2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE - The Analysis of the Main Characters of Delirium by Lauren Oliver

2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Literature is a term that does not have a universally accepted definition, but which has variably included all written work; writing that possesses literary merit; and language that foregrounds literariness, as opposed to ordinary language. Etymologically the term derives from Latin literatura/litteratura, although some definitions include spoken or sung texts. Literature can be classified according to whether it is fiction or non-fiction, and whether it is poetry or prose; it can be further distinguished according to major forms such as the novel, short story or drama; and works are often categorized according to historical periods, or according to their adherence to certain aesthetic features or expectations.

Eagleton (1983:1) says, “There have been various attempts to be define literature. You can define it, as “imaginative” writing in the sense of fiction- writing which is not really true. But even the briefest reflection on what people commonly include under the heading of literature suggests that this will do.” Literature as imaginative writing is reflected from people thought, that is not true.

A novel is a lhas historical roots in antiquity anupplied the present generic English term in the 18th century. The first significant European he first part of which was published in 1605.

One of the fiction process is novel. Waston (1979:3) says, “Novel is the name of a literary kind, and there is a story to tell about how, over the centuries, its substance has widened and its conventions changed.” It means that novel is literary work that narrate life story in centuries ago. Every novel has these five elements: Setting - When and where the story takes place. Characters - The people (or sometimes animals) the story is about. Plot - What happens in the story.

Theme - The lesson the writer of the story is trying to teach the reader. The "message". And the last, point of view - Who is telling the story. First person point of view uses "I", and is told by one of the characters of the story. Third person point of view uses an unnamed narrator who knows what all (or most) of the story's characters are thinking.

Shaw (1972:189) says, “A novel is lengthy fictitious narrative prose portraying character and presenting an organized series of events and settings.” It means that long or short of a work is often used as a distinguishing feature between short stories and novels. Short stories usually range between 1.500 to 15.000 words, while novel about 70.000 sometimes 40.0000 words. Characters and action representative of the real life of past or present times. Novel and short

2.1 Character One of the most important aspect in a novel is the Main of Characters.

Character in a novel is not as puzzling as character in real life; a novel is short: it is a work of art, so it’s selective character in novel rather as we do in real life; from people’s actions, from what they say about themselves, from what other say about them.

Character is a person who is responsible for the thoughts and action within a story, poem, or other literature. Characters are extremely important because they are the medium through which a reader interacts with a piece of literature. Every character has his or her own personality, which a creative author uses to assist in forming the plot of a story or creating a mood. The different attitudes, mannerisms, and even appearances of characters can greatly influence the other major elements in a literary work, such as theme, setting, and tone. With this understanding of the character, a reader can become more aware of other aspect of literature, such as symbolism, giving the reader a more complete understanding of the work.

Forster (1972) says, “Two basic types of characters, their qualities, functions, and importance for the development of the novel: flat characters and round characters. Flat characters are two-dimensional, in that they are relatively uncomplicated and do not change throughout the course of a work. By contrast, round characters are complex and undergo development, sometimes sufficiently to surprise the reader.”

Round Characters is a major character in a work of fiction whos encounters conflict and is changed by it. Round characters tend to be more fully developed and described than flat, or static, characters. If you think of the characters you most love in fiction, they probably seem as real to you as people you know in real life. This is a good sign that they are round characters. A writer employs a number of tools or elements to develop a character, making him or her round, including description and dialogue. A character's responses to conflict and his or her internal dialogue are also revelatory.

2.1.1 Division of Character Main character and peripheral character

Main Character is the individual who contributes the most to the story or who is the most important of the story. You can decide who the main character is by thinking about if the story would be the same if a specific character was not in it. Nurgiyantoro (2005:176-177) says, “Tokoh utama adalah tokoh yang

diutamakan penceritaannya dalam novel yang bersangkutan. Ia merupakan tokoh

yang paling banyak diceritakan, baik sebagai pelaku kejadian maupun yang

dikenal kejadian .”

Peripheral character is the character that appears once or sometime in a novel, and may be relatively in short portion. It called peripheral character often provide, support, illuminated the protagonist.

Protagonist and Antagonist Characters

There are two order important terms to keep in mind of description people: protagonist and antagonist. Protagonist is the major character with whom we generally sympathize. A protagonist is considered to be the main character or lead figure in a novel, play, story, or poem. A protagonist, meaning "one who plays the figure) of a literary, theatrical, cinematic or musical narrative, who enters conflict because of the antagonist. The basic sense of protagonist, as originally used in connection with ancient Greek drama, is ‘the main character in a play’. Some traditionalists object to the looser use to refer to a number of characters (rather than just the main one) in a play, film, etc.

An antagonist is a character, group of characters, or institution that represents the opposition against which the protagonist or protagonists must contend. In other words, an antagonist is a person or a group of people who oppose the main characters. In the classic style of stories wherein the action consists of a hero fighting a villain/enemy, the two can be regarded as protagonist and antagonist, respectively. Of course, some narratives cast the villain the protagonist role, with the opposing hero as the antagonist. The antagonist may also represent a major threat or obstacle to the main character by their very existence, without necessarily deliberately targeting him or her.

Sometimes, antagonists and protagonists may overlap, depending on what their ultimate objectives are considered to be. Often, the protagonist in a narrative is also the same person as thethough the two terms are distinct. Excitement and intrigue alone is what the audience feels toward a focal character, while a sense of empathy about the character's objectives and emotions is what the audience feels toward the protagonist. Although the protagonist is often referred to as the "good guy", it is entirely possible for a story's protagonist to be the clear villain, or the piece.

The essential function of character is to make the story in the novel meaningful. Therefore, characterization plays important role in giving the main or peripheral character selected behaviour or typical of personality. In his book Aspect of the novel, E.M. Foster (1993) defines that there are two basic types of characters, their qualities, functions, and importance for the development of the novel: flat characters and around characters. According to E.M Foster (1993) the definition about flat character describes below Foster’s most important contribution to the aesthetic of the novel: the distinction between ‘flat’ and ‘round’ characters.

Foster (1993:47:54) says, “Flat characters are constructed round a single idea or quality and can be expressed in a single sentence; round characters are multi-faceted and unpredictable. For foster, the test of a round character is whether it is capable of surprising in a convincing way both flat and round characters can coexist in the some novel. Flat characters have advantage of being easily recognized and convenient for their creators .“

Flat Characters is a minor character in a work of fiction who does not undergo substantial change or growth in the course of a story. Also referred to as "two-dimensional characters" or "static characters" flat characters play a supporting role to the main character, who as a rule should be round. To the degree that the stock characters have many common traits, they are representative of their class, or group. Such characters, with variations in names, ages, and sexes, have been constant in literature since the ancient Greeks. Some regular stock characters are insensitive father, the interfering mother, the sassy younger brother or sister, the greedy politician, the resourceful cowboy or detective, the overbearing or henpecked husband, the submissive or nagging wife, and the angry police captain.

2.2 Plot

Plot is a literary term defined as the events that make up a story, particularly as they relate to one another in a pattern, in a sequence, through cause and effect, how the reader views the story, or simply by coincidence. A plot "insures that you get your character from point A to point Z". Jenna Blum (2013) says, "One is generally interested in how well this pattern of events accomplishes some artistic or emotional effect. An intricate, complicated plot is called an imbroglio, but even the simplest statements of plot may include multiple inferences."

2.3 Setting

Setting is a critical component for assisting the story. In some stories the setting becomes a character itself. The term "setting" is often used to refer to the social milieu in which the events of a novel occur. The setting is often established as the "setting". Setting is another way of identifying where a story takes place.

2.4 Theme

a literary work. A theme is a thought or idea the author presents to the reader that may be deep, difficult to understand, or even moralistic. Generally, a theme has to be extracted as the reader explores the passages of a work. The author utilizes the characters, plot, and other literary devices to assist the reader in this endeavor.

There are two types of themes that appear in literary works i.e. major and minor. A major theme is an idea that a writer repeats in his work, making it the most significant idea in a literary work. A minor theme, on the other hand, refers to an idea that appears in a work briefly and gives way to another minor theme.

The theme of a fable is its moral. The theme of a parable is its teaching. The theme of a piece of fiction is its view about life and how people behave.

In fiction, the theme is not intended to teach or preach. In fact, it is not presented directly at all. You extract it from the characters, action, and setting that make up the story. In other words, you must figure out the theme yourself. The writer's task is to communicate on a common ground with the reader.

2.5 Point of view

Point of view is the angle of considering things which shows us the opinion or feelings of the individuals involved in a situation. In literature, point of view is the mode of narration that an author employs to let the readers “hear” and “see” what takes place in a story, poem, essay etc. Point of view is a reflection of the opinion an individual from real life or fiction can have. Broadly speaking, there are three major kinds of points of view: The perspective from which a speaker or purpose, and audience, writers of nonfiction may rely on the first-person point of view (I, we), the second-person (you, your), or the third-person (he, she, it, they).

2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE - The Analysis of the Main Characters of Delirium by Lauren Oliver