layar Database Administrator...............................................147
Gambar 4.30
Tampilan Layar Database Soal ..............................................................147
Gambar 4.29
Tampilan Layar Database Senjata Daerah .............................................146
Gambar 4.28
Tampilan Layar Database Pakaian Adat................................................146
Tampilan Layar Database Alat Musik ...................................................145
Tampilan Layar Soal...............................................................................139
Gambar 4.22
Gambar 4.19
Tampilan Layar Bermain........................................................................140
Gambar 4.20
Tampilan Layar Keluar...........................................................................141
Gambar 4.21
Tampilan Layar Login ............................................................................142
Tampilan Layar Menu Utama.................................................................143
Gambar 4.26
Gambar 4.23
Tampilan Layar Database Propinsi .......................................................144
Gambar 4.24
Tampilan Layar Database Tarian Daerah ..............................................144
Gambar 4.25
Tampilan Layar Database Rumah Adat .................................................145
Diagram Tingkat Kelengkapan Perangkat Ajar.....................................152
DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel 2.1Tabel Tahapan Aktifitas yang Terdapat dalam Daur Hidup Aplikasi Database ..........................................................................................................................................20
Tabel 3.1
Tabel Kategori Responden ..............................................................................39
Tabel 3.2
Tabel Minat Responden terhadap Kebudayaan Indonesia ..............................40
Tabel 3.3
Tabel Persentase Minat Responden terhadap Kebudayaan Indonesia ............41
Tabel 3.4
Tabel Tingkat Kesulitan Responden terhadap Pelajaran Kebudayaan Indonesia ..........................................................................................................................42
Tabel 3.5
Tabel Pendapat Responden Mengenai Buku yang Dipakai ............................43
Tabel 3.6
Tabel Minat Responden terhadap Unsur Kebudayaan Indonesia ...................44
Tabel 3.7
Tabel Persentase Minat Responden terhadap Unsur Kebudayaan Indonesia..45
Tabel 3.8
Tabel Intensitas Responden dalam Menggunakan Komputer.........................46
Tabel 3.9
Tabel Penggunaan Komputer ..........................................................................47
Tabel 3.10
Tabel Persentase Penggunaan Komputer ......................................................47
Tabel 3.11
Tabel Minat Responden terhadap Unsur Multimedia ...................................48
Tabel 3.12
Tabel Persentase Minat Responden terhadap Unsur Multimedia .................49
Tabel 3.13
Tabel Propinsi .............................................................................................101
Tabel 3.14
Tabel Tarian ................................................................................................101
Tabel 3.15
Tabel Senjata ...............................................................................................101
Tabel 3.16
Tabel Alat Musik.........................................................................................102
Tabel 3.17
Tabel Rumah ...............................................................................................102
Tabel 3.18
Tabel 3.19
Tabel Administrator ....................................................................................103
Tabel 3.20
Tabel Soal....................................................................................................104
Tabel 4.1
Tabel Tingkat Kemudahan Penggunaan Perangkat Ajar ..............................149
Tabel 4.2
Tabel Tingkat Ketertarikan Pengguna terhadap Perangkat Ajar...................150
Tabel 4.3
Tabel Tingkat Keefektifan Perangkat Ajar ...................................................151
Tabel 4.4
Tabel Tingkat Kelengkapan Perangkat Ajar ................................................152