Pembuatan Hidroksiapatit Dari Tulang Ayam Berporogen Pati Biji Durian Dengan Metode Presipitasi
78
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Achton, A. Calcium Phosphates – Advances in Research and Application: Edition:
Scholarly Brief. 2013: 175.
Afshar, A., Ghorbani, M., Ehsani, N., Saeri, M.R., dan Sorrell, C.C. Some Important
Factros In The Wet Precipitation Process of Hydroxyapatite. Materials and
Design. 24 (3), 2003: 197 – 202.
Agrawal, K., Singh, G., Puri, D., dan Prakash, S. Synthesis and Characterization of
Hydroxyapatite Powder by Sol-Gel Method for Biomedical Application.
Journal of Minerals & Materials Characterization & Engineering. 10 (8),
2011: 727 – 734.
Al-Bahar, Z.J.H. Evaluation The Effect of Incorporated Hydroxyapatite Prepared
From Dried Egg Shell On Some Properties of Relined Denture Base.
International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research. 5, 2014 :
2307 – 4531.
Al-Sokanee, Z. N., Toabi, A. A. H., Al-assadi, M. J., dan Alassadi, E A. S. The Drug
Release Study of Ceftriaxone from Porous Hydroxyapatite Scaffolds. AAPS
PharmSciTech. 10 (3), 2009.
Akhtar, N., dan Yasemin, Y. Formulation and Characterization of A Cosmetic
Multiple Emulsion System Containing Macadamia Nut Oil and Two
Antiaging Agnets. Turkish Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2 (3), 2005:
173 – 185.
Akram, M., Ahmed, R., Shakir, I., Ibrahim, W.A.W., Hussain, R.: Extracting
Hydroxyapatite And Its Precursors From Natural Resources. Journal of
Materials Science. 49 (4), 2014: 1461 – 1475.
Aoki, H. Science Medical Applications of Hydroxyapatite. Tokyo: JAAS. 1991
Balamurugan, A., Michel, J., Faure, J., Benhayoune, H., Wortham, L., Sockalingum,
G., Banchet, V., Bouthors, S., Laurent, M.D., dan Balossier, G. Synthesis
and Structural Analysis of Sol Gel; Derived Stoichiometric Nanophasic
Hydroxyapatite. Ceramics-Silikaty. 50 (1), 2006: 27 – 31.
Barakat, N.A.M., Khil, M.S., Sheikh, F.A., Omran, A.M., dan Kim, H.Y. Extraction
of Pure Natural Hydroxyapatite From Bovine Bone Biowaste By Three
Different Methods. Materials Processing Technology. 209 (7), 2009: 3408 –
3415.
78
Universitas Sumatera Utara
79
Bouyer E., Gitzhofer F., dan Boulos, M.I. Morphological Study of Hydroxyapatite
Nanocrystal Suspension. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in
Medicine. 11 (8), 2000: 523 – 531.
Brundle CR, Evans CA, dan Wilson S, Encyclopedia of Materials Characterization.
USA : Butterworth-Heinemann. 1992.
Capah, R. L. Kandungan Nitrogen dan Fosfor Pupuk Organik Cair dari Sludge
Instalasi Gas Bio dengan Penambahan Tepung Tulang Ayam dan Tepung
Darah Sapi. Skripsi. Institut Pertanian Bogor. 2006.
Connor, D.J., Sexton, B.A., Smart, R. Surface Analysis Methods in Materials
Science. Springer-Verlag, Germany. 2003: 203 – 205.
Cornelia, M., Siratantri, T., dan Prawita, R. The Utilization of Extract Durian (Durio
zibethinus L.) Seed Gum As An Emulsifier In Vegan Mayonnaise. Procedia
Food Science. 3, 2015: 1 – 18.
Cornelia, M., Syarief, R., Effendi, H., dan Nurtama, B. Pemanfaatan Pati Biji Durian
(Durio Zibethinus Murr.) dan Pati Sagu (Metroxylon Sp.) dalam Pembuatan
Bioplastik. Jurnal kimia dan kemasan. 35 (1), 2013: 20 – 29.
Cox, S. Synthesis Method of Hydroxyapatite. www.ceram.com. 2012. Diakses 20
Agustus 2015.
Darmayanto. Penggunaan Serbuk Tulang Ayam Sebagai Penurun Intensitas Warna
Air Gambut. Tesis. Universitas Sumatera Utara. 2009.
Dasli, N. Elusidasi Struktur Senyawa Organik. Angkasa. Bandung. 1985.
De Aza, P.N., Santos, C., Pazo, A., de Aza, S., Cusco, R, dan Artus, L. Vibrational
Properties Of Calcium Phospate Compounds. 1 . Raman Spectrum of tricalcium phospate. Chemistry of Materials. 9 (4), 1997: 912 – 915.
Dorozhkin, S.V. Calcium Orthophosphates as Bioceramics: State of the Art. Journal
of Functional Biomaterials. 1 (1), 2010: 22 – 107.
Elhendawi, H., Felfel, R. M., Bothaina, M., El-Hady, M.A, dan Reicha, F.M. Effect
of Synthesis Temperature on the Crystallization and Growth of In Situ
Prepared Nanohydroxyapatite in Chitosan Matrix. Biomaterials. 2014: 8.
EMFEMA (European Manufacturers of Feed Minerals Association). Mineral Fact
Sheet.
http://www.emfema.org/index.php/minerals-mainmenu70/phosphorus-sources-majormineralsmenu-92. 2011. Diakses 1 September
2016.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
80
Felicio, F,G, dan Laranjeira, M.C.N. Calcium Phospate Biomaterials From Marie
Algae. Hydrothermal Synthesis and Characterization. Quimica Nova. 23,
2000: 441 – 446.
Fernandez, B.R. Makalah Sintesis Nanopartikel. Program Studi Kimia. Pascasarjana
Universitas Andalas. 2011.
Ferraz, M.P, Monteiro, F.J, dan Manuel, C.M. Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles: A
Review of Preparation Methodologies. Journal of Applied Biomaterials and
Functional Materials. 2, 2004: 74 – 80.
Firman, E.P, Nikmatin, S., dan Langenati, R. Pengaruh Suhu Reaksi Terhadap
Derajat Kristalinitas Dan Komposisi Hidroksiapatit Dibuat Dengan Media
Air Dan Cairan Tubuh Buatan (Synthetic Body Fluid). Jurnal Sains Materi
Indonesia. ISSN : 1411-1098 154. Edisi Khusus Oktober 2006, 154 – 162.
Fitri, N. Pembuatan Susu dari Isolat Protein Biji Durian. Skripsi. Universitas
Sumatera Utara. 2011.
Garcia, B., Gonzalez, G., Ocanto, F., dan Linares, C. F. CoMo/Zn - Hydroxiapatites
As Catalyst For The Hydrodesulfurization Reaction of Thiophene. Indian
Journal of Chemical Technology. 19, 2012: 403 – 408.
Gomes, J.F.G., Cristina, C, Silva, M.A., Hoyos, M., Silva, R., dan Vieira, T. An
Investigation of The Synthesis Parameters of The Reaction of
Hydroxyapatite Precipitation In Aqueous Media. International Journal of
Chemical Reactor Engineering. 6 , 2008: 103.
Gonzalez, M., Hernandez, E., Ascencio, J.A., Pacheco, F., Pacheco, S., dan
Rodriguez, R. Hydroxyapatite Crystals Grown on a Cellulose Matrix Using
Titanium Alkoxide as a Coupling Agent. Journal of Materials Chemistry. 13,
2003: 2948 – 2951.
Gozalian, A., Behnamghader, A., Daliri, M., dan Moshforoush, A. Synthesis and
thermal behavior of Mg-doped calcium phosphate nanopowders via the sol
gel method. Scientia Iranica. 18 (6), 2011: 1614 – 1622.
Haddow, D.B, James, P.F, dan van Noort, R. Characterization of Sol – Gel Surfaces
For Biomedical Applications. Journal Of Materials Science: Materials in
Medicine. 7, 1996: 255 – 260.
Handayani, A., Giat, S. S. dan Deswita. Preparasi dan Karakterisasi Hidroksiapatit
Berpori Dari Tulang Ikan. Jurnal Sains Materi Indonesia. 14 (1), 2012: 47 –
50.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
81
Hoonnivathan E, Pankaew P, Klumdoung P, Limsuwan P, Naemchanthara K.
Synthesis of Nanocrystalline -Tricalcium Phosphate from Chicken.
Advanced Materials Research. 50 (6), 2012: 86 – 96.
Jarcho, M., Bolen, C., Thomas, M., Bobick, J., Kay, J., dan Doremus, R.
Hydroxyapatite Synthesis and Characterization In Dense Polycrystalline
Form. Jurnal Of Materials Science. 11 (11), 1976: 2027 – 2035.
Jarcho, M., Kay, J.F., Gumar, K.I, Doremus, R.H, dan Drobeck, H.P. Tissue, Cellular
and Subcellular Events At A Bone Ceramic Hydroxyapatite Interface.
Journal Bioscience and Bioengineering. 1, 1977: 79 – 92.
Jillavenkatesa, A., dan Condrate, Sr. R. A. Sol – Gel Processing Of Hydroxyapatite.
Journal Of Materal Science. 33 (16), 1998: 4111 – 4119.
Kamitakahara, M., Nagamori, T., Yokoi, T., dan Loku, K. Carbonate – Containing
Hydroxyapatite Synthesized By The Hydrothermal Treatment of Different
Calcium Carbonates In A Phosphate – Containg Solution. Journal of Asian
Ceramic Societies. 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jascer.2015.05.002.
Kannan S., Lemos, A.F, dan Ferreira, J.M.F. Synthesis and Mechanical Performance
of Biological – Like Hydroxyapatites. Chemical of Materials. 18 (8), 2006:
2181 – 2186.
Kato, K., Aoki, H., Tabata, T., dan Ogiso, M. Biocompatibility of Apatite Ceramics
In Mandibles. Artificial Cells, Blood Subtitutes and Biotechnology. 7 (2),
1979: 291 – 297.
Khoo, W., Nor, F. M., Ardhyananta, H., dan Kurniawan, D. Preparation of Natural
Hydroxyapatite from Bovine Femur Bones Using Calcination at Various
Temperatures. Procedia Manufacturing. 2, 2015: 196 – 201.
Kohn, David H. Standard Handbook of Biomedical Engineering and Design. Chapter
13. Mc Graw-Hill. New York. 2004.
Koutsoukos, P., Amjad, Z., Tomson, M.B., dan Nancollas, G.H. Crystallization of
Calcium Phosphates. A Constant Composition Study. Journal of The
American Chemical Society. 102 (5), 1980: 1553 – 1557.
Kurniawan, C., Waluyo, T.B., dan Sebayang, P. Analisis Ukuran Partikel
Menggunakan Free Software Image-J. Seminar Nasional Fisika 2011 Pusat
Penelitian Fisika-LIPI Serpong, 12-13 Juli 2011. ISSN 2088 – 4176.
Kusrini, E., Pudjiastuti, A.R., Astutiningsih, S., dan Harjanto, S. Preparation of
Hydroxyapatite from Bovine Bone by Combination Methods of Ultrasonic
Universitas Sumatera Utara
82
and Spray Drying. International Conference on Chemical, Bio-Chemical and
Environmental Sciences (ICBEE). Singapore. 2012
Li, P dan de Groot, k. Better Bioactive Ceramics Through Sol – Gel Process. Journal
of Sol – Gel Science and Technology. 2, 1994: 797 – 801.
Lin, C., Xiao, C., dn Shen, Z. Nano Pores Evolution in Hydroxyapatite Microsphere
during Spark Plasma Sintering. Science of Sintering, 43 (2011): 39 – 46.
Manafi, S.A, Joughehdoust, S. Synthesis of Hydroxyapatite Nanostructure By
Hydrothermal Condition For Bimedical Application. Iranian Journal of
Pharmaceutical Sciences. 5 (2), 2009: 89 – 94.
Manalu, J.L, Soegijono, B., dan Indrani, D.J. Characterization of Hydroxyapatite
Derived from Bovine Bone. Asian Journal of Applied Sciences. 3 (4), 2015:
758 – 765.
Manoj,
M.,
Subbiah,
R.,
Mangalaraj,
D.,
Ponpandian
,
N.,
Viswanathan , C., dan Park, K. Influence of Growth Parameters on the
Formation of Hydroxyapatite (HAp) Nanostructures and Their Cell Viability
Studies. Nanobiomedicine. 2 (2), 2015: 1 – 11.
Manuel, C.M, ferraz, MP, dan Menteiro, F.J. Synthesis Of Hydroxyapatite And Tri
Calcium Phospate Nanoparticles. Preliminary Studies. Key Engineering
Materials. 2003: 240 – 242.
Medicoat. Ceramic Shapes. http://www.medicoat.com/spray-powder/ceramic-shapes/.
2013. Diakses 17 Agustus 2015.
Mirhosseini, H., Tabatabaee Amid, B. Shear Flow Behaviour And Emulsion
Stabilizing Effect Of Natural Polysaccharide-Protein Gum In Aqueous
System And Oil/Water (O/W) Emulsion. University Putra Malaysia. 2012.
Mondal, S., Mondal, B., Dey, A., dan Mukhopadhyay, S.S. Studies on Processing and
Characterization of Hydroxyapatite Biomaterials from Different Bio Wastes.
Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering. 11 (1),
2012: 55 – 67.
Mondal, S., Mahata, S., Kundu, S., and Mondal, B. Processing of natural resourced
hydroxyapatite ceramics from fish scale. Advances in Applied Ceramics:
Structural, Functional and Bioceramics. 109, 2010: 234 – 239.
Narasaraju, T.S.B., dan Phebe, D.E. Some Physico-Chemical Aspects of
Hydroxylapatite. Journal of Materials Science. 31 (1), 1996: 1 – 21.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
83
Nayak, A.K. Hydroxyapatite Synthesis Methodoligies: An Overview. International
Journal of Chemtech Research. 2 (2), 2010: 903 – 907.
Nesheim, M.C., R.E. Austic dan L.E. Card. Poultry Production. 12th ed. Lea and
Febiger. Philadelphia. 1979.
Neuman, W.F., dan Neuman, M.W. The Chemical Dynamics Of Bone Mineral. The
University of Chicago Press. Chicago. 1958.
Nisa, Z., dan Munasir. Studi Morfologi Silika Hasil Kalsinasi Dengan Metode
Sintesis Hidrotermal-Kopresipitasi . Jurnal Fisika. 4 (1), 2015: 41 – 44.
North, M. O. Commercial Chicken Production Manual. 3rd ed. AVI Pub. Co. Inc.
Westport, Connecticut.1978.
Nurmanta, D.A., Izak, D.R., dan Ady, J. Optimasi Parameter Waktu Sintering Pada
Pembuatan Hidroksiapatit Berpori Untuk Aplikasi Bone Filler Pada Kasus
Kanker Tulang (Osteosarcoma). Jurnal Fisika dan Terapannya. 2 (2), 2014.
Nurmawati, M. Analisis Derajat Kristalinitas, Ukuran Kristal Dan Bentuk Partikel
Mineral Tulang Manusia Berdasarkan Variasi Umur Dan Jenis Tulang.
Skripsi. Institut Pertanian Bogor. 2007.
Ooi,
Y.X., Hamdi, M., Ramesh, S. Properties of Hydroxyapatite Produced By
Annealing of Bovine Bone. Ceramic International. 33, 2007: 1171 – 1177.
Pavia, D.L., Lampman, G.M., dan Kriz, G.S. Introduction To Spectroscopy: A Guide
For Students of Organic Chemistry. 3rd Edition. Departement of Chemistry.
Western Washington University. Bellingham, Washington. 2001.
Pattanayak, D.K., Divya, P., Upadhyay, S., Prasad, R.C., Rao, B.T. dan Mohan,
T.R.R. Synthesis and Evaluation of Hydroxyapatite Ceramics, Trends
Biomater. Artif. Organs. 18 (2), 2005
Petit, R. The Use of Hydroxyapatite In Orthopaedic Surgery: A Ten – Year Review.
European Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery And Traumatology. 9, 1999: 71 –
74.
Pinangsih, A.C, Wardhani, S., dan Darjito. Sintesis Biokeramik Hidroksiapatit
(Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) Dari Limbah Tulang Sapi Menggunakan Metode Sol-Gel.
Kimia Student Journal. 1 (2), 2014: 203 – 209.
Podlasov, A., dan Ageenko, E. Working and Development with ImageJ: A Student
Reference, Joensuu: Departement of Computer Science, University of
Joensuu. 2003.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
84
Pudjiastuti, A.R. Preparasi Hidroksiapatit dari Tulang Sapi dengan Metode
Kombinasi Ultrasonik dan Spray Drying. Tesis. Universitas Indonesia. 2012.
Purnama, E.F., Nikamatin, S., dan Langenati, R. Pengaruh Suhu Reaksi Terhadap
Derajat Kristalinitas Dan Komposisi Hidroksiapatit Dibuat Dengan Media
Air Dan Cairan Tubuh Buatan (Synthetic Body Fluid). Jurnal Sains Materi
Indonesia. Oktober 2006: 154 – 162.
Putri, P., Fadli, A., dan Akbar, F. Pengaruh Rasio Ca/P dan pH pada Sintesa
Hidroksiapatit dari Kulit Kerang Darah dengan Metode Hidrotermal Suhu
Rendah. Jom FTEKNIK. 2 (2). 2015: 1 – 11.
Rasyaf M. Bahan Makanan Unggas di Indonesia. Jakarta: Penerbit Kanisius. 1990.
Rajendran, V., Rajkumar, M., Dan Sundaram, M.N. Preparation Of Size Controlled,
Stoichiometric And Bioresorbable Hydroxyapatite Nanorod By Varying
Initial Ph, Ca/P Ratio And Sintering Temperature. Digest Journal Of
Nanomaterials And Biostructures. 6 (1), 2011: 169 – 179.
Rajesh, R., Ravichandran, D.Y, Hariharasubramanian, N., dan Senthilkumar, N.
Biocompatible And Load Bearing Composite Of Multiwalled Carbon
Nanotubes Chitosan And Natural Hydroxyapatite Derived From The
Chicken Bones Wasted In The Slaughter Houses. International Journal of
Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 4 (4), 2012: 716 – 720.
Rajesh, R., Hariharasubramanian, A., dan Ravichandran, D.Y. Chicken Bone as a
Bioresource for the Bioceramic (Hydroxyapatite). Phosphorus, Sulfur, and
Silicon and the Related Elements. 187 (8), 2011: 914 – 925.
Ramlan, dan Bama, A.A. Pengaruh Suhu dan Waktu Sintering Terhadap Sifat Bahan
Porselen Untuk Bahan Elektrolit Padat (Komponen Elektronik). Jurnal
Penelitian Sains. 14 (3B), 2011: 22 – 25.
Reli, M., Koci, K., Matejka, V., Kovar, P., dan Obalova, L. Effect Of Calcination
Temperature and Calcination Time on The Kaolinite/TiO2 Composite For
Photocatalytic Reduction of CO2. GeoScience Engineering Volume LVIII,
2012: 10 – 22.
Ruiz, M.G. Hernandez, J.m Banos, L., Montes, J.N., dan Gracia, M.E.R.
Characterization Of Calcium Carbonate, Calcium Oxide And Calcium
Hydroxide As Starting Point To The Improvement Of Lime For Their Use In
Construction. Journal of Material in Civil Engineering. 100, 2009: 694 –
698.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
85
Rujitanapanich, S., Kumpapanb, P., dan Wanjanoi, P. Synthesis of Hydroxyapatite
from Oyster Shell via Precipitation. Energy Procedia. 56, 2014: 112 – 117
Sadat, S.M. Preparation Of Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles: Comparison Between
Hydrothermal And Solvo-Treatment Processes and Colloidal Stability of
Produced Nanoparticles In A Dilute Experimntal Dental Adhesive. Journal
Of The Iranian Chemicla Society. 6 (2), 2009: 386 – 392.
Saeri, M.R., Afshar, A., Ghosrbani, M., Ehsani, N., dan Sorrel, C.C. The Wet
Precipitation Process of Hydroxyapatite. Material letters. 67, 2003: 4064 –
4069.
Salma, K., Liga, B.C., dan Natalija, B. Calcium Phospate Bioceramics Prepared from
Wet Chemically Precipitated Powders. Processing and Application of
Ceramics. 4, 2010: 45 – 51.
Sanosh, K.P., Chu, M.C., Balakrishnan, A.,, Kim, T.N., dan Cho, S.J. Preparation and
Characterization of Nano-Hydroxyapatite Powder Using Sol – Gel
Technique. Bulleting of Materials Science. 32 (5), 2009: 465 – 470.
Santos, M.H, de Oliveira, M., de Freitas, S.P, Mansur, H.S, dan Vasconcelos, W.L.
Synthesis Control and Characterization of Hydroxyapatite Prepared By Wet
Precipitation Process. Mater Res. 7 (4), 2004 : 625 – 630.
Saryati, Giat S.S., Handayani, A., Supardi, Untoro, P. dan Sugeng, B. Hidroksiapatit
Berpori Dari Kulit Kerang. Jurnal Sains Materi Indonesia. 2012 : 31 – 35.
Sekretariat Jenderal Kementerian Pertanian. Outlook Komoditi Durian. Pusat Data
dan Sistem Informasi Pertanian. ISSN 1907 – 1507. 2014: 14.
Sittikulwitit, S., Sirichakwal, P.P, Puwastien, P., Chavasit, V., dan Sungpuag, P. In
Vitro Bioavailability Of Calcium From Chicken Bone Extract Powder And
Its Fortified Products. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 17, 2004:
321 – 329.
Sopyan I, Mel M, Ramesh S, Khalid KA. Porous Hydroxyapatite For Artificial Bone
Applications. Science and Technology of Advanced Materials. 8, 2007: 116
– 123.
Suchanek, W., dan Masahiro, Y. Processing And Properties of Hydroxyapatite –
Based Biomaterials For Use As Hard Tissue Replacement Implants. Journal
of Materials Research. 13, 1998: 94 – 117.
Suchanek, W.L, dan Riman, R.E. Hydrothermal Synthesis of Advanced Ceramic
Powders. Advanced Science and Technology. 45, 2006: 184 – 193.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
86
Sulistioso, G.S., Deswita, Wulanawati, A., dan Romawati, A. Sintesis Hidroksiapatit
Berpori dengan Porogen Kitosan dan Karakterisasinya. Jurnal Kimia dan
Kemasan. Balai Besar Kimia dan Kemasan Badan Penelitian dan
Pengembangan Industri Departemen Perindustrian. 34 (1), 2012 : 219 – 224.
Suryadi. Sintesis dan Karakterisasi Biomaterial Hidroksiapatit dengan Proses
Pengendapan Kimia Basah. Tesis. Universitas Indonesia. 2011.
Syaflida, R. Analisis Sifat Mekanis Magnesium Setelah Proses Equal Channel
Angular Pressing (ECAP) Melalui Uji Tarik dan Uji Kekerasan Dalam
Cairan Fisiologis (In Vitro). Tesis. Universitas Indonesia. 2012.
Takahashi, H, Yashima, M, Kakihana, M., dan Yoshimura, M. Synthesis of
Stoichiometric Hydroxyapatite By A Gel Route From The Aqoueous
Solution of Citric and Phosphoneacetic Acids. European Journal of Solid
State Inorganic Chemistry. 32, 1995: 829 – 835.
Tas, A.C. Synthesis of Biomimetic Ca-Hydroxypatite Powders At 37 Degrees C In
Synthetic Body Fluids. Biomaterials. 21, 2000: 1429 – 1438.
Tredwin, C.J. Sol-Gel Derived Hydroxyapatite, Fluorhydroxyapatite and Fluorapatite
Coatings for Titanium Implants. Thesis. University College London. 2009.
UGM (Universitas Gajah Mada). Atasi Sampah Plastik dengan Bioplastik Berbahan
Organik.
http://ugm.ac.id/id/berita/10446atasi.sampah.plastik.dengan.bioplastik.berbahan.organik/. 2015. Diakses 10
desember 2015.
Venkatesan, J., dan Kim, S.K. Effect of Temperature On Isolation and
Characterization of Hydroxyapatite From Tuna (Thunnus Obesus) Bone.
Materials. 3, 2010: 4761 – 4772.
Vijayalakshmi, U., dan Rajeswari, S. Preparation and Characterization of
Microxrystalline Hydroxyapatite Using Sol Gel Method. Trends Mater Artif
Org. 19 (2) , 2006: 57 – 62.
Wahyono, A. Karakteristik Edible Film Berbahan Dasar Kulit dan Pati Biji Durian
(Durio sp) Untuk Pengemasan Buah Strawberry. Skripsi. Universitas
Muhammadiyah Surakarta. 2009.
Wang, P., Li, C., Gong, H., Jiang, X., Wang, H., dan Li, K. Effects of Synthesis
Conditions On The Morphology of Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles Produced
By Wet Chemical Process. Powder Technology. 203 (2), 2010: 315 – 321.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
87
Webster, T.J, Ergun, C., Dremus, R.H, Siegel, R.W, dan Bizios, R. Enhanced
Functions of Osteoblasts On Nanophase Ceramics. Biomaterials. 21, 2000:
1803 – 1910.
Widodo, S. Teknologi Sol Gel Pada Pembuatan Nano Kristalin Metal Oksida Untuk
Aplikasi Sensor Gas. Seminar Rekayasa Kimia dan Proses. Universitas
Diponegoro. Semarang. 2010: 1 – 8.
Yaakob, Z., Hakim, L , Satheesh Kumar, M.N., Ismail, M., dan Wan Ramli, W.D.
Hydroxyapatite Supported Nickel Catalyst For Hydrogen Production.
American Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research. Journal of Scientific
and Industrial Research. 1 (2) , 2010: 122 – 126.
Yuwanta, T. Dasar Ternak Unggas. ISBN 979-21-0395-3. 2004.
Zaki, M.L., Knozinger, H., Tesche, B., dan Mekhemer, G.A.H. Influence of
Phosphonation and Phosphation on Surface Acid-Base and Morphological
Properties of CaO as Investigated by in situ FTIR Spectroscopy and Electron
Microscopy. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 303, 2006: 9 – 17.
Zhou, H. dan Lee, J. Nanoscale Hydroxyapatite Particles For Bone Tissue
Enginering. Acta Biomaterialia. 7, 2011: 2769 – 2781.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Achton, A. Calcium Phosphates – Advances in Research and Application: Edition:
Scholarly Brief. 2013: 175.
Afshar, A., Ghorbani, M., Ehsani, N., Saeri, M.R., dan Sorrell, C.C. Some Important
Factros In The Wet Precipitation Process of Hydroxyapatite. Materials and
Design. 24 (3), 2003: 197 – 202.
Agrawal, K., Singh, G., Puri, D., dan Prakash, S. Synthesis and Characterization of
Hydroxyapatite Powder by Sol-Gel Method for Biomedical Application.
Journal of Minerals & Materials Characterization & Engineering. 10 (8),
2011: 727 – 734.
Al-Bahar, Z.J.H. Evaluation The Effect of Incorporated Hydroxyapatite Prepared
From Dried Egg Shell On Some Properties of Relined Denture Base.
International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research. 5, 2014 :
2307 – 4531.
Al-Sokanee, Z. N., Toabi, A. A. H., Al-assadi, M. J., dan Alassadi, E A. S. The Drug
Release Study of Ceftriaxone from Porous Hydroxyapatite Scaffolds. AAPS
PharmSciTech. 10 (3), 2009.
Akhtar, N., dan Yasemin, Y. Formulation and Characterization of A Cosmetic
Multiple Emulsion System Containing Macadamia Nut Oil and Two
Antiaging Agnets. Turkish Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2 (3), 2005:
173 – 185.
Akram, M., Ahmed, R., Shakir, I., Ibrahim, W.A.W., Hussain, R.: Extracting
Hydroxyapatite And Its Precursors From Natural Resources. Journal of
Materials Science. 49 (4), 2014: 1461 – 1475.
Aoki, H. Science Medical Applications of Hydroxyapatite. Tokyo: JAAS. 1991
Balamurugan, A., Michel, J., Faure, J., Benhayoune, H., Wortham, L., Sockalingum,
G., Banchet, V., Bouthors, S., Laurent, M.D., dan Balossier, G. Synthesis
and Structural Analysis of Sol Gel; Derived Stoichiometric Nanophasic
Hydroxyapatite. Ceramics-Silikaty. 50 (1), 2006: 27 – 31.
Barakat, N.A.M., Khil, M.S., Sheikh, F.A., Omran, A.M., dan Kim, H.Y. Extraction
of Pure Natural Hydroxyapatite From Bovine Bone Biowaste By Three
Different Methods. Materials Processing Technology. 209 (7), 2009: 3408 –
3415.
78
Universitas Sumatera Utara
79
Bouyer E., Gitzhofer F., dan Boulos, M.I. Morphological Study of Hydroxyapatite
Nanocrystal Suspension. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in
Medicine. 11 (8), 2000: 523 – 531.
Brundle CR, Evans CA, dan Wilson S, Encyclopedia of Materials Characterization.
USA : Butterworth-Heinemann. 1992.
Capah, R. L. Kandungan Nitrogen dan Fosfor Pupuk Organik Cair dari Sludge
Instalasi Gas Bio dengan Penambahan Tepung Tulang Ayam dan Tepung
Darah Sapi. Skripsi. Institut Pertanian Bogor. 2006.
Connor, D.J., Sexton, B.A., Smart, R. Surface Analysis Methods in Materials
Science. Springer-Verlag, Germany. 2003: 203 – 205.
Cornelia, M., Siratantri, T., dan Prawita, R. The Utilization of Extract Durian (Durio
zibethinus L.) Seed Gum As An Emulsifier In Vegan Mayonnaise. Procedia
Food Science. 3, 2015: 1 – 18.
Cornelia, M., Syarief, R., Effendi, H., dan Nurtama, B. Pemanfaatan Pati Biji Durian
(Durio Zibethinus Murr.) dan Pati Sagu (Metroxylon Sp.) dalam Pembuatan
Bioplastik. Jurnal kimia dan kemasan. 35 (1), 2013: 20 – 29.
Cox, S. Synthesis Method of Hydroxyapatite. www.ceram.com. 2012. Diakses 20
Agustus 2015.
Darmayanto. Penggunaan Serbuk Tulang Ayam Sebagai Penurun Intensitas Warna
Air Gambut. Tesis. Universitas Sumatera Utara. 2009.
Dasli, N. Elusidasi Struktur Senyawa Organik. Angkasa. Bandung. 1985.
De Aza, P.N., Santos, C., Pazo, A., de Aza, S., Cusco, R, dan Artus, L. Vibrational
Properties Of Calcium Phospate Compounds. 1 . Raman Spectrum of tricalcium phospate. Chemistry of Materials. 9 (4), 1997: 912 – 915.
Dorozhkin, S.V. Calcium Orthophosphates as Bioceramics: State of the Art. Journal
of Functional Biomaterials. 1 (1), 2010: 22 – 107.
Elhendawi, H., Felfel, R. M., Bothaina, M., El-Hady, M.A, dan Reicha, F.M. Effect
of Synthesis Temperature on the Crystallization and Growth of In Situ
Prepared Nanohydroxyapatite in Chitosan Matrix. Biomaterials. 2014: 8.
EMFEMA (European Manufacturers of Feed Minerals Association). Mineral Fact
Sheet.
http://www.emfema.org/index.php/minerals-mainmenu70/phosphorus-sources-majormineralsmenu-92. 2011. Diakses 1 September
2016.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
80
Felicio, F,G, dan Laranjeira, M.C.N. Calcium Phospate Biomaterials From Marie
Algae. Hydrothermal Synthesis and Characterization. Quimica Nova. 23,
2000: 441 – 446.
Fernandez, B.R. Makalah Sintesis Nanopartikel. Program Studi Kimia. Pascasarjana
Universitas Andalas. 2011.
Ferraz, M.P, Monteiro, F.J, dan Manuel, C.M. Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles: A
Review of Preparation Methodologies. Journal of Applied Biomaterials and
Functional Materials. 2, 2004: 74 – 80.
Firman, E.P, Nikmatin, S., dan Langenati, R. Pengaruh Suhu Reaksi Terhadap
Derajat Kristalinitas Dan Komposisi Hidroksiapatit Dibuat Dengan Media
Air Dan Cairan Tubuh Buatan (Synthetic Body Fluid). Jurnal Sains Materi
Indonesia. ISSN : 1411-1098 154. Edisi Khusus Oktober 2006, 154 – 162.
Fitri, N. Pembuatan Susu dari Isolat Protein Biji Durian. Skripsi. Universitas
Sumatera Utara. 2011.
Garcia, B., Gonzalez, G., Ocanto, F., dan Linares, C. F. CoMo/Zn - Hydroxiapatites
As Catalyst For The Hydrodesulfurization Reaction of Thiophene. Indian
Journal of Chemical Technology. 19, 2012: 403 – 408.
Gomes, J.F.G., Cristina, C, Silva, M.A., Hoyos, M., Silva, R., dan Vieira, T. An
Investigation of The Synthesis Parameters of The Reaction of
Hydroxyapatite Precipitation In Aqueous Media. International Journal of
Chemical Reactor Engineering. 6 , 2008: 103.
Gonzalez, M., Hernandez, E., Ascencio, J.A., Pacheco, F., Pacheco, S., dan
Rodriguez, R. Hydroxyapatite Crystals Grown on a Cellulose Matrix Using
Titanium Alkoxide as a Coupling Agent. Journal of Materials Chemistry. 13,
2003: 2948 – 2951.
Gozalian, A., Behnamghader, A., Daliri, M., dan Moshforoush, A. Synthesis and
thermal behavior of Mg-doped calcium phosphate nanopowders via the sol
gel method. Scientia Iranica. 18 (6), 2011: 1614 – 1622.
Haddow, D.B, James, P.F, dan van Noort, R. Characterization of Sol – Gel Surfaces
For Biomedical Applications. Journal Of Materials Science: Materials in
Medicine. 7, 1996: 255 – 260.
Handayani, A., Giat, S. S. dan Deswita. Preparasi dan Karakterisasi Hidroksiapatit
Berpori Dari Tulang Ikan. Jurnal Sains Materi Indonesia. 14 (1), 2012: 47 –
50.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
81
Hoonnivathan E, Pankaew P, Klumdoung P, Limsuwan P, Naemchanthara K.
Synthesis of Nanocrystalline -Tricalcium Phosphate from Chicken.
Advanced Materials Research. 50 (6), 2012: 86 – 96.
Jarcho, M., Bolen, C., Thomas, M., Bobick, J., Kay, J., dan Doremus, R.
Hydroxyapatite Synthesis and Characterization In Dense Polycrystalline
Form. Jurnal Of Materials Science. 11 (11), 1976: 2027 – 2035.
Jarcho, M., Kay, J.F., Gumar, K.I, Doremus, R.H, dan Drobeck, H.P. Tissue, Cellular
and Subcellular Events At A Bone Ceramic Hydroxyapatite Interface.
Journal Bioscience and Bioengineering. 1, 1977: 79 – 92.
Jillavenkatesa, A., dan Condrate, Sr. R. A. Sol – Gel Processing Of Hydroxyapatite.
Journal Of Materal Science. 33 (16), 1998: 4111 – 4119.
Kamitakahara, M., Nagamori, T., Yokoi, T., dan Loku, K. Carbonate – Containing
Hydroxyapatite Synthesized By The Hydrothermal Treatment of Different
Calcium Carbonates In A Phosphate – Containg Solution. Journal of Asian
Ceramic Societies. 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jascer.2015.05.002.
Kannan S., Lemos, A.F, dan Ferreira, J.M.F. Synthesis and Mechanical Performance
of Biological – Like Hydroxyapatites. Chemical of Materials. 18 (8), 2006:
2181 – 2186.
Kato, K., Aoki, H., Tabata, T., dan Ogiso, M. Biocompatibility of Apatite Ceramics
In Mandibles. Artificial Cells, Blood Subtitutes and Biotechnology. 7 (2),
1979: 291 – 297.
Khoo, W., Nor, F. M., Ardhyananta, H., dan Kurniawan, D. Preparation of Natural
Hydroxyapatite from Bovine Femur Bones Using Calcination at Various
Temperatures. Procedia Manufacturing. 2, 2015: 196 – 201.
Kohn, David H. Standard Handbook of Biomedical Engineering and Design. Chapter
13. Mc Graw-Hill. New York. 2004.
Koutsoukos, P., Amjad, Z., Tomson, M.B., dan Nancollas, G.H. Crystallization of
Calcium Phosphates. A Constant Composition Study. Journal of The
American Chemical Society. 102 (5), 1980: 1553 – 1557.
Kurniawan, C., Waluyo, T.B., dan Sebayang, P. Analisis Ukuran Partikel
Menggunakan Free Software Image-J. Seminar Nasional Fisika 2011 Pusat
Penelitian Fisika-LIPI Serpong, 12-13 Juli 2011. ISSN 2088 – 4176.
Kusrini, E., Pudjiastuti, A.R., Astutiningsih, S., dan Harjanto, S. Preparation of
Hydroxyapatite from Bovine Bone by Combination Methods of Ultrasonic
Universitas Sumatera Utara
82
and Spray Drying. International Conference on Chemical, Bio-Chemical and
Environmental Sciences (ICBEE). Singapore. 2012
Li, P dan de Groot, k. Better Bioactive Ceramics Through Sol – Gel Process. Journal
of Sol – Gel Science and Technology. 2, 1994: 797 – 801.
Lin, C., Xiao, C., dn Shen, Z. Nano Pores Evolution in Hydroxyapatite Microsphere
during Spark Plasma Sintering. Science of Sintering, 43 (2011): 39 – 46.
Manafi, S.A, Joughehdoust, S. Synthesis of Hydroxyapatite Nanostructure By
Hydrothermal Condition For Bimedical Application. Iranian Journal of
Pharmaceutical Sciences. 5 (2), 2009: 89 – 94.
Manalu, J.L, Soegijono, B., dan Indrani, D.J. Characterization of Hydroxyapatite
Derived from Bovine Bone. Asian Journal of Applied Sciences. 3 (4), 2015:
758 – 765.
Manoj,
M.,
Subbiah,
R.,
Mangalaraj,
D.,
Ponpandian
,
N.,
Viswanathan , C., dan Park, K. Influence of Growth Parameters on the
Formation of Hydroxyapatite (HAp) Nanostructures and Their Cell Viability
Studies. Nanobiomedicine. 2 (2), 2015: 1 – 11.
Manuel, C.M, ferraz, MP, dan Menteiro, F.J. Synthesis Of Hydroxyapatite And Tri
Calcium Phospate Nanoparticles. Preliminary Studies. Key Engineering
Materials. 2003: 240 – 242.
Medicoat. Ceramic Shapes. http://www.medicoat.com/spray-powder/ceramic-shapes/.
2013. Diakses 17 Agustus 2015.
Mirhosseini, H., Tabatabaee Amid, B. Shear Flow Behaviour And Emulsion
Stabilizing Effect Of Natural Polysaccharide-Protein Gum In Aqueous
System And Oil/Water (O/W) Emulsion. University Putra Malaysia. 2012.
Mondal, S., Mondal, B., Dey, A., dan Mukhopadhyay, S.S. Studies on Processing and
Characterization of Hydroxyapatite Biomaterials from Different Bio Wastes.
Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering. 11 (1),
2012: 55 – 67.
Mondal, S., Mahata, S., Kundu, S., and Mondal, B. Processing of natural resourced
hydroxyapatite ceramics from fish scale. Advances in Applied Ceramics:
Structural, Functional and Bioceramics. 109, 2010: 234 – 239.
Narasaraju, T.S.B., dan Phebe, D.E. Some Physico-Chemical Aspects of
Hydroxylapatite. Journal of Materials Science. 31 (1), 1996: 1 – 21.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
83
Nayak, A.K. Hydroxyapatite Synthesis Methodoligies: An Overview. International
Journal of Chemtech Research. 2 (2), 2010: 903 – 907.
Nesheim, M.C., R.E. Austic dan L.E. Card. Poultry Production. 12th ed. Lea and
Febiger. Philadelphia. 1979.
Neuman, W.F., dan Neuman, M.W. The Chemical Dynamics Of Bone Mineral. The
University of Chicago Press. Chicago. 1958.
Nisa, Z., dan Munasir. Studi Morfologi Silika Hasil Kalsinasi Dengan Metode
Sintesis Hidrotermal-Kopresipitasi . Jurnal Fisika. 4 (1), 2015: 41 – 44.
North, M. O. Commercial Chicken Production Manual. 3rd ed. AVI Pub. Co. Inc.
Westport, Connecticut.1978.
Nurmanta, D.A., Izak, D.R., dan Ady, J. Optimasi Parameter Waktu Sintering Pada
Pembuatan Hidroksiapatit Berpori Untuk Aplikasi Bone Filler Pada Kasus
Kanker Tulang (Osteosarcoma). Jurnal Fisika dan Terapannya. 2 (2), 2014.
Nurmawati, M. Analisis Derajat Kristalinitas, Ukuran Kristal Dan Bentuk Partikel
Mineral Tulang Manusia Berdasarkan Variasi Umur Dan Jenis Tulang.
Skripsi. Institut Pertanian Bogor. 2007.
Ooi,
Y.X., Hamdi, M., Ramesh, S. Properties of Hydroxyapatite Produced By
Annealing of Bovine Bone. Ceramic International. 33, 2007: 1171 – 1177.
Pavia, D.L., Lampman, G.M., dan Kriz, G.S. Introduction To Spectroscopy: A Guide
For Students of Organic Chemistry. 3rd Edition. Departement of Chemistry.
Western Washington University. Bellingham, Washington. 2001.
Pattanayak, D.K., Divya, P., Upadhyay, S., Prasad, R.C., Rao, B.T. dan Mohan,
T.R.R. Synthesis and Evaluation of Hydroxyapatite Ceramics, Trends
Biomater. Artif. Organs. 18 (2), 2005
Petit, R. The Use of Hydroxyapatite In Orthopaedic Surgery: A Ten – Year Review.
European Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery And Traumatology. 9, 1999: 71 –
74.
Pinangsih, A.C, Wardhani, S., dan Darjito. Sintesis Biokeramik Hidroksiapatit
(Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) Dari Limbah Tulang Sapi Menggunakan Metode Sol-Gel.
Kimia Student Journal. 1 (2), 2014: 203 – 209.
Podlasov, A., dan Ageenko, E. Working and Development with ImageJ: A Student
Reference, Joensuu: Departement of Computer Science, University of
Joensuu. 2003.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
84
Pudjiastuti, A.R. Preparasi Hidroksiapatit dari Tulang Sapi dengan Metode
Kombinasi Ultrasonik dan Spray Drying. Tesis. Universitas Indonesia. 2012.
Purnama, E.F., Nikamatin, S., dan Langenati, R. Pengaruh Suhu Reaksi Terhadap
Derajat Kristalinitas Dan Komposisi Hidroksiapatit Dibuat Dengan Media
Air Dan Cairan Tubuh Buatan (Synthetic Body Fluid). Jurnal Sains Materi
Indonesia. Oktober 2006: 154 – 162.
Putri, P., Fadli, A., dan Akbar, F. Pengaruh Rasio Ca/P dan pH pada Sintesa
Hidroksiapatit dari Kulit Kerang Darah dengan Metode Hidrotermal Suhu
Rendah. Jom FTEKNIK. 2 (2). 2015: 1 – 11.
Rasyaf M. Bahan Makanan Unggas di Indonesia. Jakarta: Penerbit Kanisius. 1990.
Rajendran, V., Rajkumar, M., Dan Sundaram, M.N. Preparation Of Size Controlled,
Stoichiometric And Bioresorbable Hydroxyapatite Nanorod By Varying
Initial Ph, Ca/P Ratio And Sintering Temperature. Digest Journal Of
Nanomaterials And Biostructures. 6 (1), 2011: 169 – 179.
Rajesh, R., Ravichandran, D.Y, Hariharasubramanian, N., dan Senthilkumar, N.
Biocompatible And Load Bearing Composite Of Multiwalled Carbon
Nanotubes Chitosan And Natural Hydroxyapatite Derived From The
Chicken Bones Wasted In The Slaughter Houses. International Journal of
Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 4 (4), 2012: 716 – 720.
Rajesh, R., Hariharasubramanian, A., dan Ravichandran, D.Y. Chicken Bone as a
Bioresource for the Bioceramic (Hydroxyapatite). Phosphorus, Sulfur, and
Silicon and the Related Elements. 187 (8), 2011: 914 – 925.
Ramlan, dan Bama, A.A. Pengaruh Suhu dan Waktu Sintering Terhadap Sifat Bahan
Porselen Untuk Bahan Elektrolit Padat (Komponen Elektronik). Jurnal
Penelitian Sains. 14 (3B), 2011: 22 – 25.
Reli, M., Koci, K., Matejka, V., Kovar, P., dan Obalova, L. Effect Of Calcination
Temperature and Calcination Time on The Kaolinite/TiO2 Composite For
Photocatalytic Reduction of CO2. GeoScience Engineering Volume LVIII,
2012: 10 – 22.
Ruiz, M.G. Hernandez, J.m Banos, L., Montes, J.N., dan Gracia, M.E.R.
Characterization Of Calcium Carbonate, Calcium Oxide And Calcium
Hydroxide As Starting Point To The Improvement Of Lime For Their Use In
Construction. Journal of Material in Civil Engineering. 100, 2009: 694 –
698.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
85
Rujitanapanich, S., Kumpapanb, P., dan Wanjanoi, P. Synthesis of Hydroxyapatite
from Oyster Shell via Precipitation. Energy Procedia. 56, 2014: 112 – 117
Sadat, S.M. Preparation Of Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles: Comparison Between
Hydrothermal And Solvo-Treatment Processes and Colloidal Stability of
Produced Nanoparticles In A Dilute Experimntal Dental Adhesive. Journal
Of The Iranian Chemicla Society. 6 (2), 2009: 386 – 392.
Saeri, M.R., Afshar, A., Ghosrbani, M., Ehsani, N., dan Sorrel, C.C. The Wet
Precipitation Process of Hydroxyapatite. Material letters. 67, 2003: 4064 –
4069.
Salma, K., Liga, B.C., dan Natalija, B. Calcium Phospate Bioceramics Prepared from
Wet Chemically Precipitated Powders. Processing and Application of
Ceramics. 4, 2010: 45 – 51.
Sanosh, K.P., Chu, M.C., Balakrishnan, A.,, Kim, T.N., dan Cho, S.J. Preparation and
Characterization of Nano-Hydroxyapatite Powder Using Sol – Gel
Technique. Bulleting of Materials Science. 32 (5), 2009: 465 – 470.
Santos, M.H, de Oliveira, M., de Freitas, S.P, Mansur, H.S, dan Vasconcelos, W.L.
Synthesis Control and Characterization of Hydroxyapatite Prepared By Wet
Precipitation Process. Mater Res. 7 (4), 2004 : 625 – 630.
Saryati, Giat S.S., Handayani, A., Supardi, Untoro, P. dan Sugeng, B. Hidroksiapatit
Berpori Dari Kulit Kerang. Jurnal Sains Materi Indonesia. 2012 : 31 – 35.
Sekretariat Jenderal Kementerian Pertanian. Outlook Komoditi Durian. Pusat Data
dan Sistem Informasi Pertanian. ISSN 1907 – 1507. 2014: 14.
Sittikulwitit, S., Sirichakwal, P.P, Puwastien, P., Chavasit, V., dan Sungpuag, P. In
Vitro Bioavailability Of Calcium From Chicken Bone Extract Powder And
Its Fortified Products. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 17, 2004:
321 – 329.
Sopyan I, Mel M, Ramesh S, Khalid KA. Porous Hydroxyapatite For Artificial Bone
Applications. Science and Technology of Advanced Materials. 8, 2007: 116
– 123.
Suchanek, W., dan Masahiro, Y. Processing And Properties of Hydroxyapatite –
Based Biomaterials For Use As Hard Tissue Replacement Implants. Journal
of Materials Research. 13, 1998: 94 – 117.
Suchanek, W.L, dan Riman, R.E. Hydrothermal Synthesis of Advanced Ceramic
Powders. Advanced Science and Technology. 45, 2006: 184 – 193.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
86
Sulistioso, G.S., Deswita, Wulanawati, A., dan Romawati, A. Sintesis Hidroksiapatit
Berpori dengan Porogen Kitosan dan Karakterisasinya. Jurnal Kimia dan
Kemasan. Balai Besar Kimia dan Kemasan Badan Penelitian dan
Pengembangan Industri Departemen Perindustrian. 34 (1), 2012 : 219 – 224.
Suryadi. Sintesis dan Karakterisasi Biomaterial Hidroksiapatit dengan Proses
Pengendapan Kimia Basah. Tesis. Universitas Indonesia. 2011.
Syaflida, R. Analisis Sifat Mekanis Magnesium Setelah Proses Equal Channel
Angular Pressing (ECAP) Melalui Uji Tarik dan Uji Kekerasan Dalam
Cairan Fisiologis (In Vitro). Tesis. Universitas Indonesia. 2012.
Takahashi, H, Yashima, M, Kakihana, M., dan Yoshimura, M. Synthesis of
Stoichiometric Hydroxyapatite By A Gel Route From The Aqoueous
Solution of Citric and Phosphoneacetic Acids. European Journal of Solid
State Inorganic Chemistry. 32, 1995: 829 – 835.
Tas, A.C. Synthesis of Biomimetic Ca-Hydroxypatite Powders At 37 Degrees C In
Synthetic Body Fluids. Biomaterials. 21, 2000: 1429 – 1438.
Tredwin, C.J. Sol-Gel Derived Hydroxyapatite, Fluorhydroxyapatite and Fluorapatite
Coatings for Titanium Implants. Thesis. University College London. 2009.
UGM (Universitas Gajah Mada). Atasi Sampah Plastik dengan Bioplastik Berbahan
Organik.
http://ugm.ac.id/id/berita/10446atasi.sampah.plastik.dengan.bioplastik.berbahan.organik/. 2015. Diakses 10
desember 2015.
Venkatesan, J., dan Kim, S.K. Effect of Temperature On Isolation and
Characterization of Hydroxyapatite From Tuna (Thunnus Obesus) Bone.
Materials. 3, 2010: 4761 – 4772.
Vijayalakshmi, U., dan Rajeswari, S. Preparation and Characterization of
Microxrystalline Hydroxyapatite Using Sol Gel Method. Trends Mater Artif
Org. 19 (2) , 2006: 57 – 62.
Wahyono, A. Karakteristik Edible Film Berbahan Dasar Kulit dan Pati Biji Durian
(Durio sp) Untuk Pengemasan Buah Strawberry. Skripsi. Universitas
Muhammadiyah Surakarta. 2009.
Wang, P., Li, C., Gong, H., Jiang, X., Wang, H., dan Li, K. Effects of Synthesis
Conditions On The Morphology of Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles Produced
By Wet Chemical Process. Powder Technology. 203 (2), 2010: 315 – 321.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
87
Webster, T.J, Ergun, C., Dremus, R.H, Siegel, R.W, dan Bizios, R. Enhanced
Functions of Osteoblasts On Nanophase Ceramics. Biomaterials. 21, 2000:
1803 – 1910.
Widodo, S. Teknologi Sol Gel Pada Pembuatan Nano Kristalin Metal Oksida Untuk
Aplikasi Sensor Gas. Seminar Rekayasa Kimia dan Proses. Universitas
Diponegoro. Semarang. 2010: 1 – 8.
Yaakob, Z., Hakim, L , Satheesh Kumar, M.N., Ismail, M., dan Wan Ramli, W.D.
Hydroxyapatite Supported Nickel Catalyst For Hydrogen Production.
American Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research. Journal of Scientific
and Industrial Research. 1 (2) , 2010: 122 – 126.
Yuwanta, T. Dasar Ternak Unggas. ISBN 979-21-0395-3. 2004.
Zaki, M.L., Knozinger, H., Tesche, B., dan Mekhemer, G.A.H. Influence of
Phosphonation and Phosphation on Surface Acid-Base and Morphological
Properties of CaO as Investigated by in situ FTIR Spectroscopy and Electron
Microscopy. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 303, 2006: 9 – 17.
Zhou, H. dan Lee, J. Nanoscale Hydroxyapatite Particles For Bone Tissue
Enginering. Acta Biomaterialia. 7, 2011: 2769 – 2781.
Universitas Sumatera Utara