2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1 What’s Gerund - The Analysis Of Gerund Used In The Tempo Magazine
2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 What’s Gerund
Burch (2003:1) says, “Grammar is a way of organizing what we know about language so that we can talk and manipulate this knowledge. It means that by grammar we can organize language and make us comfort to talking about it. Not only to talking but also we can learn, because grammar is also a knowledge.”
Wishon and Burks (1980:268) states that gerund is the – ing form of the verb used as a noun, gerund has the same form as the present participle. However, it functions differently in the sentences, it is always can function in any noun position.
Betty (2006:368) states that a gerund is the – ing form of a verb. It is a noun.
From the state above that gerund is the verb + ing that used as a noun. Gerund is not same in meaning, but it is same in form. Some verbs are followed by gerunds and contains phrasal verbs. But any verbs are not also followed by gerund.
Example : Washing dishes is my house work.
Within the clause “Washing dishes”, the word “Playing” behaves as a verb; in particular the phrase “dishes” is the object of that verb. But the whole clause “Playing football” acts as a noun phrase within the sentences as a whole; it is the subject of the verb “is”. When a gerund ( verb + ing) is used as the subject of a sentence, it becomes a singular noun. However, if two or more gerund are joined by a conjunction “and” ;it will be a plural noun.
2.2 Form of Gerund
2.2.1 The simple gerund
The gerund is the –ing form of the verb used as a noun. Notice that the gerund has the same form as present participle. However, it functions differently in the sentence. It is always a noun and can function in any noun function.
1) Subject of verb
The subject in gerund sentence usually located in the beginning of the sentences. Gerund is used as the subject of a sentence on its basis have the following characteristics:
1) Verb + ing. 2) In front of predicate. 3) The subject of the sentence. 4) It is usually singular noun. 5) It has the meaning of an object that is the subject of the sentence.
Examples: Swimming is a very popular sport in the country.
Reading English magazine improves your English ability.
Writing letters is my sister’s hobbies.
Dieting with jogging in the evening has successfully reduced my weight.
Learning a lot of law science does not attract to be a lawyer.
2) Object of verb
The gerund can be the object of a verb. The form of an object in a gerund phrase may depend on what precedes the gerund. Gerund is used as the object of a sentence has the following characteristics: 1) It is behind a predicate.
2) It functions as an object that describes the predicate of a sentences. 3) It has the meaning of a noun which is the object of the sentences.
Examples : They don’t remember locking the door.
I like reading a novel.
I regret telling the truth her the truth.
We always enjoy riding bicycle.
Certain verbs in English are followed by verbals- either gerund or infinitives- which are considered as the objects of these verbs. The gerund (-ing form) and the infinitive (to+ base form) of verbs may be used as nouns, and usually there is no difference in meaning. The following is a reference list of some common verbs. Here are verbs can followed by gerund.
Reference List of Verbs Followed by Gerunds Object 2.
Advice* 3. Allow 4. Advocate 5. Anticipate 6. Appreciate 7. Avoid 8. Begin* 9. Can’t bear* 10.
Can’t stand* 11. Claim 12. Complete 13. Consider 14. Continue* 15. Delay 16. Deny 17. Detest 18. Disclaim 19. Discuss 20. Dislike 21. Enjoy 22. Escape 23.
Excuse 24. Fancy 25. Finish 26. Forbid 27. Forget** 28. Hate* 29. Imagine 30. Keep 31. Like* 32. Love* 33. Mean* 34. Mention 35. Mind 36. Miss 37. Permit 38. Postpone* 39. Practice 40. Prefer* 41. Prevent 42. Prohibit 43. Put off 44. Quit 45.
Recall 46. Recollect 47. Recommend 48. Regret** 49. Remember** 50. Report 51. Resent 52. Resist 53. Risk 54. Start* 55. Stop*** 56. Suggest 57. Support 58. Tolerate 59. Try* 60. Understand 61. Urge
1. Admit
1) May be followed by a gerund or an infinitive : * without a change in meaning/ ** with a change in meaning.
Schrampfer (2006:370) says, “ ***The object following stop is a gerund, not an infinitive. But in special circumstance, stop can be followed by an infinitive of purpose: in order to. (While I was walking down the hall, I dropped my pen. I stopped to pick it up. = I stopped walking in order to pick it up.)”.
2) May be followed by an object : +and infinitive. ( She advices me to go to library)/ ++ and a gerund. ( He appreciates you for your working).
3) May be followed by a that – clause. Subjunctive verb
Examples : I remember meeting you at the library.
John enjoys playing chess with his father. He can’t bear being laughed at.
My mother doesn’t allow going to the movie.
We can’t avoid writing a paper.
Some people hate working in the early morning.
I delayed doing my exercises.
3. Object of a preposition Any verb used as the object in a preposional takes the form of a gerund.
Most gerund after prepositions are subjects, especially those in adverbial prepositional.
Examples : I am worried about being late for this class.
Jefry insisted on going to Singapore.
I believe in being honest at all times.
I thank for your saving my book.
Object of a preposition consists of two parts :
1) Nominal function of prepositional gerund
Any verb used in a prepositional phara takes the form of a gerund. Most gerund phrases after prepositions are subjectless, especially those in adverbial prepositional phrases. Such gerund phrases function as prepositional objects of verbs. A great many of the verbs listed under prepositional objects in the chapter on prepositions take such gerund objects.
Examples: Jack often dream about being a doctor someday.
She insisted on paying the restaurant bill.
2) Abjectival function of preposional gerund These adjectival constructions appearing after nouns begin mostly with of or for. Examples : His pretense of being rich didn’t fool anyone.
Their funds are adequate for meeting their moderate needs.
Adjectival function of prepositional gerund phrase consists of two parts :
a) Prepositional gerund phrases modifying verbs
These phrases may express almost all adverbial relationships except place.
Examples : After receiving your advice, we solved the problem.
He earned the money for his tuition by working as a writer during a year.
Before watching television, they have done all the housework.
b) Prepositional gerund modifying adjectives
Introducing most prepositional gerund phrases after adjectives, especially
- ed participial adjectives
Examples : She was embarrassed at seeing herself mark.
I’m dissapointed at your doing such a thing. Other preposition introducing gerund phrase after adjectives are :
a. For Example : The co – pilot will be responsible for flying the plane.
b. Of Example : I’m tired of eating foreign food every day.
c. With Example : i’m fed up with studying.
d. About Example : My friends are excited about going on holiday.
e. At Example : I am very good at learning language.
4. Subjective Complement Subjective Complement as a predicate noun. Examples :
A good exercise is swimming.
His favourite pastime is singing. My chief delight is cooking.
5. Appositive
The function of appositive is to give further information on something or someone we had said already in gerund sentence. Appositives are separated from the others word in the sentenced by commas.
Examples :
My favourite sport, running, takes a great deal of effort. sailing , takes a lot of time.
His hobby,
His method, shooting and killing, eventually came to an end.
2.2.2. The Gerund Phrase
Gerund phrases is a phrase that consists of a gerund plus objects and / or modifiers. As does the gerund, gerund phrase also serves as a noun in a sentence.
Example :
Seeing the doctor immediately is a good idea. Swimming in the ocean is very dangerous.
You might get in trouble for faking an illness to avoid work.
I enjoy riding my bike in the morning.
From the examples above, seeing, swimming, faking, and riding are a gerund. Then each is added with a gerund the doctor immediately,in the ocean, an illness to avoid work, and my bike in the morning. So the combination of the gerund and the object is shaping up to be what is called a gerund phrases. There are some main subject about gerund phrases:
As noun verbal, gerund in a gerund phrase can be limited by :
- a) An adverb or adverb phrase Examples : Working smartly is as important as working hard.
Working in a car workshop gives a young man much experience in earning a
living.
c) An adjective and/or noun or possesive pronoun Examples: We are late because of dady’s slow driving.
He resented me being passed over for promotion.
If gerund in gerund phrase is formed from transitive verb, it can use direct
- object. If gerund is formed from a verb that can use both direct object or indirect object, gerund phrase can use it too.
Examples : Giving the employees a raise will make them happy.
Sending the girl a letter will make her sad.
- preposition, and appositive.
Gerund phrases in a sentence can function as subject, object, object of the
Examples of gerund phrases as subject : Working hard from nine to six is one way to earn your bread and butter.
Eating breakfast on time is advisable.
Smoking too much is not good for health.
Example of gerund phrases as objects : The supervisor appreciates your working so hard in campus.
I intend doing my homework tonight.
I begin studying English seriously.
Example of gerund phrases as objects of the preposition :
After receiving your money, we bought many books. I am tired of studying alone.
We will not be successful without working seriously every time.
Example of gerund phrases as appositive :
received.
Her suggestion, building a dam to harness the power of water, was well
The best exercise, walking briskly, is also the least expensive
My hobby, juggling flaming torches, is not expensive.
When you want to make a negative sentence, just add a note in front of
- gerund phrases, for examples : Not having a friend is lonely.
I intend not doing my homework tonight.
As a noun, gerund phrases often use the possessive adjective in front of it.
- Examples : Thank you for your coming.
.
Her singing is slow.
My dancing is not good as yours.
My feeling says that.
Your visiting will make me happy.
Note : Your coming, her singing, my dancing, my feeling, and your visiting is that using your gerund phrases, her, and my a possessive adjective to noun behind it.
2.3 Some Rules in Gerund
1. Noun + Preposition + Gerund
Some words used in this pola, they are : advantage of, choice of,
intention of, problem of, difference between, solution to, excuse for, method
for, reason for, possibility.Examples : The advantage of counsuming vegetables is good for our healthy.
We have many choice of cooking meals.
The intention of studying this subject is to know our history.
Jack has solution to solving your problem.
George has no excuse for dropping out of school.
There is no reason for leaving this early.
2. Adjective + Preposition + Gerund
Some words used in this pola, they are : afraid of, good at, responsible
of, tired of, interested in, excited about, nervous about, clever at, fond of,
accustomed.Examples : They are afraid of eating some pizza.
The students are responsible for cleaning this classroom.
He was tired of walking around mall.
I am very excited about visiting Bali.
John is nervous about standing in front of this class.
The man is clever at playing football.
3. Verb + Preposition + Gerund
Pyle and Ellen (2002:85) say, “If a verb + preposition, adjective + preposition, noun + preposition, or preposition alone is followed directly by a verb, the verbs will always be in the gerund form. The following list consists of verb + preposition”. They are: think about, think of, keep on, insist on, succed
in, count on, depend on, give up, look forward to,get used to, appove of” Examples : I will think about finishing this paper early.
My father is thinking of going to Canada next month.
The baby kept on crying.
Mary insisted on taking the bus instead of the plane
Succes may depend on becoming more patient.
My uncle gave up smoking because of his doctor’s advice.
4.
Preposition + Gerund Some words used in this pola, they are : besides, by, despite, without, before, while, instead of, after, as well as.
Examples : Besides keeping her food, she also walks every morning.
They famous by speaking english language fluently.
Despite raining, she wants to meet her boyfriend.
They bought a car without asking before.
Please have a drink before leaving.
I slept while reading a novel.
I will call you after arriving in campus.
5. Verb + Object + Preposition + Gerund
Some verb used in this pola, they are: accuse of, stop for, thank for, forgive for, prevent for, congratulate on, suspect of, warn about.
Examples : They were accused of breaking the table.
Jessica stopped for dieting.
I forgive for being late.
I absolutely thank for helping me.
I can’t prevent my friend from stealing money.
such a good speech.
I wanted to congratulate you on making
2. 4 The Function of Gerund There are eight function of gerund in a sentences :
We warned them against using this computer.
1. As a Subject of Sentences
Pyle and Ellen (2002: 74) says, “If a sentences begins with (verb + ing) (gerund), the verb must also be singular”.
It means that gerund as subject of sentence is always in front of sentences and also be singular.
Examples : Dieting is very popular today.
Writing many letters makes her happy.
Reading a newspaper is my father hobby.
Listening requires patience.
Sleeping is necessary to heath.
2. As a Object of Sentences Examples : He enjoys hunting tourists in Yuki.
My father hates getting up late.
They don’t remember closing the window. I like reading foregin novel.
He loves teaching very much.
3. As a Complement
A gerund clause can be a subject complement after the auxiliary be ( is, am, are, was, were ).
Example :
One of his duties is attending meetings. His best talent is teaching.
My favorite activity in leasure time is fishing. Rina is preparing meals for her husband.
My father hobby is reading a newspaper.
4. After a preposition.
Preposition following with gerund are : after, before, to, about, with, without, at, on, by.
Examples : After cooking, I will go to bookstore.
Before watching the movie, we must buy tickets.
He confessed to stealing the jewels.
She speaks about getting a new job.
We agree with sleeping tonight.
She speaks without thinking before.
She is good at painting.
They're keen on windsurfing.
She avoided him by walking on the opposite side of the road.
5. After certain verbs.
Some verbs always followingwith gerund are : admit, finish, mind, stop, postpone, consider,tolerate.
Examples : He admitted stealing the laptop.
She finished studying about ten
Would you mind helping me with this table?
I can’t stop loving you.
Let’s postpone leaving until tomorrow.
I will consider going with you.
My teacher won’t tolerate cheating during an examination.
6. After certainly idioms expressions Examples : It’s no use crying like a baby.
It’s no good getting someone in trouble.
There is no knowing what may happen.
There is no harm in visiting her now.
I take pleasure in visiting the sick
He was interested in learning more about my work.
The girl was ashamed of having been beaten in class by her brother.
7. After possesive adjectives Examples : Your visiting will make me happy.
My singing is not bad.
Our meeting will be attend by President.
His dancing is very good.
8. Gerund to show short prohibition Examples :
No talking!
No parking!
No spitting!