THE ACQUISITION OF INDONESIAN DECLARATIVE SENTENCE BY FOUR-YEAR-OLD CHILDREN.
THE ACQUISITION OF INDONESIAN DECLARATIVE SENTENCE
BY THE FOUR-YEAR- OLD CHILDREN
A Thesis
Submitted to the English Applied Linguistics Study Program in Partial Fulfillment of
the Requirements for the Degree of Magister Humaniora
By:
SARNI ERNAWATY PURBA
Registration Number : 8126112032
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM
POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
MEDAN
2014
ABSTRACT
Purba, Sarni Ernawaty . The Acquisition of Indonesian Declarative Sentence by
Four-Year-Old Children. Thesis English Applied Linguistics, Post Graduate
Program. State University of Medan. 2014
This thesis dealt with the Acquisition of Indonesian Declarative Sentence by the FourYear-Old Children. This Study focused on discovering the patterns of the declarative
sentences by two year-old children. This study was located in Pandan, Tapanuli Tengah.
The subjects of the study were two-year-old children. There were three questions to be
answered namely: (1) what types of declarative sentence structure are produced by the
children? (2) which types of declarative sentence structure dominantly produced by the
children? (3) why does the four-year old children develop Indonesian declarative sentence
structure the way they do? A descriptive qualitative research was conducted to enable the
researcher to answer the questions. The finding indicated that from total 20 declarative
sentences of each, they had different patterns of each category. The patterns of the
declarative sentences in terms of syntactic form be spoken by the four-year-children. In
the running pattern MW has patterns, S-P-Adv, P-S, Adv-S-P, P-S-Adv, S-P-Adv, Adv-SP. Meanwhile RHB has patterns, P-S, Adv-Adv-S-P, P-S, P. In the being pattern, MW has
patterns, S-P and P-S, however, RHB has patterns S-P, P-S, P, Adv-Adv-S-P and Adv-SP. In the doing pattern, MW has patterns, P-O-Adv-S, S-P-O, P-O-Adv-S, Adv-P-O-Adv
and S-P-O. Meanwhile RHB has patterns S-Adv-P-O, S-P-O, O-S-P, Adv-P-O.
ABSTRAK
Purba, Sarni Ernawaty. Nim: 8126112032. Perolehan Kalimat Deklaratif Bahasa
Indonesia oleh Anak Pada Usia Empat Tahun. Tesis. Linguistik Terapan Bahasa
Inggris, Programsarjana. Universitas Negeri Medan. 2014
Tesis ini berhubungan dengan Perkolehan Kalimat Deklaratif Bahasa Indonesia oleh
Anak Pada Usia Empat Tahun. Tesis ini focus dalam menemukan pola-pola kalimat
deklaratif Bahasa Indonesia yang diucapkan oleh anak pada anak usia empat tahun.
Penelitian ini berlokasi di Pandan, Tapanuli Tengah dan subjek penelitian ini dua anak
pada usia empat tahun. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah: (1) menemukan pola-pola
kalimat deklaratif yang diperoleh anak oleh anak pada usia empat tahun (2) menemukan
pola-pola kalimat deklaratif yang lebih banyak yang diperoleh anak pada usia empat
tahun (3) menguraikan bagaimana anak mereka memperoleh bentuk-bentuk kalimat
deklaratif tersebut. Dalam mengumpulkan data, penelitian ini menerapkan observasi dan
merekam sebagai alat mengumpulkan data. Teknik analisa data yang digunakan dalam
penelitian ini deskriptif dan data digambarkan melalui proses menyalin. Temuan
menunjukkan bahwa dari total 20 kalimat deklaratif yang masing-masing dipeoleh subjek
mempunyai pola-pola tertentu dari setiap kategori. Pada running pattern MW mempeoleh
pola, S-P-Adv, P-S, Adv-S-P, P-S-Adv, S-P-Adv, Adv-S-P. Sementara memperoleh, P-S,
Adv-Adv-S-P, P-S, P. Pada being pattern, MW memperoleh, S-P dan P-S, sementara,
RHB memperoleh S-P, P-S, P, Adv-Adv-S-P and Adv-S-P. Pada doing pattern, MW
memperoleh, P-O-Adv-S, S-P-O, P-O-Adv-S, Adv-P-O-Adv dan S-P-O. Sementara RHB
memperoleh S-Adv-P-O, S-P-O, O-S-P, Adv-P-O.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, the researcher would like to express her thankfulness to God the
Almighty who has been blessing her to complete this thesis in order to fulfill one of the
requirements in obtaining the degree of Magister Humaniora of the English Applied
Linguistics Study Program Graduate School at State University of Medan. The researcher
found many difficulties during her study and in completing this study. However, people
around her always give her help so difficulties could be solved. Therefore, she wishes to
acknowledge her very special thanks to her first and second advisors, Dr. Anni Holila
Pulungan, M.Hum. and Dr. I Wayan Dirgayasa Tangkas, M.Hum., for their valuable
guidance, encouragement, kindness and advice to broaden her perception and knowledge
on this topic.
Her gratitude also goes to the Head of English applied Linguistics Study Program
and as her review Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd, for his support, advice and help
during her study and in completing this study. Her great gratitude is also due to her
reviewers Dr. Sri Minda Murni, M.S. and Dr. Siti Aisyah Ginting, M. Pd. For their
constructive comments and suggestions for this research. Her sincere thankfulness is given
to all lecturers for their precious knowledge , experiences, advice and guidance thoughout
her academic years at the Post Graduate School of State University of Medan. Aslo deep
gratitude to all staff of Graduate Program at the State University of Medan.
She is also indebted to all my classmates Bang Pollung, Kak Trisna, Yulima, Wina,
Desi, Nurhalima, Wandira, Irma, Rina, Purnama, Rodiani, Bambang, Zulmi, Zamal, Mas
Agung, Rianto, Indra, Ayu, Chitra, Elbi and Deddy for their loving care.
Finally, she would like to express her sincere thankfulness to her mother and her sisters
Kak Rosty, Kak Elpi, Kak Polo and Maria for their loving care and supporting in her life,
very special one, her small family, especially for her Husband, Anggiat Sept Parulian
Sihombing and her loving sons, Rema Daud Tua, Rena Patiencius Hiram and Rexa
Hotiggo Blessing for their loving care, prayer, support, and encouragement.
Medan, December 2014
The writer
Sarni Ernawaty Purba
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Pages
ABSTRACT.……………………………...………………...………………………..i
ABSTRAK……………………………………………………………………………ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS…………………………………………......………….iii
TABLE OF CONTEN...…………………………………...………………………..v
LISTS OF TABLE………..……………………………………...................………vii
LIST OF APPENDICES……….………………...………………………..………viii
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION…………………................................................1
1.1 The Background of the Study ........................................................... ...................1
1.2 The Research Problem of the Study......................................................................11
1.3 The Objectives of the Study..................................................................................12
1.4 The Scope of the Stduy..........................................................................................13
1.5 The Significance of the Study................................................................................14
CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE ………...........................................15
2.1 First Language Acquisition....................................................................................15
2.2 Theory of First Language Acquisition...................................................................17
2.3 Stages of Language Development........................................................................22
2.4 The Acquisition of Indonesian Sentences by four-year-old children…………...25
2.5 The Types of Sentences.........................................................................................26
2.6 The Type of declarative sentence pattern………………………………………..34
2.7 Type of Indonesian Sentence……………….……………………………………39
2.8 Relevant Studies…………………………….……..…………………………….41
2.9 Conceptual Framework………………………………………………………..…42
CHAPTER III. METHOD OF RESEARCH…………………………………….44
3.1 The Research Design.............................................................................................44
3.2 The Subjects of the Study.....................................................................................45
3.3 The Technique of Collecting Data……….………………....................................46
3.4 The Instrument of collecting Data……………………………………………….47
3.5 The Trustworthiness ………………………………….….……………………...47
3.6 The Technique of Analyzing the data……………………………………………49
CHAPTER IV. DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS….…………………….....51
4.1 The Data Analysis………………………………………………………………..52
4.2 Findings…………………………………………………………………………66
4.3 Discussion……………………………………………..…………………………66
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS……………………….71
5.1 Conclusions …………………………………………..………………………….71
5.2 Suggestions………………………………………………………………………71
References……………………………………………………………………………73
Appendix…………………………………………………………………………….77
Lists of Table
Pages
Table 1. The Roles and Function of Sentence Constituents...………….31
Table. 2 The Subjects……………………………………...………...…...45
Table 3. The Running Pattern by the Subjects……..……………………..52
Table 4. The Being Pattern by the Subjects……….………………………56
Table 5. The Doing Pattern by the Subjects……………………………….63
List of Appendices
Appendix 1. The Acquisition of Indonesian Declarative Sentences by MW…...77
Appendix 2. The Acquisition of Indonesian Declarative Sentences by RHB…...78
Appendix 3. The Subjects of The Study…………………………………………79
71
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1 Conclusion
From the data and data analysis in chapter four is concluded that :
1. There are 40 Indonesian Declarative Sentences produced by the two subjects.
Michael Wisnu produced 6 running pattern which has sub-patterns S-P-Adv, P-S,
Adv-S-P, P-S-Adv, S-P-Adv and Adv-S-P, 9 being pattern which has sub-patterns
S-P and P-S, 5 doing/seeing patterns which has sub-patterns P-O-Adv-S, S-P-O, PO-Adv-S, Adv-S-P-O-Adv and S-P. However, Rexa H. Blessing produced 4
running pattern which has sub-patterns P-S, Adv-Adv-S-P, P-S, and P, 12 being
patterns which has sub-patterns S-P, Adv-Adv-P-S, Adv-S-P, P-S and P, 4
doing/seeing patterns which has sub-patterns S-Adv-P-O, S-P-O, O-S-P, O-S-P and
Adv-P-O.
2. The subjects produced the being pattern and sub-pattern S-P dominantly.
3. The subjects were basically influenced both ‘nature’ and ‘nurture’ process in
producing their sentences. It is also true that differences across the languages are
not only differences between children. There are also individual differences
between children producing the same language. Each sentence of the two subjects
has its own characteristic.
5.2 Suggestions
72
After the conclusion of the acquisition of Indonesian declarative sentence by
four-year children was made, the researcher would suggest to parents and
researchers.
1. To the parent
The parents assist the children in the process of language acquisition. Parents
allow them to communicate freely to produce sentences in different situation
and there should be someone to converse with them in order to acquire many
kinds of words they have heard because children produce sentences based on
what they hear. The parents should be creative helping the children in the
process of acquiring their sentences. Parents encourage
the children to
communicate and produce the correct sentences and if they make mistakes, give
the exact one.
2.To other researchers
This is suggested that there will be some further research about this study,
particularly, it will be deal with the acquisition of declarative sentence by
children with large number of subject. Perhaps, there will be so many things
different. Additional, another research done is to get better understanding of this
field and children language development.
73
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BY THE FOUR-YEAR- OLD CHILDREN
A Thesis
Submitted to the English Applied Linguistics Study Program in Partial Fulfillment of
the Requirements for the Degree of Magister Humaniora
By:
SARNI ERNAWATY PURBA
Registration Number : 8126112032
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM
POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
MEDAN
2014
ABSTRACT
Purba, Sarni Ernawaty . The Acquisition of Indonesian Declarative Sentence by
Four-Year-Old Children. Thesis English Applied Linguistics, Post Graduate
Program. State University of Medan. 2014
This thesis dealt with the Acquisition of Indonesian Declarative Sentence by the FourYear-Old Children. This Study focused on discovering the patterns of the declarative
sentences by two year-old children. This study was located in Pandan, Tapanuli Tengah.
The subjects of the study were two-year-old children. There were three questions to be
answered namely: (1) what types of declarative sentence structure are produced by the
children? (2) which types of declarative sentence structure dominantly produced by the
children? (3) why does the four-year old children develop Indonesian declarative sentence
structure the way they do? A descriptive qualitative research was conducted to enable the
researcher to answer the questions. The finding indicated that from total 20 declarative
sentences of each, they had different patterns of each category. The patterns of the
declarative sentences in terms of syntactic form be spoken by the four-year-children. In
the running pattern MW has patterns, S-P-Adv, P-S, Adv-S-P, P-S-Adv, S-P-Adv, Adv-SP. Meanwhile RHB has patterns, P-S, Adv-Adv-S-P, P-S, P. In the being pattern, MW has
patterns, S-P and P-S, however, RHB has patterns S-P, P-S, P, Adv-Adv-S-P and Adv-SP. In the doing pattern, MW has patterns, P-O-Adv-S, S-P-O, P-O-Adv-S, Adv-P-O-Adv
and S-P-O. Meanwhile RHB has patterns S-Adv-P-O, S-P-O, O-S-P, Adv-P-O.
ABSTRAK
Purba, Sarni Ernawaty. Nim: 8126112032. Perolehan Kalimat Deklaratif Bahasa
Indonesia oleh Anak Pada Usia Empat Tahun. Tesis. Linguistik Terapan Bahasa
Inggris, Programsarjana. Universitas Negeri Medan. 2014
Tesis ini berhubungan dengan Perkolehan Kalimat Deklaratif Bahasa Indonesia oleh
Anak Pada Usia Empat Tahun. Tesis ini focus dalam menemukan pola-pola kalimat
deklaratif Bahasa Indonesia yang diucapkan oleh anak pada anak usia empat tahun.
Penelitian ini berlokasi di Pandan, Tapanuli Tengah dan subjek penelitian ini dua anak
pada usia empat tahun. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah: (1) menemukan pola-pola
kalimat deklaratif yang diperoleh anak oleh anak pada usia empat tahun (2) menemukan
pola-pola kalimat deklaratif yang lebih banyak yang diperoleh anak pada usia empat
tahun (3) menguraikan bagaimana anak mereka memperoleh bentuk-bentuk kalimat
deklaratif tersebut. Dalam mengumpulkan data, penelitian ini menerapkan observasi dan
merekam sebagai alat mengumpulkan data. Teknik analisa data yang digunakan dalam
penelitian ini deskriptif dan data digambarkan melalui proses menyalin. Temuan
menunjukkan bahwa dari total 20 kalimat deklaratif yang masing-masing dipeoleh subjek
mempunyai pola-pola tertentu dari setiap kategori. Pada running pattern MW mempeoleh
pola, S-P-Adv, P-S, Adv-S-P, P-S-Adv, S-P-Adv, Adv-S-P. Sementara memperoleh, P-S,
Adv-Adv-S-P, P-S, P. Pada being pattern, MW memperoleh, S-P dan P-S, sementara,
RHB memperoleh S-P, P-S, P, Adv-Adv-S-P and Adv-S-P. Pada doing pattern, MW
memperoleh, P-O-Adv-S, S-P-O, P-O-Adv-S, Adv-P-O-Adv dan S-P-O. Sementara RHB
memperoleh S-Adv-P-O, S-P-O, O-S-P, Adv-P-O.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, the researcher would like to express her thankfulness to God the
Almighty who has been blessing her to complete this thesis in order to fulfill one of the
requirements in obtaining the degree of Magister Humaniora of the English Applied
Linguistics Study Program Graduate School at State University of Medan. The researcher
found many difficulties during her study and in completing this study. However, people
around her always give her help so difficulties could be solved. Therefore, she wishes to
acknowledge her very special thanks to her first and second advisors, Dr. Anni Holila
Pulungan, M.Hum. and Dr. I Wayan Dirgayasa Tangkas, M.Hum., for their valuable
guidance, encouragement, kindness and advice to broaden her perception and knowledge
on this topic.
Her gratitude also goes to the Head of English applied Linguistics Study Program
and as her review Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd, for his support, advice and help
during her study and in completing this study. Her great gratitude is also due to her
reviewers Dr. Sri Minda Murni, M.S. and Dr. Siti Aisyah Ginting, M. Pd. For their
constructive comments and suggestions for this research. Her sincere thankfulness is given
to all lecturers for their precious knowledge , experiences, advice and guidance thoughout
her academic years at the Post Graduate School of State University of Medan. Aslo deep
gratitude to all staff of Graduate Program at the State University of Medan.
She is also indebted to all my classmates Bang Pollung, Kak Trisna, Yulima, Wina,
Desi, Nurhalima, Wandira, Irma, Rina, Purnama, Rodiani, Bambang, Zulmi, Zamal, Mas
Agung, Rianto, Indra, Ayu, Chitra, Elbi and Deddy for their loving care.
Finally, she would like to express her sincere thankfulness to her mother and her sisters
Kak Rosty, Kak Elpi, Kak Polo and Maria for their loving care and supporting in her life,
very special one, her small family, especially for her Husband, Anggiat Sept Parulian
Sihombing and her loving sons, Rema Daud Tua, Rena Patiencius Hiram and Rexa
Hotiggo Blessing for their loving care, prayer, support, and encouragement.
Medan, December 2014
The writer
Sarni Ernawaty Purba
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Pages
ABSTRACT.……………………………...………………...………………………..i
ABSTRAK……………………………………………………………………………ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS…………………………………………......………….iii
TABLE OF CONTEN...…………………………………...………………………..v
LISTS OF TABLE………..……………………………………...................………vii
LIST OF APPENDICES……….………………...………………………..………viii
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION…………………................................................1
1.1 The Background of the Study ........................................................... ...................1
1.2 The Research Problem of the Study......................................................................11
1.3 The Objectives of the Study..................................................................................12
1.4 The Scope of the Stduy..........................................................................................13
1.5 The Significance of the Study................................................................................14
CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE ………...........................................15
2.1 First Language Acquisition....................................................................................15
2.2 Theory of First Language Acquisition...................................................................17
2.3 Stages of Language Development........................................................................22
2.4 The Acquisition of Indonesian Sentences by four-year-old children…………...25
2.5 The Types of Sentences.........................................................................................26
2.6 The Type of declarative sentence pattern………………………………………..34
2.7 Type of Indonesian Sentence……………….……………………………………39
2.8 Relevant Studies…………………………….……..…………………………….41
2.9 Conceptual Framework………………………………………………………..…42
CHAPTER III. METHOD OF RESEARCH…………………………………….44
3.1 The Research Design.............................................................................................44
3.2 The Subjects of the Study.....................................................................................45
3.3 The Technique of Collecting Data……….………………....................................46
3.4 The Instrument of collecting Data……………………………………………….47
3.5 The Trustworthiness ………………………………….….……………………...47
3.6 The Technique of Analyzing the data……………………………………………49
CHAPTER IV. DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS….…………………….....51
4.1 The Data Analysis………………………………………………………………..52
4.2 Findings…………………………………………………………………………66
4.3 Discussion……………………………………………..…………………………66
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS……………………….71
5.1 Conclusions …………………………………………..………………………….71
5.2 Suggestions………………………………………………………………………71
References……………………………………………………………………………73
Appendix…………………………………………………………………………….77
Lists of Table
Pages
Table 1. The Roles and Function of Sentence Constituents...………….31
Table. 2 The Subjects……………………………………...………...…...45
Table 3. The Running Pattern by the Subjects……..……………………..52
Table 4. The Being Pattern by the Subjects……….………………………56
Table 5. The Doing Pattern by the Subjects……………………………….63
List of Appendices
Appendix 1. The Acquisition of Indonesian Declarative Sentences by MW…...77
Appendix 2. The Acquisition of Indonesian Declarative Sentences by RHB…...78
Appendix 3. The Subjects of The Study…………………………………………79
71
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1 Conclusion
From the data and data analysis in chapter four is concluded that :
1. There are 40 Indonesian Declarative Sentences produced by the two subjects.
Michael Wisnu produced 6 running pattern which has sub-patterns S-P-Adv, P-S,
Adv-S-P, P-S-Adv, S-P-Adv and Adv-S-P, 9 being pattern which has sub-patterns
S-P and P-S, 5 doing/seeing patterns which has sub-patterns P-O-Adv-S, S-P-O, PO-Adv-S, Adv-S-P-O-Adv and S-P. However, Rexa H. Blessing produced 4
running pattern which has sub-patterns P-S, Adv-Adv-S-P, P-S, and P, 12 being
patterns which has sub-patterns S-P, Adv-Adv-P-S, Adv-S-P, P-S and P, 4
doing/seeing patterns which has sub-patterns S-Adv-P-O, S-P-O, O-S-P, O-S-P and
Adv-P-O.
2. The subjects produced the being pattern and sub-pattern S-P dominantly.
3. The subjects were basically influenced both ‘nature’ and ‘nurture’ process in
producing their sentences. It is also true that differences across the languages are
not only differences between children. There are also individual differences
between children producing the same language. Each sentence of the two subjects
has its own characteristic.
5.2 Suggestions
72
After the conclusion of the acquisition of Indonesian declarative sentence by
four-year children was made, the researcher would suggest to parents and
researchers.
1. To the parent
The parents assist the children in the process of language acquisition. Parents
allow them to communicate freely to produce sentences in different situation
and there should be someone to converse with them in order to acquire many
kinds of words they have heard because children produce sentences based on
what they hear. The parents should be creative helping the children in the
process of acquiring their sentences. Parents encourage
the children to
communicate and produce the correct sentences and if they make mistakes, give
the exact one.
2.To other researchers
This is suggested that there will be some further research about this study,
particularly, it will be deal with the acquisition of declarative sentence by
children with large number of subject. Perhaps, there will be so many things
different. Additional, another research done is to get better understanding of this
field and children language development.
73
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