this PDF file Determinant Factors of Food Security in Indonesia | Widada | Agro Ekonomi 3 PB
Agro Ekonomi Vol. 28/No. 2, Desember 2017
205
DETERMINANT FACTORS OF FOOD SECURITY IN INDONESIA
Faktor Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Ketahanan Pangan di Indonesia
Arif Wahyu Widada1, Masyhuri2, Jangkung Handoyo Mulyo2,3
Master Student of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, UGM
2
Faculty of Agriculture, UGM Jl. Flora No. 1 Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta
3
Center of Population and Policy Studies UGM Jl. Tevesia, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta
[email protected]
1
Diterima tanggal : 3 Juli 2017 ; Disetujui tanggal : 28 September 2017
ABSTRACT
All countries around the world are dealing the same problem in assuring the sufficiency
of food for feeding their people. Indonesia is the biggest agrarian state in South East Asia
and the fourth largest state in the world. The challenge faced by Indonesia with a large
population is on how food meets the needs of its population, which until now Indonesia has
not been able to guarantee the fulfillment of food supply for its population. This study aims
to analyze the influence of determinant factors toward Indonesian food security. Binary Logit
Model was employed to analyze determinant factors of Indonesian food security. Jonsson
and Toole criterion of food security was used to identify Indonesian food security status as
dependent variable. This research found that land area, rice production, corn production,
soybean production, chicken meat production, beef production, the population density the
CPI (Customer Price Index) including the CPI for housing, electricity and gas, the CPI
for health, the CPI for transportation and financial services, and FIMI (Food Insecurity
Multidimensional Index) have significant influences towards the level of food security
in Indonesia. It means that food security could be achieved by not only improving the
quantity and quality of consumption, but also improving food supply, the ability to access
economically and the stability.
Keywords : Binary Logit Model, Indonesian Food Security, Jonsson and Toole
INTISARI
Sa a t ini setia p nega r a di dunia seda ng mengha da pi kenda la ya ng sa ma da la m
memastika n kecukupa n pangan untuk masyarakatnya . Indonesia adala h negara agraris
terbesar di Asia Tenggara dan merupaka n negar a yang memiliki populasi penduduk
terbesar ke 4 di dunia . Masala h yang dihadapi Indonesia denga n jumla h penduduk yang
besar ada lah ba gaimana panga n ya ng tersedia di nega ra tersebut da pa t memenuhi
kebutuha n penduduknya aka n pangan itu sendiri, dimana sampa i saat ini Indonesia
belum dapat menjamin seratus persen pemenuha n kebutuha n pangan tersebut dapat
tercukupi. Penelitia n ini bertujua n untuk mengetahui pengaruh dari beberapa faktor
terhada p ketahana n pangan Indonesia . Binar y Logit Model digunaka n dala m penelitian
ini untuk menganalisis faktor-faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap ketahanan pangan
Indonesia. Kriteria Jonsson and Toole digunakan untuk menentuka n ketahanan pangan
sebagai variabel terikat. Hasil dari penelitia n ini denga n menggunaka n Binar y Logit
Model diketahui bahwa beberapa variabel seperti lua s areal sawah, produksi jagung,
206
Agro Ekonomi Vol. 28/No. 2, Desember 2017
produksi kedelai, produksi daging ayam, produksi daging sapi, kepadata n penduduk,
Indeks Harga Konsumen untuk perumahan, listrik, da n gas, Indeks Harga Konsumen
untuk kesehatan, Indeks Harga Konsumen untuk transportasi dan jasa keuangan, dan
F IMI mempunya i penga r uh signifika n terha da p keta ha na n pa nga n Indonesia . Ha l
ini menunjukka n ba hwa keta ha na n pa nga n tida k ha nya da pa t diwujudka n denga n
meningkatka n kuantita s da n kualita s dala m pemanfaatan pangan, tetapi juga dengan
memperbaiki pasoka n pangan, kemampua n mengakses secar a ekonomi dan kestabilan
pangan seiring berjalannya waktu.
Kata kunci : Binary Logit Model, Jonsson and Toole, Ketahanan Pangan Indonesia
INTRODUCTION
needs for the sustainability of a country’s
Food is part of human rights related
population. The World Food Summit
and regulated in Indonesian Food Law,
states that food security occurs when all
“Undang-undang tentang Pangan ” No.
people constantly, physically, socially, and
18 of 2012. Based on the regulations,
economically have access to adequate or
food becomes the main basic need to
adequate, nutritious and safe food, which
realize qualified human resources. The
meets their food needs and food choices
use of food will reflect the nutritional
to live actively and healthy (Food Security
status of the individual and then affect the
Council RI, 2009).
welfare of one’s productivity in generating
The requirements to achieve national
income. Food security is a growing concern
food security are the availability of adequate
worldwide for decade. More than 1 billion
quantities of food and meet the nutritional
people are estimated to lack sufficient
requirements of the population. Foods that
dietary energy availability, and at least
can be produced domestically are sought to
twice that number suffer micronutrient
remain the main pillars in the national food
deficiencies. Because indicators inform
supply, as they are related to the realization
action, much current research focuses on
of national food security and sovereignty
improving food insecurity measurement.
(Lantarsih et al, 2011).
Yet estimated prevalence rates and patterns
Food in the hierarchy of human needs
remain tenuous because measuring food
is the ultimate necessity so that fulfillment
security, an elusive concept, remains
becomes the basic right of everyone. Food
difficult (Barret, 2010).
security is the main pillar in national
Sufficient food for the population is
development which is very synonymous
highly regarded in national development.
with national security and cannot be
Therefore, food security is important to be
negotiable. President of the United States,
realized in ensuring the fulfillment of food
George W. Bush, in his speech at Future
Agro Ekonomi Vol. 28/No. 2, Desember 2017
207
Farmer of America July 27, 2001 stated:
food quality, and the price of food that
a country that was unable to grow enough
is still unaffordable for various layers
food to feed the people would be a nation
of society. Food security for households
subject to international pressure. It would
means access by all members at all times
be a nation at risk (Nanggolan, 2007).
to adequate food for an active healthy life.
Reflecting on history, the problems
Minimal food security includes providing
posed by food not only have a negative
nutritious and safe food, and the ability
impact on socio-economic conditions, but
to ensure that food is socially acceptable
also can lead to political instability. For
(i.e. without the use of emergency food,
example, there are problems caused by food
scavenging activities, stealing or other
in different parts of the world. The unrest
handling strategies). Apart from food
occurred in West Africa in 2007-2008 due
production, food accessibility is essential
to rising food prices and higher tax levies
to achieve food security. Food security
caused by the food crisis, accompanied by
at the national level does not cover the
protests and demonstrations due to rising
whole community, especially the poor. The
poverty levels, as happened in Egypt, the
poor have minimum access to nutritional
Middle East and North Africa. Violence
needs due to regional, economic and social
also occurred which resulted in the deaths
inequalities. There is food insecurity in
of 100 people and the arrest of 1,671
some rural populations because they do not
people resulting from price inflation and
produce enough food and or do not have
food shortages in Cameron (Bush, 2010).
enough purchasing power to meet their
It will be possible that Indonesia will
dietary needs. (Omotesho et al., 2010).
experience a similar incident if this food
The humanity in the worldwide level
issue is ignored. This is because Indonesia
is facing severed nutritional imbalances
has an increasing population growth with
depending on access to food and the dietary
an average of 1.56% per year (BPS, 2013)
habit of particular population that can make
and is the fourth largest contributor to the
them suspected to malnutrition (Abbade,
world population until 2016 after China,
2015). Related to the food access, it is
the United States and India.
positively affected by changing of food prices.
Food problems at the national level
The policy taken by the government on food
related to economic stability for the
prices including export and import will derive
population and national security. Food
welfare impact to the people ability to access
that is difficult to obtain can be caused
enough food (Groom, 2015).
by several factors, such the number of
Mulyo et al., (2015) said that food
national food availability, food distribution,
security and food self-sufficiency at
208
Agro Ekonomi Vol. 28/No. 2, Desember 2017
household level are much determined by
Indonesia is a country with agriculture
their farm production. Meanwhile, some
sector that is one of the leading sectors in
areas considered as the marginal area
the economy and the only sector that can
are constrained by limited support of
provide food for everyone. The purpose
natural resources. Thus, many households
of this study is to analyze the factors that
lived in marginal area will face food
affect the food security of Indonesia.
insecurity. This study aimed to understand
the households’ food security level, both
METHODS
measured by using the Energy Sufficiency
The data used in this study were
Score (AKE) and the Food Expenditure
secondary data, including production
Share (PPP). Furthermore, this study also
data, productivity, harvested area, paddy
tries to identify the food self-sufficiency
field area, consumption, price, population,
level among rural marginal household in
poverty data and others on every province
Bojonegoro Regency and also used cross
in Indonesia obtained from several
classification of food security levels based
publications of Indonesian Statistics
on Jonnson and Toole (1991) in Maxwell
Bureau (BPS), Ministry of Agriculture
et al., (2000). The result of study shows
Database, and other sources in various
that there is a wide disparity among rural
years. The type of data used was panel
household in the food/energy intake, this is
data. Panel data was a composite data
shown by the average level of food/energy
type of cross section and time series data.
intake level that is considered high (87%),
Cross section data in this research are 33
meanwhile there is 53% of the households
provinces in Indonesia (North Kalimantan
categorized as the food insecure household.
Province was still combined with East
Based on the Food Expenditure Share level,
Kalimantan Province due to availability of
most of the households are categorized as
series data) with its time series from 2007
food secure households. The food self-
to 2014 for each variable used.
sufficiency, particularly rice, has been
attained. Measured as the ratio of calorie
Analysis Method
availability to domestic demand we note
Th e met ho d use d to f ind out
that food security at the national level has
the determination factors influencing
improved and appears to be stable over
Indonesian food security was Binary
time. (Saliem et al., 2003)
Logit Model. Binary Logit Model used
Based on these problems, it becomes
two types of variable those were response
very important to know the factors affecting
variable or dependent variable (food
food security in Indonesia considering that
endurance level through Jonsson and
Agro Ekonomi Vol. 28/No. 2, Desember 2017
209
Table 1. The Level of Food Security based on Jonsson and Toole Classification with some
modification
Calorie Intake
Sufficient (>80%
from AKE*) Not
Sufficient (
205
DETERMINANT FACTORS OF FOOD SECURITY IN INDONESIA
Faktor Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Ketahanan Pangan di Indonesia
Arif Wahyu Widada1, Masyhuri2, Jangkung Handoyo Mulyo2,3
Master Student of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, UGM
2
Faculty of Agriculture, UGM Jl. Flora No. 1 Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta
3
Center of Population and Policy Studies UGM Jl. Tevesia, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta
[email protected]
1
Diterima tanggal : 3 Juli 2017 ; Disetujui tanggal : 28 September 2017
ABSTRACT
All countries around the world are dealing the same problem in assuring the sufficiency
of food for feeding their people. Indonesia is the biggest agrarian state in South East Asia
and the fourth largest state in the world. The challenge faced by Indonesia with a large
population is on how food meets the needs of its population, which until now Indonesia has
not been able to guarantee the fulfillment of food supply for its population. This study aims
to analyze the influence of determinant factors toward Indonesian food security. Binary Logit
Model was employed to analyze determinant factors of Indonesian food security. Jonsson
and Toole criterion of food security was used to identify Indonesian food security status as
dependent variable. This research found that land area, rice production, corn production,
soybean production, chicken meat production, beef production, the population density the
CPI (Customer Price Index) including the CPI for housing, electricity and gas, the CPI
for health, the CPI for transportation and financial services, and FIMI (Food Insecurity
Multidimensional Index) have significant influences towards the level of food security
in Indonesia. It means that food security could be achieved by not only improving the
quantity and quality of consumption, but also improving food supply, the ability to access
economically and the stability.
Keywords : Binary Logit Model, Indonesian Food Security, Jonsson and Toole
INTISARI
Sa a t ini setia p nega r a di dunia seda ng mengha da pi kenda la ya ng sa ma da la m
memastika n kecukupa n pangan untuk masyarakatnya . Indonesia adala h negara agraris
terbesar di Asia Tenggara dan merupaka n negar a yang memiliki populasi penduduk
terbesar ke 4 di dunia . Masala h yang dihadapi Indonesia denga n jumla h penduduk yang
besar ada lah ba gaimana panga n ya ng tersedia di nega ra tersebut da pa t memenuhi
kebutuha n penduduknya aka n pangan itu sendiri, dimana sampa i saat ini Indonesia
belum dapat menjamin seratus persen pemenuha n kebutuha n pangan tersebut dapat
tercukupi. Penelitia n ini bertujua n untuk mengetahui pengaruh dari beberapa faktor
terhada p ketahana n pangan Indonesia . Binar y Logit Model digunaka n dala m penelitian
ini untuk menganalisis faktor-faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap ketahanan pangan
Indonesia. Kriteria Jonsson and Toole digunakan untuk menentuka n ketahanan pangan
sebagai variabel terikat. Hasil dari penelitia n ini denga n menggunaka n Binar y Logit
Model diketahui bahwa beberapa variabel seperti lua s areal sawah, produksi jagung,
206
Agro Ekonomi Vol. 28/No. 2, Desember 2017
produksi kedelai, produksi daging ayam, produksi daging sapi, kepadata n penduduk,
Indeks Harga Konsumen untuk perumahan, listrik, da n gas, Indeks Harga Konsumen
untuk kesehatan, Indeks Harga Konsumen untuk transportasi dan jasa keuangan, dan
F IMI mempunya i penga r uh signifika n terha da p keta ha na n pa nga n Indonesia . Ha l
ini menunjukka n ba hwa keta ha na n pa nga n tida k ha nya da pa t diwujudka n denga n
meningkatka n kuantita s da n kualita s dala m pemanfaatan pangan, tetapi juga dengan
memperbaiki pasoka n pangan, kemampua n mengakses secar a ekonomi dan kestabilan
pangan seiring berjalannya waktu.
Kata kunci : Binary Logit Model, Jonsson and Toole, Ketahanan Pangan Indonesia
INTRODUCTION
needs for the sustainability of a country’s
Food is part of human rights related
population. The World Food Summit
and regulated in Indonesian Food Law,
states that food security occurs when all
“Undang-undang tentang Pangan ” No.
people constantly, physically, socially, and
18 of 2012. Based on the regulations,
economically have access to adequate or
food becomes the main basic need to
adequate, nutritious and safe food, which
realize qualified human resources. The
meets their food needs and food choices
use of food will reflect the nutritional
to live actively and healthy (Food Security
status of the individual and then affect the
Council RI, 2009).
welfare of one’s productivity in generating
The requirements to achieve national
income. Food security is a growing concern
food security are the availability of adequate
worldwide for decade. More than 1 billion
quantities of food and meet the nutritional
people are estimated to lack sufficient
requirements of the population. Foods that
dietary energy availability, and at least
can be produced domestically are sought to
twice that number suffer micronutrient
remain the main pillars in the national food
deficiencies. Because indicators inform
supply, as they are related to the realization
action, much current research focuses on
of national food security and sovereignty
improving food insecurity measurement.
(Lantarsih et al, 2011).
Yet estimated prevalence rates and patterns
Food in the hierarchy of human needs
remain tenuous because measuring food
is the ultimate necessity so that fulfillment
security, an elusive concept, remains
becomes the basic right of everyone. Food
difficult (Barret, 2010).
security is the main pillar in national
Sufficient food for the population is
development which is very synonymous
highly regarded in national development.
with national security and cannot be
Therefore, food security is important to be
negotiable. President of the United States,
realized in ensuring the fulfillment of food
George W. Bush, in his speech at Future
Agro Ekonomi Vol. 28/No. 2, Desember 2017
207
Farmer of America July 27, 2001 stated:
food quality, and the price of food that
a country that was unable to grow enough
is still unaffordable for various layers
food to feed the people would be a nation
of society. Food security for households
subject to international pressure. It would
means access by all members at all times
be a nation at risk (Nanggolan, 2007).
to adequate food for an active healthy life.
Reflecting on history, the problems
Minimal food security includes providing
posed by food not only have a negative
nutritious and safe food, and the ability
impact on socio-economic conditions, but
to ensure that food is socially acceptable
also can lead to political instability. For
(i.e. without the use of emergency food,
example, there are problems caused by food
scavenging activities, stealing or other
in different parts of the world. The unrest
handling strategies). Apart from food
occurred in West Africa in 2007-2008 due
production, food accessibility is essential
to rising food prices and higher tax levies
to achieve food security. Food security
caused by the food crisis, accompanied by
at the national level does not cover the
protests and demonstrations due to rising
whole community, especially the poor. The
poverty levels, as happened in Egypt, the
poor have minimum access to nutritional
Middle East and North Africa. Violence
needs due to regional, economic and social
also occurred which resulted in the deaths
inequalities. There is food insecurity in
of 100 people and the arrest of 1,671
some rural populations because they do not
people resulting from price inflation and
produce enough food and or do not have
food shortages in Cameron (Bush, 2010).
enough purchasing power to meet their
It will be possible that Indonesia will
dietary needs. (Omotesho et al., 2010).
experience a similar incident if this food
The humanity in the worldwide level
issue is ignored. This is because Indonesia
is facing severed nutritional imbalances
has an increasing population growth with
depending on access to food and the dietary
an average of 1.56% per year (BPS, 2013)
habit of particular population that can make
and is the fourth largest contributor to the
them suspected to malnutrition (Abbade,
world population until 2016 after China,
2015). Related to the food access, it is
the United States and India.
positively affected by changing of food prices.
Food problems at the national level
The policy taken by the government on food
related to economic stability for the
prices including export and import will derive
population and national security. Food
welfare impact to the people ability to access
that is difficult to obtain can be caused
enough food (Groom, 2015).
by several factors, such the number of
Mulyo et al., (2015) said that food
national food availability, food distribution,
security and food self-sufficiency at
208
Agro Ekonomi Vol. 28/No. 2, Desember 2017
household level are much determined by
Indonesia is a country with agriculture
their farm production. Meanwhile, some
sector that is one of the leading sectors in
areas considered as the marginal area
the economy and the only sector that can
are constrained by limited support of
provide food for everyone. The purpose
natural resources. Thus, many households
of this study is to analyze the factors that
lived in marginal area will face food
affect the food security of Indonesia.
insecurity. This study aimed to understand
the households’ food security level, both
METHODS
measured by using the Energy Sufficiency
The data used in this study were
Score (AKE) and the Food Expenditure
secondary data, including production
Share (PPP). Furthermore, this study also
data, productivity, harvested area, paddy
tries to identify the food self-sufficiency
field area, consumption, price, population,
level among rural marginal household in
poverty data and others on every province
Bojonegoro Regency and also used cross
in Indonesia obtained from several
classification of food security levels based
publications of Indonesian Statistics
on Jonnson and Toole (1991) in Maxwell
Bureau (BPS), Ministry of Agriculture
et al., (2000). The result of study shows
Database, and other sources in various
that there is a wide disparity among rural
years. The type of data used was panel
household in the food/energy intake, this is
data. Panel data was a composite data
shown by the average level of food/energy
type of cross section and time series data.
intake level that is considered high (87%),
Cross section data in this research are 33
meanwhile there is 53% of the households
provinces in Indonesia (North Kalimantan
categorized as the food insecure household.
Province was still combined with East
Based on the Food Expenditure Share level,
Kalimantan Province due to availability of
most of the households are categorized as
series data) with its time series from 2007
food secure households. The food self-
to 2014 for each variable used.
sufficiency, particularly rice, has been
attained. Measured as the ratio of calorie
Analysis Method
availability to domestic demand we note
Th e met ho d use d to f ind out
that food security at the national level has
the determination factors influencing
improved and appears to be stable over
Indonesian food security was Binary
time. (Saliem et al., 2003)
Logit Model. Binary Logit Model used
Based on these problems, it becomes
two types of variable those were response
very important to know the factors affecting
variable or dependent variable (food
food security in Indonesia considering that
endurance level through Jonsson and
Agro Ekonomi Vol. 28/No. 2, Desember 2017
209
Table 1. The Level of Food Security based on Jonsson and Toole Classification with some
modification
Calorie Intake
Sufficient (>80%
from AKE*) Not
Sufficient (