Country Report Muslim Youth Survey 2010 14Juni2011
Press Conference
June 14th, 2011 10.30 am18 - 26 November 2010 Country Report MUSLIM YOUTH SURVEY 2010 GOETHE-INSTITUT - FNS
Survey Methodology
Population of this survey are Indonesian citizens aged between 15 and 25.
The number of samples are 1496 respondents, who were selected with multistage random sampling, proportionally distributed over the 33 provinces.
Margin of error is around +/- 2.6% at 95 percent significance level.
Selected respondents were interviewed by skilled interviewers.
Every 10 respondents were interviewed by one interviewer
Quality control on the result was carried out randomly on 20% out of the total samples with strict supervision by LSI HQ.
There were no significant errors found in this survey. Data collection was carried out from 18
– 26 November 2010.
3
Sample Validation
LSI SAMPLE AND POPULATION (BPS CENSUS) CATEGORY LSI BPS CATEGORY LSI BPS
7.1
59.3
59.3 Madurese
4.1
3.4 KALIMANTAN
5.7
5.7 Bugis
1.8
2.5 SULAWESI
7.1 Betawi people
6.2
3.1
2.5 Others
6.7
6.7 Minang people
2.7
2.7 Others
24.5
28.5 ZONE
3.4 JAWA
5 DEMOGRAPHIC COMPARISON BETWEEN
Male
2.0
50.1
50.0 Islam
88.9
88.2 Female
49.9
50.0 Protestant/Chatolic
9.1
8.9 Others
2.9 Rural
21.2
58.6
59.4 Urban
41.4
40.6 Javanese
40.8
41.6 Sundanese
16.8
15.4 SUMATERA
21.2 Malay
6 CATEGORY LSI BPS CATEGORY LSI BPS NAD
0.6
0.6
0.6 SELAWESI SELATAN
3.2
3.4 DKI JAKARTA
3.5
3.3 SULAWESI TENGGARA
0.6
0.9 JAWA BARAT
18.1
17.2 GORONTALO
0.6
0.4 JAWA TENGAH
15.3
14.8 SULAWESI BARAT
0.5 DI YOGYAKARTA
1.3
1.4
1.5 MALUKU
0.5
0.6 JAWA TIMUR
16.7
16.4 MALUKU UTARA
0.5
0.5 BANTEN
4.2
4.1 PAPUA
0.9
1.2 IRJABAR
0.5
0.3 PROVINCE
1.1 KEPULAUAN RIAU
0.5 SULAWESI TENGAH
1.9
1.9 JAMBI
2.0 BALI
1.0
1.5 SUMATERA UTARA
5.7
5.8 NTB
1.6
2.0 SUMATERA BARAT
1.9
2.1 NTT
1.6
2.0 RIAU
1.9
2.2 KALIMANTAN BARAT
2.2
1.3
0.6
0.8 KALIMANTAN TIMUR
1.0 BANGKA BELITUNG
0.6
3.3 SULAWESI UTARA
3.2
1.4 LAMPUNG
1.4
0.6
1.3 KALIMANTAN TENGAH
1.5 BENGKULU
1.4
3.3 KALIMANTAN SELATAN
3.2
0.9 SUMATERA SELATAN
0.7
PROVINCE
National problems &
concerns about society
7
What is the national condition from the perspective of the
young generation like? Most of them think that the current
national government and national security are very good/good.
Each reaches 44% and 41% from all respondents. However
most of them think that the current political condition and law enforcement are very bad/bad, each gets 38%. In rating the national economic situation now, most of them think it is very bad/bad (41%), while another bulk thinks that it is average (40%). In comparison to last year however,
economic situation seems to get better (34%) while others
(35%) say that it is worse.8
Living in a country where many problems are still adherent
causes the young generation to be less optimistic about the
future of their country. Most of them see this statement as
sometimes true, sometimes false (39%). A large number perceive the future as rather optimistic (32%), or rather gloomy (26%). The mixed answer is especially higher for young people who live in urban areas and come from a middle- high educational background. We may say that the young generation is aware that they live
in economic uncertainty and a political transition right now.
Many problems/issues call for attention, and mostly are related
to concerns about issues involving physical survival, culture,
and the destructive power of state.9
National condition
How would you rate national … now? (%)
100
50
44 Law enforcement
41
41
38
38
38
37 National security
34 National government
27
25
20
18
15
3
2
2
1 Very good/Good Average Very bad/Bad DA/DK
Future of your country
What about the future of your country? Do you see it as … (%)
100
75
50
39
32
26
25
4
rather gloomy rather optimistic mixed, sometimes like DA/DK this, sometimes like that
Visualize the Future of The Country by Rural- Urban
And what about the future of your country (Indonesia)? …(%)
Base: Moslem Respondent
rather gloomy
100
rather optimistic mixed, sometimes like this, sometimes like that
50
43
36
34
28
27
24
25
5.4
1.4 Rural
Urban
Visualize the Future of The Country by Education
And what about the future of your country (Indonesia)? …(%)
Base: Moslem Respondent
rather gloomy
100
rather optimistic mixed, sometimes like this,
75
sometimes like that DA/DK
50
42
40
39
36
34
33
32
30
28
26
25
22
25
7
3
3
<= Elementary Junior High School Senior High School College/University School
9
2
4
5
7
8
13
22
30
25
50 75 100 DA/DK Others To become a politician To become famous person To become an artist (singer, etc) To become scientist To become a leader To become rich To become civil servant or military person To become entrepreneur To become a good father/mother
What are your goals and dreams in life? …(%)
Base: Moslem Respondent Goals and dreams Most of the youth set as their goal to become a good father/mother (30%).
In terms of their career, many of the youths want to become entrepreneurs (22%) civil servants or military personnel (13%). In society, these two segments of work are often highlighted in discussions, talk shows, and other public discourses. An interesting trend is that more youth aspire to become entrepreneurs rather than civil servants/military personnel (employee).
Religion
What is the source of this trend of opinion:
traditional or religious values? In time of economic uncertainty and political transition, youth find religion as an alternative to hold on to. Probably, religion somehow offers certainty and guidance on how to act and
behave. This in turn affects on how they see themselves. More
youth see themselves first as Muslim/Christian/Hindu/Buddhist/Confucianist (religiousidentity), 48%, compared to 41% who see themselves first as
Indonesian (national identity). Religious identity is especially salient for Urban people with college education and a higher economic status. National identity is more salient for male, rural people with a lower economic status. Religious education or socialization is assumed to take up a central role in shaping the youth’s religious identity. More than half (52%) say that they did go to Islamic school.
Participation in Islamic rituals are rather regular among youth,
especially in fasting during Ramadhan. The five daily prayers are only fulfilled by 28.7 % on a regular basis. Practicing religion in their daily life makes it easier for youth to internalize religious values, and to see themselves first in terms of religious identity.
There is a set of questions in the survey that is directly or indirectly
related to the religion of Islam. Answers to these questions may reflect the religious values that they hold.Drinking alcoholic beverages and consuming marijuana, many Muslims believe, are prohibited in Islam. Having sex before marriage is strictly
forbidden and being gay or lesbian is cursed. On these issues, most
Muslim youths have conservative opinions.Nearly 89% of them disagree or strongly disagree with the statement
saying that it’s OK to have a beer once in a while. On the usage of
marijuana, 99% of them disagree or strongly disagree. Their disagreement to have sex before marriage is very high, at 98%; and their disagreement to the statement of “it’s ok to be gays or lesbian” is at 99%.Religion appears to be an important factor in making decisions of whom they would marry. 99 percent of them say no to the statement: “I would marry somebody from a different faith.”
Another trace of religious conservatism could be found when female respondents were asked of whether they would wear a bikini or tank- top. Eight out of ten (86%) chose the answer of “Yes, I do mind.” The male Muslim respondents hold a similar conservatism: 85% of them said that they do mind if their girlfriend or wife wears a bikini or tank- top.
However, religious conservatism is not solidly built. On three issues polygamy, sex education in schools, and headscarves
- –
- – they show a degree of liberalism.
Polygamy is a boiling issue among Indonesians and draws a lot of
controversy. Islam does not prohibit polygamy. In fact, the prophet himself had more than one wife during his life. But the percentage of the Muslim youth who disagree or strongly disagree with the practice of polygamy is very high (85%).
Is sex education needed in schools? Fifty seven percent disagree or strongly disagree, while 41% say that they somewhat agree or
strongly agree. This means, a sizable number of the youths do not
think that sex education is a taboo. On women wearing the headscarf, there are “only” 38% of those who
say that the headscarf is compulsory [for female Muslims]. The rest
have different opinions. Some of them say that it is up to women to
decide (21%), it is fashionable (7%), it protects women from glares
(18%), and it raises the status of women (9%). The last two might be related to Islam as these two are usually used for buttressing the idea of why Islam requires women to wear a headscarf.Their opinion on three canonical issues in Islamic law is also diverse:
Cutting off one hand of convicted thieves, the death penalty for murderers, and the caning of beer drinkers.
Those who support and oppose the canonical Islamic Law consist of
49% and 50% each. Meanwhile, those who agree and disagree with
the death penalty for murderers are consecutively 67% and 32%. 69% agree and 30% disagree with the caning of beer drinkers. It is surprising that on these canonical issues the number of youths
who are conservative is not as high as expected. But who is more
conservative or less conservative? Is there any difference between
those who live in urban areas and those who live rural areas? Does the level of education define their opinion on these issues? Our finding shows that there is no big difference between those who live in urban and rural areas. The proportion of the urban youth and rural youth who agree with “cutting off hand of thieves” are 50% and 48% -- only 2% difference. These proportions are also similar in their level of agreement with “death for murderers” at 67%. As for the
punishment for beer drinkers, the proportions are 70% and 67% --
three percent difference.An interesting finding is that college/university education appears to be
influential on the youth’s opinion on the three canonical issues. The
proportion of those who agree with syari’a punishments is significantly lower for the youth who enjoyed college university education.I see myself first as? …(%)
Base: Moslem Respondent
10.7
40.8
47.5
1.0 25 50 75 100 DA/DK Javanese/Sundanese/Bugis/Minang/Dayak people/Malay (ethnici) Indonesian Muslim/Christian/Hindhu/Buddhist/Confucianism (religion) Religion as salient identity
Religion as salient identity (Based on Gender)
I see myself first as? …(%)
Base: Moslem Respondent
10075
47.7
47.3
50
42.9
38.8
25
12.7
8.6
1.2
0.8 Muslim/Christian/Hindhu etc Indonesian Javanese/Sundanese/Bugis/Minang DA/DK
(religion) etc (ethnicity)
Male Female
Religion as salient identity (Based on Rural-Urban category)
I see myself first as? …(%)
Base: Moslem Respondent
10075
50.6
45.1
50
43.3
37.6
25
11.1
10.4
1.2
0.7 Muslim/Christian/Hindhu etc Indonesian Javanese/Sundanese/Bugis/Minang DA/DK
(religion) etc (ethnicity)
Rural Urban
Religion as salient identity (Based on Education)
I see myself first as? …(%)
Base: Moslem Respondent
1.3
40.6
16.6
75 100 Muslim/Christian/Hindhu etc (religion) Indonesian Javanese/Sundanese/Bugis/Minang etc (ethnicity) DA/DK
<=SD SLTP SLTA Perguruan Tinggi
50
25
46.8
1.0
7.4
50.9
47.2
35.4
10.0
41.8
47.5
1.1
9.4
42.3
0.7
Religion as salient identity (Based on Income)
I see myself first as? …(%)
Base: Moslem Respondent
10075
49.7
48.5
50
44.5
42.2
39.8
37.5
25
13.2
12.1
9.3
1.2
1.2
0.8 Muslim/Christian/Hindhu etc Indonesian Javanese/Sundanese/Bugis/Minang DA/DK (religion) etc (ethnicity) <400 thousand 400 thousand-<1 million >=1 million
Go to Islamic school
Did you go to Islamic school? …(%)
Base: Moslem Respondent who like to marry somebody from a different faith
10075
52.1
47.1
50
25
0.8 Yes No, never DA/DK
Participation in Islamic rituals
How often are you able to fulfill all five daily prayers? How often do you read the Quran? Do you fast during Ramadhan?…(%)
Base: Moslem Respondent 100
75
61.1
59.6
50
39.7
30.7
30.2
28.7
27.5
25
10.8
8.9
1.2
0.7
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.2 Five daily prayers Read Quran Fast during Ramadhan always often sometimes never DA/DK
Liberal issues: favorable or unfavorable
Do you strongly agree, somewhat agree, somewhat disagree, or strongly disagree with these statements? …(%)
Base: Moslem Respondents
100strongly agree somewhat agree somewhat disagree strongly disagree DA/DK
75
54.9
53.7
52.9
51.2
50.7
48.0
47.5
50
43.9
41.9
35.8
25
9.8
4.1
1.0
0.4
0.4
1.4
0.4
0.3
0.5
0.6
0.1
0.3
0.0
0.0
0.0 It’s ok to have a It’s ok to use soft It’s ok to have sex It’s ok to watch It’s ok to be gays beer once in a drugs like before marriage pornographic or lesbian while if one marihuana movies doesn’t t get drunk.
0.4
0.4
Base: Moslem Respondents
Liberal issues: favorable or unfavorableDo you strongly agree, somewhat agree, somewhat disagree, or strongly disagree with these statements? …(%)
75 100
50
25
10.8
0.5
0.3
0.4
1.4
0.4
98.9
95.7
98.3
99.2
88.8
0.6
4.1
It’s ok to have a beer once in a while if one doesn’t t get drunk. It’s ok to use soft drugs like marihuana It’s ok to have sex before marriage It’s ok to watch pornographic movies It’s ok to be gays or lesbian agree disagree DA/DK
Sex-education
Do you strongly agree, somewhat agree, somewhat disagree, or strongly disagree with this statement: Sex-education is needed in schools? …(%)
Base: Moslem Respondent
10075
50
34.3
30.4
22.9
25
11.0
1.5
strongly agree somewhat somewhat strongly DA/DK
agree disagree disagree
Marry somebody from a different faith
Would you like to marry somebody from a different faith? …(%)
Base: Moslem Respondent 100
90.1
75
50
25
9.3
0.6 Yes No DA/DK
Marry somebody from a different faith
(If “Yes”) What do you do to your partner ? …(%)
Base: Moslem Respondent who like to marry somebody from a different faith
10075
69.7
50
27.0
25
1.6
1.6
my wife/husband could my wife/husband I follow faith of my DA/DK keep her/his religion would have to convert husband/wife to my faith
Wear bikini or tanktop
(Male respondent only) Would you mind if your (Female respondent only) Would you like to wear girlfriend/wife wear bikini or tanktop bikini or tanktop ?
…(%) sometimes? …(%) Base: Female Moslem Respondent 100
Base: Male Moslem Respondent 86,1 75
84,6 25
50 13,2 10,9 3,0
2,2 (Female respondent only) I would like to wear bikini or (Male respondent only) It would be ok with me if my tanktop? girlfriend/wife wear bikini or tanktop sometimes ?
Yes, I do mind No, I don't mind DA/DK
Polygamy
Do you strongly agree, somewhat agree, somewhat disagree, or strongly disagree with this statement: Polygamy is ok ? …(%)
Base: Moslem Respondent
10075
52.9
50
32.9
25
12.7
0.8
0.6
strongly agree somewhat agree somewhat strongly disagree DA/DK disagree
Headscarf
What do you think about the headscarf? …(%)
Base: Moslem Respondent it is compulsory
38.1 it is up to the women to decide
20.8 it protects women from glares
17.8 it raises the status of the women
9.0 it is fashionable
7.1 it depends on the situation (home, workplace,
5.3 gathering, uni it is up to the husband/father to decide
0.5 women should not wear headscarf
0.3 it oppresses women
0.8
25
50 75 100
Syariah law: Favorable or unfavorable
Do you strongly agree, somewhat agree, somewhat disagree, or strongly disagree with these statements? …(%)
Base: Moslem Respondents
100Strongly agree somewhat agree somewhat disagree strongly disagree DA/DK
75
60.1
56.1
50
46.1
42.2
30.4
29.0
25
10.8
8.4
6.8
4.1
1.9
1.4
0.9
0.8
1.0 Cutting off the hands of Death for murderers Who drinks beer should be
convicted thieves caned
Cutting off the hands of convicted thieves by Rural-Urban
Do you strongly agree, somewhat agree, somewhat disagree, or strongly disagree with these statements: Cutting off the hands of convicted thieves? …(%)
Base: Moslem Respondents
100Strongly agree somewhat agree somewhat disagree
75
strongly disagree DA/DK
50
46.7
45.6
42.0
42.4
25
7.8
5.4
5.3
3.1
1.4
0.2 Rural
Urban
Death for murderers by Rural-Urban
Do you strongly agree, somewhat agree, somewhat disagree, or strongly disagree with these statements: Death for murderers ? …(%)
Base: Moslem Respondents
100Strongly agree somewhat agree somewhat disagree
75
strongly disagree DA/DK
56.2
56.1
50
30.5
30.3
25
10.9
10.6
2.9
1.3
1.1
0.2 Rural
Urban
Who drinks beer should be caned by Rural-Urban
Do you strongly agree, somewhat agree, somewhat disagree, or strongly disagree with these statements: Who drinks beer should be caned ? …(%)
Base: Moslem Respondents
100Strongly agree somewhat agree somewhat disagree
75
strongly disagree DA/DK
61.5
58.3
50
30.0
28.2
25
8.9
8.1
2.3
1.4
0.8
0.5 Rural
Urban
Cutting off the hands of convicted thieves by Education
Do you strongly agree, somewhat agree, somewhat disagree, or strongly disagree with these statements: Cutting off the hands of convicted thieves? …(%)
Base: Moslem Respondents
Strongly agree
100
somewhat agree somewhat disagree strongly disagree
57.3
47.1
50
45.5
45.0
42.8
42.5
42.7
28.3
25
7.1
7.3
7.0
6.6
6.7
4.2
4.2
3.2
0.6
0.9
1.0
0.0 <= Elementary Junior High School Senior High School College/University School
Death for murderers by Education
Do you strongly agree, somewhat agree, somewhat disagree, or strongly disagree with these statements: Death for murderers ? …(%)
Base: Moslem Respondents
100Strongly agree somewhat agree somewhat disagree
75
strongly disagree DA/DK
57.5
57.2
54.5
47.0
50
38.4
32.8
29.1
28.7
25
14.6
11.2
10.9
9.7
2.3
2.1
1.6
1.2
0.6
0.6
0.0
0.0
<= Elementary Junior High School Senior High School College/University School
Who drinks beer should be caned by Education
Do you strongly agree, somewhat agree, somewhat disagree, or strongly disagree with these statements: Who drinks beer should be caned ? …(%)
Base: Moslem Respondents
100Strongly agree somewhat agree somewhat disagree
75
strongly disagree
61.0
58.5
49.1
50
32.6
30.6
28.2
28.4
25
18.3
9.1
8.4
6.8
2.3
1.7
1.4
0.6
0.9
0.7
0.0
0.0
<= Elementary Junior High School Senior High School College/University School
Politics
Getting involved in politics is not something that is appealing to the
youth. Those who say that it is fashionable consist of 46%. Broken
down into a more specific question of whether they are interested inpolitics, 41% of them say that they have little interest. And another
29% even say that they do not have any interest at all. Those who are interested or are highly interested in politics- – combined – are only 29%.
Television is the main medium from where the youth find or learn
about political issues (they could answer more than one). No less than 74% of them use television as a source of political information.
Newspapers are the second medium for them as a source of political information. Consecutively, the other sources of information are school (24%), the internet (nearly 20%), and family (19%). That television has become the main source of political information for
the youth seems to be the case for Indonesia. Several other national surveys organized by LSI in 2009 and 2010 also show a similar pattern. We may make an informed-guess that the low level of interest in politics among the youth has something to do with a possibility that they do not talk much about politics within their families.
The youths follow political news on particular issues. Local elections
(28%), political scandals (25%), and national elections (17%) are
events that they follow regularly. These domestic events attract more of their attention than international events or issues such as ASEAN news, the Palestine conflict, and politics in Iraq, Afghanistan and Pakistan. The fact that most of them have little or no interest in politics does not necessarily mean that they are indifferent about what is good or bad for democracy. For example, they agree or strongly agree that people
have the power to change the government they do not like (73%
combined). In other words, they have a high degree of trust on democratic institutions and feel that they can influence political affairs.At the same time, they also believe that money defines political success (64%). They also maintain a view that an opposition party is needed for a good democracy (66%). The majority of the youth (89%) agrees or strongly agrees on the freedom of speech
- – which is an essential prerequisite for a functioning democracy.
Their view on politics may be naïve. However, at least normatively, democratic values seem to be rooted in the heart of the youth.
In addition, the Muslim youth is not gender-biased since most of them
(72%) disagree with a statement saying that a woman cannot be a
good leader for our country. It must be noted that there is some inconsistency because 62% of
them agree that a strongman should bring order to our country. It
does not really fit with democratic values because a strongman may override democratic norms or rules. We cannot push this interpretation too far, however. A strongman could have a different meaning for the youth.
On whether the government treats race/ethnic group equally, the
majority or 83% of the youth have a positive opinion and agree that the government does. Measurement of government performance may involve many aspects. But on this particular issue, only a small portionof the youth thinks that the government does a bad job in treating
different ethnic groups the same way.Interested in politics
How interested would you say you are in politics? …(%)
Base: Moslem Respondent 100
75
50
41.4
28.9
23.1
25
5.5 1.1 highly interested interested little interested not at all DA/DK interested
Know about Politics
where do you find out the problems about politics? …(%)
Base: Moslem Respondent
TV 71.4 newspaper
26.7 school
24.3 Internet
19.6 Family
18.9 friends
16.2 Radio
13.9 religious leaders
3.7 Others
1.7 DA/DK
3.1
25
50 75 100
Political Events Follow Regularly
What political events do you follow regularly? …(%)
Base: Moslem Respondents
2.1
2.3
5.0
7.0
16.6
24.5
27.6
14.8
25
50 75 100
DA/DK Others The situation in Iraq, Afghanistan and Pakistan Palestine conflict ASEAN news National political election and events Political scandals Local political election and events Do you strongly agree, somewhat agree, somewhat disagree, or strongly disagree with these statements? …(%)
Base: Moslem Respondents
100Strongly agree somewhat agree somewhat disagree
75 strongly disagree
65.8
61.6
61.1
60.9 DA/DK
57.8
53.4
50
29.8
27.8
23.1
22.9
25
20.4
19.2
13.4
11.6
10.3
8.1
7.6
7.1
5.4
6.2
5.4
3.3
4.0
2.3
2.9
2.9
2.6
1.5
1.1
0.5 Only people People have a good a woman People a strong man with money the power to democracy cannot be a should be should bring are change a needs good leader free to speak order to our successful in government opposition of our up and to country politics parties country demonstrate they don’t like for their convictions without fear