CAST AWAY MOVIE SCRIPT BY WILLIAM BROYLES
STRIVING FOR SUPERIORITY OF CHUCK NOLAND IN
CAST AWAY MOVIE SCRIPT BY WILLIAM BROYLES AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters
By
DEON ARDI
Student Number: 044214078
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF ENGLISH LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA
STRIVING FOR SUPERIORITY OF CHUCK NOLAND IN
CAST AWAY MOVIE SCRIPT BY WILLIAM BROYLES AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters
By
DEON ARDI
Student Number: 044214078
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF ENGLISH LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH
UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma: Nama : Deon Ardi Nomor Mahasiswa : 044214078
Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah yang berjudul:
STRIVING FOR SUPERIORITYOF CHUCK NOLAND IN
CAST AWAY MOVIE SCRIPT BY WILLIAM BROYLEBeserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di Inetrenet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya. Dibuat di Yogyakarta Pada tanggal 5 Desember 2011 Yang Menyatakan (Deon Ardi)
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
With the blessing of God, at last the writer has managed to complete this thesis. First of all, my greatest appreciation is devoted to Jesus Christ, for the blessings and giving me strength. I would be nothing without His blessings and guidance.
I would like to give my special grateful for, Dewi Widyastuti, S. Pd., M.Hum. who has led me to get valuable knowledge, She is one of the best lecturers that I have ever found. I thank her for her suggestions, guidance and making herself freely available for concultation in order to finish my thesis soon.
I am also grateful to all the lecturers for giving me knowledge and guidance during my study in Sanata Dharma. My appreciation is also expressed to Sanata Dharma University staffs.
The greatest affection is offered to my beloved mother Vivien Yuanita, for her belief in the value of higher education that gives me the opportunity to attend the university. Without her, I would not be as I am now.
I would also thank his dearest friends Uty, Glenn, Yudhi Mono, Dhion, Shanti, Echi, Dheva, Pipit. I thank them all for supporting me and sharing various moments during my study.
Finally, I would thank all the relatives and other people that I cannot mention one by one. I thank them for their help. I feel that this thesis is far from being perfect but I hope the readers take benefits from it.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ................................................................................................... i
APPROVAL PAGE ......................................................................................... ii
ACCEPTANCE PAGE .................................................................................... iii
PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN .................................................................. iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................. v
TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................. vi
ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................... vii
ABSTRAK ........................................................................................................ viii
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ................................................................... 1
A. Background of the Study ............................................................. 1 B. Problem Formulation ................................................................... 4 C. Objectives of the Study ............................................................... 4 D. Definition of Terms ..................................................................... 5CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW .................................................. 7
A. Review of Related Studies .......................................................... 7 B. Review of Related Theories ........................................................ 81. Character and Characterization ........................................ 8
2. Individual Psychology ...................................................... 10
a. Notion of Individual Psychology ............................... 11
b. Basic Prinsiple of Individual Psychology .................. 13
C. Theoretical Framework ......................................................... 23
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ............................................................... 25
A. Object of the Study ...................................................................... 25 B. Approach of the Study ................................................................. 27 C. Method of the Study .................................................................... 29CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS ............................................................................ 32
A.. The Characteristics of Chuck Noland Caharacterized inthe Movie ................................................................................... 32
1. Patience and Rational ............................................................. 32
2. Lovely and Affectionate ......................................................... 34
3. Aroganity ............................................................................... 35
B. Chuck Noland’s Inferiority ......................................................... 38
C. The Struggle of Chuck Noland from the Inferior into Supperior 41
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ....................................................................... 51
BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................ 54
ABSTRACT
DEON ARDI. Striving for Superiority of Chuck Noland in Cast Away Movie
Script by William Broyles. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty
of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2004.Cast Away is directed by Robert Zemeckis and created by four producers
namely Jack Rapke, Robert Zemeckis, Steve Starkey, Tom Hankss. Cast Away is a film which tries to put a long monologue played by Tom Hanks. The approach which is used to analyze the movie script is psychological. Psychological is a technique to learn science of behavior and mental processes and it learns about humans’ personality has a unique manner of looking at the world deeply.
Three problems are formulated to guide and limit the discussion in this study. The first problem examined the characteristics of Chuck Noland characterized in the movie script, the second problem examined Chuck’s characteristics show the inferiority on facing his loneliness on the island reflected in Robert Zemeckis’ Cast Away script, and the third problem examined the Chuck Noland’s struggle from the inferior into the superior in Robert Zemeckis’ Cast Away script.
The method used by the researcher to analyze the film is library research method, where the data are collected from script, books, and another article related with the study. The individual psychological is the approach that is used to conduct this study, because this study analyzes the literary work have a close relationship with the characteristic psychology of the major character.
The result of the finding shows that The characteristic of Chuck Noland shows that Chuck has patience and rationality, love and affection, and big ego. In
Cast Away movie Chuck has a lot of inferior feeling which makes him so afraid of
doing everything. His inferiority here is his weaknesses in his life, such as; afraid of losing his girlfriend Kelly because he loves her so much. He was afraid if he died on the island alone without someone beside him. He is afraid of dentist. He was afraid if Kelly does not happy. His inferiority passed because he has a spirit to survive and makes people happy with his love and this is become Chuck’s striving to be superiority when he always tries to defeated his inferiority. While on the Island there is nobody living within, so there is no equipment to support Chuck’s life also. So here he strives to live and he strives to be a new primitive person on the island. So, on the next, to face his inferior he must strive to survive.
ABSTRAK
DEON ARDI. Striving for Superiority of Chuck Noland in Cast Away Movie
Script by William Broyles. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas sastra,
Universitas Sanata Darma, 2004.Cast Away disutradarai oleh Robert Zemeckis dan dibuat juga bersama 4
produser yaitu Jack Rapke, Robert Zemeckis, Steve Starkey, Tom Hankss. Cast
Away adalah sebuah film yang menceritakan sebuah cerita monolog yang panjang
yang dimainkan oleh Tom Hanks. Pendekatan yang digunakan untuk menganalisa naskah film ini adalah dengan pendekatan. Pendekatan psychology merupakan teknik yang mempelajari tentang perilaku manusia dan proses kejiawaan dan lebih dalam mempelajari tentang personality manusia yang mempunyai keunikan secara umum..
Ada tiga permasalahan yang disusun sebagai panduan dan batasan dalam diskusi ini. Permasalahan yang pertama adalah menentukan karakteristik Chuck Noland dalam naskah film Cast Away, yang kedua adalah menentukan karakteristik Chuck Noland dalam kegelisahannya dalam menghadapi kesendiriannya di pulau dalam naskah cast away, dan yang ketiga menentukan usaha dari Chuck Noland dari inferior menjadi superior dalam naskah film Cast Away.
Metode yang digunakan oleh peneliti untuk menganalisa film ini adalah menggunakan metode study pustaka, dimana data dikumpulkan dari naskah film, buku-buku, dan artikel lain yang berhubungan dengan data. Individual psikologi digunakan untuk menganalisis penelitian ini, karena penelitian ini menganalisa karya sastra berdasarkan karakteristik dari tokoh utamanya.
Hasil analisis dalam penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa karakteristik dari Chuck Noland adalah Chuck Noland memiliki kesabaran dan pemikiran yang rasional, mempunyai cinta dan kasih sayang, dan ego yang sangat besar. Dalam naskah film Cast Away Chuck memiliki kegelisahan yang sangat besar yang membuatnya takut dalam melakukan banyak hal.kegelisahannya disini merupakan kelemahan dalam hidupnya, seperti; ketakutan akan kehilangan kekasih yang dicintai yang bernama Kelly karena ia sangat mencintainya. Ketakutan akan kematian ketika dia berada di pulau sendirian tanpa seseorang disampingnya. Dia juga takut terhadap dokter gigi. Dia juga takut bila Kelly tidak bahagia.
Kegelisahannya berlalu karena Chuck Noland mempunyai semangat untuk bertahan hidup dan membuat orang orang bahagia dengan cinta. Selama di pulau tak ada orang di sana, hingga tak ada peralatan dalam mendukung hidup Chuck. Jadi, disini dia berusaha untuk hidup dengan berjuang menjadi layaknya suku primitive di pulau tersebut. Jadi kemudian dia harus berusaha berjuang melawan kegelisahannya untuk bertahan hidup.
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study Literary works consist of many forms, such as poem, novel, and drama. There is literary review within the literary works, and it can be analyzed by using
psychoanalytic analysis. One of literary works is drama which consists of dialogues, actors, producers, and the visualization of drama is a film. Cast Away is a 143 minute dramatical and tragic movie published on Friday December 22, 2000.
Cast Away is divided into three clearly-defined acts: the setup, the main
story, and the aftermath. By the time the 30-minute epilogue arrives, we are already deeply attached to Chuck's character-a fact that makes the final dilemma harder to cope with. Once again, Zemeckis and screenwriter William Broyles Jr avoid the melodramatic, manipulative clichés that could have reduced Cast Away to a lesser film (Berardinelli in http://www.reelviews.net/movies/c/ cast_away.html).
Robert Zemeckis is a director whose film got an Amy Award such as:
“Contact ” published on 1999 and “Death Becomes Her”, “Forest Gump”, “ “The
What Lies Beneath”, “Polar Express”, “Romancing the Stone” and “I Wanna
Hold Your Hand ”. Almost all of his movies played by the great actors Tom Hanks
and Bruce Willis.Cast Away is a film which tries to put a long monologue played by Tom
Hanks. The film describes about Chuck Noland, a Federal Express efficiency supervisor, jets around the world trouble shooting problems for the company. His life is driven by the clock, and he demands the same on FedEx employees. On Christmas Eve, he is unexpectedly dispatched on an assignment. Just before leaving, he proposes to his girlfriend, Kelly, and promises her, he will be right back because he does not want Kelly to become disappointed. The FedEx plane where he hitches a ride on was hit by a severe storm and is blown hundreds of miles off course. The plane crashes into the Pacific Ocean, and Chuck, the only survivor, drifts to a small deserted island. For the next four years he struggles to survive, using salvaged items from washed up FedEx packages as tools (i.e. an ice skating boot becomes an axe). He purposely leaves one package unopened.
Chuck’s only companion is Wilson, a volleyball, and as time passes his loneliness leads to suicidal tendencies. Knowing he must get off the island, he builds a crude raft and heads out to sea (Donnel in http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0162222/plotsummary).
Cast Away becomes a great film because there is a great monologue by
Chuck Noland which is played perfectly, when he drifted ashore on the Island where there are no civilians when his plane crush because of storm and nobody survive except him. About four years Chuck Noland tries to survive without humans around him. Lonely obsessed him and stress situation cannot be avoided.
Four years passed, then, the helps come, and he must adjust to humans again
Chuck feels clumsy with his new old life. From this reason, the writer is interested in analyzing Chuck’s ability to pass his crazy experience into an ordinary life.
The approach which is used to analyze the film is Adler’s theory individual psychological analysis. Individual Psychology is “a technique to investigate an individual’s unconscious thought and feelings.” (Hjelle and Ziegler, 1992: 86). Individual psychology is the approach which consists of six elements such as striving for superiority, inferiority feeling, fictional finalism, creative self, style of life and social interest. The elements mentioned above, the striving for superiority will be the one that used to analyze the Cast Away movie script.
The basic dynamic force between all human activities striving from a feeling of inferiority to one of superiority. Adler said that "To be a human being means to feel oneself inferior." He believed that inferiority felings are the source of all human striving. For him, we're all overcoming an inferiority, feeling unattractive, or do not belong somewhere. So everyone is trying to overcome something that is hampering them from becoming what they want to become.
Organ inferiorities become psychologically effective through the intervention of feelings of inferiority. The meaning of superiority changed through the years.
Later it came to mean perfection, completion, or overcoming.
In Cast Away film the striving of Chuck Noland is more than just the purposes but also the fictional finalism, because Chuck Noland has been experience a bad day on his life in a small island. There is conflict inside and outside, because of the incident which happened on him. Conflict between him The conflict, dilemma and the anxiety are wakening the striving of Chuck Noland to survive. On the script reviews one by one of Chuck Noland dialogue and prologue that related tohe striving of him to survive. The script is the original text which is written by the author without adding the improvisation like on the film.
So, from this reason, the writer is interested in analyzing the original script related to the striving of Chuck to pass his crazy experience into an ordinary life and the experience of him the way to make a decision to survive. The writer is interested in conducting in this research entitled “Striving for Superiority of Chuck Noland in “Cast Away” Film by William Broyles” B.
Problem Formulation
Having watched Cast Away movie, the main problems of this research will be,
1. How are the characteristics of Chuck Noland, characterized in the Cast Away movie script?
2. How do Chuck’s inferiority feeling on facing his loneliness on the island reflected in William Broyles’ Cast Away movie script?
3. How does Chuck Noland’s struggle from the inferior into the superior in William Broyles’ Cast Away movie script? C.
Objectives of the Study
Based on the above problem statement, the objectives of the study will be: finding out how is the characteristic of main character reflected in William inferiority appears in Chuck Noland on facing his loneliness on the island reflected in William Broyles’ Cast Away movie script, and to find out the struggle of Chuck from the inferior into superior reflected in William Broyles’ Cast Away movie script.
D. Definition of Terms
To avoid the ambiguity and misunderstanding about the meaning of certain terms, the researcher gives the literary meaning to help the readers in understanding the meaning of some terms in the thesis and make the thesis clearer.
1. Striving for Superiority Striving for superiority means the way or the struggle to achieve one’s own personal best (Cloninger, 2009: 102). The striving for superiority is the way to handle and control the situation of inferiority within human. This superiority usually appears on a side of creative effort that is become one unity.
2. Inferiority Feeling Inferiority means feeling weak and unskilled in the face of tasks that need to be completed. It is a manifestation of individual consciousness due to a condition, which is resulted from inability as imperfection feeling. This inferiority feeling considered as a challenge to strive for the compensation of inferiority until psychological equilibrium is attained (Rollo, 1977: 155).
3. Psychological Psychology is the science of behavior and mental processes. Its immediate goal is to understand individuals and groups by both establishing general principles and researching specific cases. In psychology itself, have its own psychology qualitative side such as psychoanalyst, humanist, and existentialist). Personality as a part of psychology learns a lot about many kinds of personality theory which coming from different author (Feist, 2009: 65).
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW A. Review of Related Studies In order to make a good research the researcher never go further from the
previous study which is related to the analysis which will be have done by the researcher. The researcher found two analyses as a guideline. The first analysis was done by Rendy Yoewono (2008) Sanata Dharma Yogyakarta thesis, his research entitled: The Message Revealed through the Main Character’s Way to Survive in Yan Martel’s Life of Pi. His research was Library research. The result of the research shows that the writer describes the ways through which managed to survive Pi. Pi characterics play an important role because its characteristic enabled him to carry out those ways successfully. Pi survived by recognizing and using his strengths. Naturally his strengths are his intelligence-from his wide knowledge about animals, his strong logic, his ability to apply and combine his vast knowledge, and his creativities. Pi also survived by being realistic about the situation. Pi’s open mindedness played an important role, as it enabled him to accept the bizarre and seemingly impossible circumstance and to use unusual ways to deal with his problems (Yoewono: 2008).
The second analysis was done by Bernadeta Wiwin Retnaningsih (2002) Sanata Dharma Yogyakarta thesis, her research entitled: An Analysis of the Inferiority-Superiority Complex as Seen in DH Lawrence’s The Raibow. Her of superior and inferior complex in D.H Lawrence’s life to the main characters, specifically, Tom Brangwen, Anna Lensky and Ursula Brangwen is sharpening the characters. Lawrence inferiority and superiority complex influences the development of each main character. Nevertheless, Lawrence does not transfer his experience to the main characters directly. Lawrence prefers using his experience as a means for development of the characters in the novel. As an author, he, himself, feels free using his experience.
The difference between the both researches with this research did by the researcher is that; the researcher uses the inferior superior to defeat the defense of the major character. The researcher also uses the film script as the primary data. The approach used by the researcher is individual psychology of Alfred Adler. The researcher would like to show the inferior and the superior of Chuck Noland based on Adler’s theory Individual psychological approach.
B. Review of Related Theories 1. Character and Characterization
A character is presumably, an imagined person who inhabits a story; stories may happen not only to people but to elements of nature such as the wind, the wave, grass, stone, or animals (Kennedy, 1983: 45). There are two kinds of character, namely major character and minor character. According to Kennedy (1983: 45) the major character is a character whose personalities becomes familiar for the reader and minor characters that support the identification of the major
The term character is used in two ways, namely individuals who appears in the whole story and the mixture of interests, desires, emotions and principle that makes up each of these individuals. The background in character’s temperament and moral nature for his or her speech and action constitute his or her motivation.
In other words, it can be said that character in a story should have moral and natural qualities of the story mind and it can be found out in the dialogue and the action of the story, because “characters are persons, in a dramatic of narrative work, endowed with moral and dispositional qualities that are expressed in what they say the dialogue and what they do action (Abrahams, 1981: 21). Meanwhile, according to Gill (1995: 127), characters are some people in a literary work who posses some sort of identity, which is made up by their appearances, conversations, actions, names, and also thoughts.
Characterization is the description of the quality of character, which includes physical, mental, social, and moral elements of character. Murphy (1972: 161) defines characterization as the way how the author conveys to the reader the characters and the personalities of the people he writes about. Meanwhile, Kenney (1988): 34) defines characterization as “the method by which characters will be presented to the readers”. Beaty and Hunter (1989: 234) explains that an author can characterize people by using many ways and means. He or she counts on us and on our experience to “fill in some of the gaps, to bring to life in our minds as a simulacrum of the image of his or hers, not the same image but one with approximately the same values and significance”. Characterization is also able to
According to Koesnosoebroto (1988: 67) there are two types of characters; they are main or major character and minor character. While Abrahams (1981: 56) proposes two kinds of character namely major ad minor characters. A major character is the center of the story. He or she is the most important character in the story. Usually, the acts of the story are focused on this character from beginning to the ending parts. On the other hand, a minor character appears in a certain setting, just necessarily to become the background for the major character. The minor character’s role is less important than those of the major character. Major character is the most important character in a story because the story is about the major character (Koesnosoebroto, 1988: 67).
Though the minor characters are less important than the main characters, the main character cannot stand on his own; they need other characters to make the story more convenient and life like (Koesnosoebroto, 1988: 67). So character and characterization can be concludes as a physic and psychology nature on human being as an actor of the film or drama. The characterization can be seen from the physic while character it can be felt.
2. Individual Psychology
The theory of psychology, which is used by the researcher to describe the psychological aspects, is individual psychology proposed by Alfred Adler. Adler is a psychology student and wrote the English edition work on the subject and the sample of his collection of papers and lectures given mainly in 1912-1914, and mirror the indivisible unity of the personality. Adler was also influenced by the philosophies of Immanuel Kant, Friedrich Nietzsche, Rudolf Virchow and the statesman Jan Smuts. Adler's School, known as "Individual Psychology"—an arcane reference to the Latin individuus which means indivisibility, a term which is intended to emphasize holism which is learned both of social and community psychology as well as a depth psychology. Adler was an early advocate in psychology for prevention and emphasized the training of parents, teachers, social workers and such in democratic approaches that allow a child to exercise their power through reasoned decision making whilst co-operating with others. He was a social idealist, and was known as a socialist in his early years of association with psychoanalysis (1902–1911) (Hjelle and Ziegler, 1992: 137). His theory on psychological such as: (1) inferiority feeling and compensation, (2) striving for superiority, (3) style of life, (4) social interest, (5) creative self, (6) fictional finalism.
a. Notion of Individual Psychology
Psychology is an abstract concept which integrates many aspects that characterize what the person is like. Such aspects include emotion, motivations, thoughts, experiences, perception and actions (Hjelle and Ziegler, 1992: 3). The term psychology itself has several meanings. While Gordon Alport in Hjelle and Ziegler (1992: 5) states that psychology almost the same as psychology personality which is really an individual, an internal “something” that determines the nature of person interaction with the world, while psychology, emphasizes the other humans. Smith, Sarason in Manuel and Pascual (1993: 5) defined psychology as the scientific study of behavior and its causes. So it can be concluded that psychology always related to human behavior which focuses on human mental and behavior.
While it is different from psychoanalysis based on Freud, that is called psychoanalysis is the part of psychological study that focuses on the personality of human being; it is a method of therapy for personality disturbances and technique for investigating an individual unconscious thoughts and feelings (Hjelle and Ziegler, 1992: 86). Freud (in Feist, 1985: 25) stated that consciousness plays as relatively minor role in psychoanalytic theory. It is the only level of mental life directly available to us. Further, Freud says that ideas can reach consciousness from two different directions. The first is from the perceptual conscious system and the second is from the mental structure “(Feist, 1985: 23). Preconscious is the mental elements that are not conscious at the moment but which can easily be retrieved into awareness (Hjelle and Ziegler, 1992: 87). According to Hjelle and Ziegler (1992:87), Freund is not the first who focus on the importance of unconscious processes in understanding human functioning, but he give the concept of an unconscious life as an empirical status. He gives great attention on the importance of unconscious process in the understanding of human’s action. He argues that the unconscious is not only known as a hypothetical abstraction but it can be known as a reality that can be proved and demonstrated.
b. Basic Principle of Individual Psychology
Adler, with his basic assumption of individual psychology that can be presented under six general headings: (1) inferiority feeling, (2) striving for superiority, (3) style of life, (4) social interest, (5) creative self, (6) fictional finalism (Adler in Feist. 1985: 37).
1) Inferiority Feeling Every human being, according to Adler, begins life in state of biological inferiority and insecurity; therefore inferiority can be constructively overcome only by affirming and increasing social bonds (Rollo, 1977: 155) Adler described the inferiority as the individual’s believe that “he is not strong enough to solve a given problem in a socially useful way”. Throughout life, feelings of inferiority arise constantly as we meet new and unfamiliar tasks that must be mastered. Each time we confront a new task of our inferiority initial awareness of inferiority is overcome as we achieve a higher level of functioning.
Inferiority means feeling weak and unskilled in the face of tasks that need be completed. It is a manifestation of individual consciousness due to a condition, which is resulted from inability as imperfection feeling. This inferiority feeling considered as a challenge to strive for the compensation of inferiority until psychological equilibrium is attained. If the attitude was one of helplessness, the inferiority might influence one’s entire attitude towards life leading to exaggerated feelings of inferiority or the inferiority complex. Organ inferiorities could have other harmful effects psychologically which could lead eventually to a a) The Causes of Inferiority Feelings of inferiority can be largely constructive or largely destructive.
Acknowledging that we all feel inferior at some point in our lives could serve as a basic for mutual help and cooperation to overcome problems in living. But if we dwell excessively on our inferiority, seal, or imagined, we are less likely to trust others or ourselves. As a consequence, we are act to operate on the useless side of life, we are more likely to overcompensate for our deficiencies and develop an exaggerated sense of superiority that other fined loathsome (Ryckman, Richard, 1985: 99).
According to Adler, the inferior will be happened when people feel weak and do not have social capability and child inferiority. It means that if people were controled by the inferiority feelings, they feel that other people under estimate them, part of their body is not perfect, they are different from others. In this situation the inferior will take the part of it, (Adler in Boeree, 2006: 160-161).
Based on the explanation above there are coming several types of inferior in psychology such as: dependence type and abasement type. On the dependence type, the people have a huge sensitivity in every action. They always try to protect them self by rely on other people so they have a little energy. In a certain situation they will develop their idea pattern which can be called as neurotic symptoms called phobia, obsession and compulsive, trait apprehension, hysteria, amnesia etc. While on abasement type, they have a smallest energy because they always stand by abase their life especially deny the existence of other people. In the end of their limits, they often become a psychopath by making their own world (Adler in Boeree, 2006: 161).
Beside the causes that have been explained above, there are also many factors which cause inferiority feelings. Hurlock (1973: 325: 335) proposes thirteen factors causing inferiority feelings. First in physique, the adolescent know that their physical appearances will give certain attention toward other people and affect their reaction to him. This, in turn, affects his attitudes towards himself. Person who feel fatigue, hunger, or suffer a wasting illness can cause a feeling of inferiority, and this will make him difficult to adjust. The second is physical defects that often become the source of embarrassment and feelings of inferiority during adolescence, a facial scar or broken tooth. The third is physical condition where the adolescent who is suddenly unable to take part in the activities of the group and who has to establish new interests and become self-sufficient finds the adjustment very difficult. The fourth is chemique, where is produced by hormones from human body, has marked influence on a feeling of inferiority. A hyperthyroid, for example, leads the individual to be nervous, irritable and ready to do anything uncontrollable. The fifth deals with clothes. Clothes are a status symbol for the adolescent. It has effect on his feeling of inferiority. For the adolescent whose physique is a source of embarrassment, clothes are especially important which can be functioned as a camouflage.
b) The Inferiority against Striving for Superiority The inferiority becomes the obstacle in life if people do not have many while sensitive itself is the basic of literature. It can be said that there is a strong relationship between literature and psychology. The stronger philosophy will give a strong sensitivity on anything. So, in the theory, Adler emphasizes the ego psychology into life. The basic dynamic force between all human activities striving from a feeling of inferiority to one of superiority. Adler believed that inferiority feelings are the source of all human striving. All individual progress, growth and development resulted from the attempt to compensate for one's inferiorities, be they or real. For Adler, we're all overcoming inferiority.
Some people strive for superiority with little or no concern for others. Their goals are personal ones, and their striving are motivated largely by exaggerated feelings of personal inferiority, or the presence of an inferiority complex. For people who are not able to change and handle their inferiority usually create clever disguises for their personal striving and may consciously or unconsciously hide their self-centeredness behind the cloak of social concern, they do not care anymore for being a parasite on their life (Feist, 2009: 72).
A lot of views that states inferiority and superiority in many kinds of statements for example when a person cannot get his expected goals will feel inferior. Feelings of inferiority arise from a sense of incompletion or imperfection in a ny aspects of life. Inferiority feelings are not a sign of abnormality; they are the causes of human who always feel unsatisfactorily toward anything. In other words, man is pushed by the need to overcome his inferiority and pulled by the desire to be superior (Hal and Linzey, 1970: 124).
2) Striving for Superiority Each individual is forced by the drives to be superior, powerful and regarded. This is a response to the feeling of inferiority. By inferiority feeling, person will make some efforts to cover it. Person will strive to cover his or her weakness to be perfect, superior and regarded. The dynamic force behind the person’s activity is the striving for success or superiority (Feist, 1985: 68)
Adler (in Freedenberg, 1971: 219), states as follows: I should like to emphasize first of all that striving for perfection is innate. This is not meant in a concrete way, as if there were are driver which would later in life be capable of bringing everything to completion and which only needed to develop it. The striving for perfection is in neat in the sense that his a part of life as striving, an urge, a something which life would be unthinkable
It also can be found that the poor environment can produce serious maladjustment in a person. Such characteristics like poor home condition, fatherless families, bad mothers, and subjugation to cruel treatment. All of the explanation above is the major factor which a person will do their best striving for superiority, (Freedenburg in Kundu and Tuttoo, 1998: 61). Acknowledges that the striving for superiority may manifest itself in a thousand different ways, and that each person has his own concrete mode of achieving or trying to achieve perfection. Adler (Hjelle and Ziegler, 1992: 143) believes that the great dynamic force governing human behavior is a striving to be aggressive. There are three distinct stages in his theorizing on the ultimate goal of human life: to be aggressive, to be powerful, and to be superior.
When Adler speaks about superiority, he does not literally mean superiority superiority Adler was really referring to the striving for competence, significance, and community feeling. There will be a schematic presented; the general developmental picture is this, (Harold and Maniacci, 1999: 32):
Feelings of inferiority are noticed, leading to Compensatory mechanism, which leads to Striving for superiority.
3) Style of Life Style of life refers to the unique pattern of traits, behaviors, and habits, which show the particular ways that a person does to reach his goal of life (Hjelle and Ziegler, 1981: 81). The life style can be conceived as the “rule of rules”, because it is subjective, unarticulated set of guidelines individuals develop and use to move them through life and toward their goal. In essence, the life style is the set of convictions, the attitudinal set, according to Mosak (1999: 47), he create the style in order to help people finding the place in the world. The life style operates, in effect, upon the economy principle: it allows people to converse energy and focuses their attention to others such as various skills, attitudes, convictions, etc.
Furthermore, Hjelle and Ziegler (1992: 145) confirmed that the person’s life style acts as the guidance for later behavior. In other words, everything he does is shaped by his unique life style; it determines which aspects of his environments he will deal with and which aspects of environment he will ignore. For example, an intellect makes use of his brain competence to strive for superiority, while an athlete relies on his physical potential to strive for superiority.
While Freud and Jung they have a unique style of life, which includes a these unique styles of life into four types: ruling, getting, avoiding, socially useful. The characteristics of these types are summarized as (Hjelle and Ziegler, 1992: 146):
a) Ruling type Individuals with this life-style are “individuals who are assertive, aggressive, and active with little, if any, social awareness or interest” (1981: 83).
They possess “a dominating attitude toward the outside world and confront the major life tasks in an aggressive, anti social manner” (1981: 83).
People of this type have little social interest, but a high degree of activity. They propose a dominating attitude toward the outside world and approaching three major problems of life (friendship, sex, and occupation). They are individually aggressive, but socially stagnant. “People of the ruling type with an extremely high degree of activity or potentially dangerous; they are the murderer, rapists, tyrants, and suicides” (Adler in Feist, 1985: 75)
b) The getting type These individuals relate to the outside world in “a parasitic manner,
‘learning’ on others to satisfy most of their needs” (1981: 83). Their main concern in life is “getting much as possible from others” (1981: 83).
Individuals with this attitude relate to the out side world in a parasitic manner, depending on the other to satisfy most of their needs. Their mind concern is getting as much as possible from others. “They posses a low degree of activity and little social interest; however they do not like to hurt others” (Adler in Feist, c) The avoiding type People in this type “have neither sufficient social interest nor activity to participate in any way in life” They prefer to run away from their tasks of life.
Moreover, they are afraid of failing. In other words, their goal is “to sidestep all problems in life, thereby avoiding any possibilities of failure” (1981: 83).
The avoiding type person is likely to become neurotic of psychotic. They are characterized by an attitude of avoidance. Fearing failure more than desiring success, their life are market by the socially useless behavior of running away from the task of life. They lack of the courage in struggling with their problem, instead of ignoring them or pushing them aside. In other words, their goal is to avoid, all problem in life because avoiding any possibility of failure (Feist, 1985: 76).
d) The social useful type In this type, an individual “embodies both a high degree of social interest and a high level of activity” (1981: 83). These individuals are wiling to cooperate with others. They realize that “solution to social problems requires cooperation, personal courage, and a willingness to make a contribution to the walfare of others” (Hjelle and Ziegler, 1981: 81-83). The person with socially useful attitude, according to Adler (in Feist, 1985: 75) is defined by “Struggles to solve life’s problem in a manner beneficial to society. This person rightly identifies three major social problems; neighborly love, sexual love, and occupation”. The solutin to social problems demands the welfare of another (Adler in Feist, 1985: 76).
Basically, man is a social creative by nature and not by habit. He fully realizes his position as a free individual and his bound concerns the society.
Therefore, in his efforts to develop himself, he must also consider the existence and the importance of his society. Thus a man should live among others, and this means that he must interact with others in his society so that his behavior is always influenced by his society because social interest is contained in cooperation, interpersonal and social relations, identification with one’s group, and empathy (Hall and Lindzey in Watts 2003: 77).
According to Adler as quoted by Feist (1985: 71) society interest can be defined as attitudes of relatedness with humanity in general as well as empathy for each member of human race. It manifests itself as cooperation with others for social advancement rather than for personal gain. It is part of human nature and some amount of it’s existing in everyone.
Since man was born, he has automatically become a member of society. If his social feeling can develop naturally, he will be able to make an adaptation with his living environment appropriately. Adler states that social interest takes in such matter as co-operation, interpersonal and social relation and identification with the group, empathy, and so forth (Hall and Lindzey, 1970: 125).
According Hall and Lindzey in Watts (2003: 147), Adler’s concept of social interest is not to define. It can transit in many different ways and the broader meaning of the concept is still debated. For present purposes, we will define social interest as a caring and concern for the welfare or others that continues, interest is in burn, Adler (in Hall and Lindzey, 1985: 148) says it is so small or weak.
4) Creative Self The creative self is the essential principle of human life. Alwisol (2004: 96) argues that creative self is a medium used to adapt the world facts and makes those facts become the subjective, dynamic, united, personal, and unique personality. The creative self gives the meaning of life, determines the goal and medium to reach the goal of life.
Adler (in Alwisol, 2004: 96) states that every person has a power to create his own life style. An individual has to be responsible for himself and his attitude.
Besides, he also has a creative power to control his own life, be responsible for his final goal, determines a way to reach his goal and contributes the development of social interest. The creative self makes a human become free to do everything toward the directive purpose.
In addition, Adler (in Ryckman, 1985: 98) disagrees that the creative self emerges through stimulus-response learning, because this theory implies that the person in a passive receiver who is not able to interpret or act on his or her experiences. The concept of the creative self, on the other hand, implies that people are free to build their own personality, and that people actively construct their experiences and heredities. Besides, people are responsible for their decisions and the ways in solving problem and act in rational and responsible manner.