Motifs Of Woman Emancipation In Abidah El Khalieqy’s Novel Perempuan Berkalung Sorban And Hendrik Ibsen’s Play A Doll’s House: A Comparative Literature Study
APPENDICES
Summary of the both Literary Works
Perempuan Berkalung Sorban
Seorang gadis kecil bernama Anisa, hidup di lingkungan pesantren sebagai putri
seorang kiyai.Anisa adalah bocah yang lincah dan cerdas, namun posisinya sebagai
perempuan menjadikannya tidak bebas berkreasi.Anisa selalu merasa keluarganya
dan adat sangat tidak adil.Ia dilarang berkuda, berbicara saat makan, berpendapat,
dan bergurau bersama, sementara kedua kakak laki-lakinya diizinkan. Ia juga harus
rajin belajar dan bangun pagi, sementara kakaknya boleh bermalas-malasan sesuka
hati, semua itu hanya karena ia seorang perempuan. Anisa tidak pernah tinggal diam
atas prlakuan itu, ia selalu berontak. Anisa mempunyai seorang saudara sekaligus
sebagai satu-satunya sahabat yang selalu memahaminya, Lek Khudori, begitu
panggil Anisa.Namun, kedekatan mereka harus terenggang ketika Khudori harus
melanjutkan studinya ke Kairo, dan hanya suratlah penyambung bisu hubungan
keduanya.
Setelah lulus sekolah dasar, Anisa dipaksa menikah dengan putra seorang kiyai,
dialah Syamsudin. Syamsudin selalu melakukan kekerasan dalam rumah tangga,
selalu membentak, memukul, memaksa, bahkan dalam berhubungan suami-istri
Syamssudin sering meminta yang tidak wajar.Suatu ketika, Anisa didatangi seorang
janda yang tengah hamil tua, dia mengaku bahwa anak tersebut adalah buah hatinya
bersama Syamsudin.Kemudian Anisa harus bersedia dipoligami. Merasa senasib
mendapat perlakuan kurang baik dari Syamsudin, Anisa dan mbak Kalsum, si istri
muda, sepakat untuk saling bantu. Mbak Kalsum juga sering belajar mengaji pada
Anisa.
Di sisi lain, kembalinya Khudori dari Kairo mengembalikan harapan Anisa untuk
memerdekakan diri pula. Dengan ditemani Khudori, Anisa berani menceritakan
semua kejadian yang ia alami selama berumah tangga dengan Syamsudin.
Kemudian, keluarga Anisa melakukan musyawarah dengan keluarga Syamsudin
untuk perceraian mereka.Perceraian itupun terjadi, Anisa merasa sangat lega.Namun,
Anisa dan Khudori kembali resah ketika cinta mereka yang tumbuh seiring dengan
berjalannya waktu itu tidak mendapat restu dari orang tua Anisa.Mereka kemudian
melanjutkan hidup masing-masing sambil menunggu masa idah Anisa dan restu dari
orang tuanya. Anisa melanjutkan studinya, ia kuliah di Jogjakarta. Di sana ia
mengikuti organisasi yang mengurusi hak-hak perempuan. Ia juga aktif dalam duni
tulis-menulis. Di tengah-tengah kesibukan yang ia nikmati, Khudori kembali datang
dan meminangnya. Kali ini Khudori sudah mendapat restu dari orang tua
Nisa.Mereka pun menikah.Kehidupan rumah tangga mereka sangat damai.Khudori
sering membantu Anisa menyelesaikan pekerjaan rumah tangga.Walaupun kadang
terjadi masalah, keduanya bisa mengatasi itu dengan baik.Kebahagiaan mereka
bertambah lengkap setelah cukup lama menunggu dengan sabar untuk mendaptkan
momongan. Anisa melahirkan seorang bayi yang kemudian diberi nama Mahbub
yang berarti cinta kasih.
50
Suatu hari Anisa dan khudori menghadiri sebuah undangan pernikahan teman
lamanya di kampung kelahirannya.
Di situ, mereka bertemu kembali dengan syamsudin.Dari matanya, nampak
kebencian dan keirian Syamsudin pada Khudori.Kemudian Syamsudin meninggalkan
tempat itu.Tak jauh dari pertemuan itu, Anisa mendapat kabar bahwa Khudori
mengalami kecelakaan dan tidak dapat diselamatkan lagi. Tuduhan Anisa selalu
mengarah pada satu nama: Syamsudin. Namun, bagaimanapun juga ia tak punya
bukti yang nyata. Akhirnya ia harus menjalani hidup ini tanpa Khudori dan
membesarkan Mahbub sendirian.
51
A Doll’s House
On the day before Christmas, Nora Helmer busies herself with last-minute shopping,
for this is the first Christmas since her marriage that she does not have to economize.
Her husband, Torvald, is made manager of a bank and after the New Year their
money troubles are over. She buys a tree and plenty of toys for the children and even
indulges herself in some macaroons, her favorite confection, although Torvald does
not entirely approve. He loves his wife dearly, but he regards her very much as her
own father did, as an amusing doll—a plaything.
It is true that she does behave like a child sometimes in her relations with her
husband. She pouts, wheedles, and chatters because Torvald expects these things; he
would not love his wife without them. Actually, seven years earlier Nora
demonstrated that she had the courage of a mature, loving woman. Just after her first
child was born, when Torvald was ill and the doctor said that he would die unless he
went abroad immediately, she borrowed the requisite two hundred and fifty pounds
from Krogstad, a moneylender. She forged to the note the name of her father, who
was dying at the time, and convinced Torvald that the money for his trip came from
her father. However, Krogstad was exacting, and since then she devised various ways
to meet the regular payments. When Torvald gives her money for new dresses and
such things, she never spends more than half of it, and she finds other ways to earn
money. One winter she does copying, which she keeps a secret from Torvald.
Krogstad, who is in the employ of the bank of which Torvald is now manager, is
determined to use Torvald to advance his own fortunes. Torvald dislikes Krogstad,
however, and is just as determined to be rid of him. The opportunity comes when
Christina Linde, Nora’s old school friend, applies to Torvald for a position in the
bank. Torvald resolves to dismiss Krogstad and hire Mrs. Linde in his place.
When Krogstad discovers that he is to be fired, he calls on Nora and tells her that if
he is dismissed he will ruin her and her husband. He reminds her that the note
supposedly signed by her father is dated three days after his death. Frightened at the
turn matters take, Nora pleads unsuccessfully with Torvald to reinstate Krogstad in
the bank. Krogstad, receiving from Torvald an official notice of his dismissal, writes
a letter in which he reveals the full details of Nora’s forgery. He drops the letter in
the mailbox outside the Helmer home.
Torvald is in a holiday mood. The following evening they are to attend a fancy dress
ball, and Nora is to go as a Neapolitan fisher girl and dance the tarantella. To divert
her husband’s attention from the mailbox outside, Nora practices her dance before
Torvald and Dr. Rank, an old friend. Nora is desperate, not knowing quite which way
to turn. She thinks of Mrs. Linde, with whom Krogstad at one time was in love. Mrs.
Linde promises to do what she can to turn Krogstad from his avowed purpose. Nora
thinks also of Dr. Rank, but when she begins to confide in him he makes it so
obvious that he is in love with her that she cannot tell her secret. However, Torvald
promises her not to go near the mailbox until after the ball.
What bothers Nora is not her own fate but Torvald’s. She imagines herself already
dead, drowned in icy black water, and pictures the grief-stricken Torvald taking upon
52
himself all the blame for what she did and being disgraced for her sake. In fact, Mrs.
Linde, by promising to marry Krogstad and look after his children, succeeds in
persuading him to withdraw all accusations against the Helmers. She realizes,
however, that sooner or later Nora and Torvald will have to come to an
understanding.
The crisis comes when Torvald reads Krogstad’s letter after their return from the
ball. He accuses Nora of being a hypocrite, a liar, and a criminal and of having no
religion, morality, or sense of duty. He declares that she is unfit to bring up her
children and that she might remain in his household but will no longer be a part of it.
When Krogstad’s second letter arrives, declaring that he intends to take no action
against the Helmers, Torvald’s attitude changes, and with a sigh of relief he declares
that he is saved.
For the first time, Nora sees her husband for what he is—a selfish, pretentious
hypocrite with no regard for her position in the matter. She reminds him that no
marriage can be built on inequality and announces her intention of leaving his house
forever. Torvald cannot believe his ears and pleads with her to remain, but she
declares she is going to try to become a reasonable human being, to understand the
world—in short, to become a woman, not a doll to flatter Torvald’s selfish vanity.
She goes out and, with irrevocable finality, slams the door of her doll house behind
her.
53
Author biography and literature works
Perempuan Berkalung Sorban
Judul
: Perempuan Berkalung Sorban
Penulis
: Abidah El Khalieqy
Penerbit
: Arti Bumi Intaran
Kota Terbit
: Yogyakarta
TahunTerbit
: 2009
Cetakan
: V (kelima)
Tebal Buku
ISBN
: 320 halaman
: 978-979-15836-4-1
Author biography
Nama Lengkap : ABIDAH EL KHALIEQY
Tempat/Tgl lahir : Jombang, 01 Maret 1965
Alamat Asal : Desa Menturo, Kec. Sumobito, Kab. Jombang, Jawa Timur
Alamat Sekarang : Gg. Menur No. 60 Nayan Maguwoharjo Yogyakarta 55281
Menikah : pada hari Ibu, 22 Desember 1992.
Pekerjaan : Pengarang / Writers
Nama Suami : Hamdy Salad (penyair dan pekerja teater, dosen Creative Writing Fak.
Bahasa dan Seni Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta)
Anak kandung : Jauhara Nadvi Azzadine (Zadin, 15 th); Geffarine Firdaws
(Geffa, 13 th); Zahida Aine Hawwa (Ain, 8 th.)
Nama Ayah : H. Abdul Khalieq (almarhum, adik dari neneknya Emha Ainun Najib /
Cak Nun).
Nama Ibu : Hj. Misnawati Kamal (almarhum)
Saudara kandung : Nomor 4 dari 7 saudara.
Nama Fam : Bani Kadir
SEKOLAH
• Madrasah Ibtidaiyah ( tamat 1977/1978)
• Pesantren Putri Modern PERSIS, Bangil, Pasuruan (tamat 1984/1985).
• Fakultas Syariah IAIN (UIN) Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta, Jurusan Pidana Perdata
Islam (tamat 1991) dengan skripsi “Komoditas Nilai Fisik Perempuan dalam
Perefektif Hukum Islam”.
• Study Perempuan Independen (1991-1992)
AKTIVITAS
• Study dan Apresiasi Sastra Yogyakarta (1985-1989)
• Teater Eska sejak tahun 1987.
54
• Forum Pengadilan Puisi Yogyakarta (1986-1988).
• Kelompok Diskusi Perempuan Internasional (1986-1987).
• Asian Pacific Forum on Women, Law and Development (1987).
• Baca puisi di Taman Ismail Marzuki Jakarta (1994 dan 2000).
• ASEAN Writers Conference, Manila, Philipina (1995).
• Pendamping Kreatif Majlis Sastra Asia Tenggara (1997).
• Baca puisi di Sekretariat ASEAN (1998).
• Konferensi Perempuan Islam se Asia-Pasifik dan Timur Tengah (1999)
• Apresiasi Sastra Keliling Indonesia, Yayasan Indonesia dan Ford Fondation (20002005).
• Narasumber Pertemuan Sastrawan Melayu -Nusantara (2005).
• Narasumber Sastra dan Agama, di Kedutaan Kanada (2007)
• International Literary Biennale (2007).
• Jakarta Internationale Literary Festival (2008)
PRESTASI
• Juara Penulisan Tingkat Tsanawiyah Pesantren (1982)
• Juara Penulisan Puisi Remaja Se-Jawa (1984).
• Penghargaan Seni dari Pemerintah Propinsi DIY (1998).
• Pemenang Lomba Penulisan Novel Dewan Kesenian Jakarta (2003).
• Dinobatkan sebagai tokoh “10 Anak Zaman Menerobos Batas”, Majalah AsSyir’ah (2004).
• Memperoleh IKAPI dan Balai Bahasa Award (2008).
• Memperoleh Adab Award dari Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Kalijaga (2009)
BUKU YANG SUDAH TERBIT:
• Ibuku Laut Berkobar (puisi, 1997)
• Menari Di Atas Gunting (cerita pendek, 2001)
• Perempuan Berkalung Sorban (novel, 2001)
• Atas Singgasana (novel, 2002)
• Geni Jora (novel, 2004)
• Mahabbah Rindu (novel, 2007)
• Nirzona (novel, 2008)
• Mikraj Odyssey (cerita pendek, 2009).
BUKU ANTOLOGI BERSAMA :
• ASEANO: An Antology of Poems Shoutheast Asia (1996)
• Album Cyber Indonesia – Australia (1998)
• Force Majeure (2007)
• Rainbow: Indonesian Womens Poet (2008)
• Indonesian Literary: A Womens Shot Strory (2008).
• American E-Journal – Word Withaout Borders (2009)
• E- Books Library For Diffabel (2007).
• Pengarang Perempuan Indonesia (1997)
• 18 Penyair Perempuan Indonesia (2007)
• Kitab Sastra Indonesia (2006)
• Dll.
A Doll’s House
55
Written by: Henrik Ibsen
Characters
1. Nora
2. Torvald Helmer
3. Krogstad
4. Mrs. Linde
5. Dr. Rank
6. Children
7. Anne-Marie
8. Helene
Date premiered 21 December 1879
Place premiered Royal Theatre in Copenhagen, Denmark
Original language Norwegian
Subject The awakening of a middle-class wife and mother.
Genre Naturalistic / realisticproblem play Modern tragedySettingThe home of the
Helmer family in an unspecified Norwegian town or city, circa 1879
Author biography
Henrik Johan Ibsen, born in 1828 in Skien, Norway, was the eldest of five children
after the early death of his older brother. His father, Knud Ibsen, one in a long line of
sea captains, had been born in Skien in 1797 and had married Marichen Cornelia
Martie Altenburg, the daughter of a German merchant, in 1825. Though Ibsen later
reported that Skien was a pleasant place to grow up, his childhood was not
particularly happy. He was described as an unsociable child. His sense of isolation
increased at the age of sixteen when his father's business had to be sold to meet the
demands of his creditors. On top of this, a rumor began circulating that Henrik was
the illegitimate son of another man. Although the rumor was never proven to be true,
it manifested itself in the theme of illegitimate offspring that runs throughout Ibsen's
later works.
After Knud's business was repossessed, all that remained of the family's former
estate was a dilapidated farmhouse on the outskirts of Skein. It was there that Ibsen
began to attend the small, middle-class school where he cultivated a talent for
painting, if nothing else. He was also taught German and Latin as well as drawing. In
1843, at the age of fifteen, Ibsen was confirmed and taken from the school. Though
he had declared his interest in becoming a painter, Ibsen was apprenticed to an
apothecary shortly before his sixteenth birthday.
Leaving his family, Ibsen traveled to Grimstad, a small, isolated town, to begin his
apprenticeship. He maintained a strong desire to gain admission to the university to
study medicine. Meanwhile, he fathered an illegitimate son with the maid of the
apothecary. Despite his unhappy lot, Ibsen began to write in earnest in Grimstad.
Inspired by the European revolutions of 1848, Ibsen wrote satire and elegant poetry.
At the age of twenty-one, Ibsen left Grimstad for the capital. While in Christiania
(now Oslo), Ibsen passed his exams but opted not to pursue his education, instead
56
turning to playwriting and journalism. In Christiania he penned his first play,
Catiline (1849), written in blank verse about the failure of Catiline’s conspiracy
against ancient Rome in the time of Cicero. It sold only 45 copies and was rejected
by every theater to which Ibsen submitted it for performance. Ibsen also spent time
analyzing and criticizing modern Norwegian literature.
Still poor, Ibsen gladly accepted a contract to write for and help manage the newly
constituted National Theater in Bergen in 1851. Beginning his work untrained and
largely uneducated, Ibsen soon learned much from his time at the theater, producing
such works as St. John's Night (1852). The majority of his writings from this period
were based on folksongs, folklore, and history.
In 1858, Ibsen moved back to Christiania to become the creative director of the city's
Norwegian Theater. That same year, Ibsen married Suzannah Thoresen, with whom
he fathered a child named Sigurd Ibsen. Though his plays suggest otherwise, Ibsen
revered the state of marriage, believing that it was possible for two people to travel
through life as perfect, happy equals. During this period, Ibsen also developed a daily
routine from which he would not deviate until his first stroke in 1901: he would rise,
consume a small breakfast, take a long walk, write for five hours, eat dinner, and
finish the night with entertainment or early retirement to bed.
Despite this routine, Ibsen found his life difficult, though he did pen several plays,
including Love's Comedy (1862), a close relation of A Doll's House (1879) in its
distinction between love and marriage. Luckily, in 1864, his friends generously
offered him money that they had collected, allowing him to move to Italy. He felt
like an exile. He would spend the next twenty-seven years living in Italy and
Germany. During this time abroad, he authored a number of successful works,
including Brand (1866) and Peer Gynt (1867), both (significantly) written to be read
rather than to be performed.
Ibsen moved to Dresden in 1868 and then to Munich in 1875. In Munich in 1879,
Ibsen wrote his groundbreaking play, A Doll's House. He pursued his interest in
realistic drama for the next decade, earning international acclaim; many of his works
were published in translation and performed throughout Europe.
Ibsen eventually turned to a new style of writing, abandoning his interest in realism
for a series of so-called symbolic dramas. He completed his last work, Hedda
Gabler, abroad in 1890.
After being away from Norway for twenty-seven years, Ibsen and Suzannah returned
in 1891. Shortly afterwards, he finished writing The Master Builder (1892), after
which he took a short break. In late 1893, seemingly in need of moist air to help cure
her recurring gout, Suzannah left for southern Italy. While his wife was away, Ibsen
found a companion in a young female pianist, Hildur Andersen, with whom he spent
a great deal of time. He continued to correspond with her even after Suzannah's
return. Ibsen's relationship with Andersen was characteristic of his larger interest in
the younger generation; he was famous for seeking out their ideas and encouraging
their writing.
57
Ibsen's later plays tended to meet with controversy on the occasions of their first
performances: Hedda Gabler was reviled by critics of the published script and of the
first production in 1890. It is at about this time that Ibsen's work, partly as a
consequence of George Bernard Shaw's lecture The Quintessence of Ibsenism (1890),
became extremely popular in England.
After suffering a series of strokes, Ibsen died in 1906 at the age of seventy-eight. He
was unable to write for the last five years of his life, following a stroke which also
left him unable to walk. Reportedly his last words, after his nurse suggested he was
doing better, were, “To the contrary!”
58
Summary of the both Literary Works
Perempuan Berkalung Sorban
Seorang gadis kecil bernama Anisa, hidup di lingkungan pesantren sebagai putri
seorang kiyai.Anisa adalah bocah yang lincah dan cerdas, namun posisinya sebagai
perempuan menjadikannya tidak bebas berkreasi.Anisa selalu merasa keluarganya
dan adat sangat tidak adil.Ia dilarang berkuda, berbicara saat makan, berpendapat,
dan bergurau bersama, sementara kedua kakak laki-lakinya diizinkan. Ia juga harus
rajin belajar dan bangun pagi, sementara kakaknya boleh bermalas-malasan sesuka
hati, semua itu hanya karena ia seorang perempuan. Anisa tidak pernah tinggal diam
atas prlakuan itu, ia selalu berontak. Anisa mempunyai seorang saudara sekaligus
sebagai satu-satunya sahabat yang selalu memahaminya, Lek Khudori, begitu
panggil Anisa.Namun, kedekatan mereka harus terenggang ketika Khudori harus
melanjutkan studinya ke Kairo, dan hanya suratlah penyambung bisu hubungan
keduanya.
Setelah lulus sekolah dasar, Anisa dipaksa menikah dengan putra seorang kiyai,
dialah Syamsudin. Syamsudin selalu melakukan kekerasan dalam rumah tangga,
selalu membentak, memukul, memaksa, bahkan dalam berhubungan suami-istri
Syamssudin sering meminta yang tidak wajar.Suatu ketika, Anisa didatangi seorang
janda yang tengah hamil tua, dia mengaku bahwa anak tersebut adalah buah hatinya
bersama Syamsudin.Kemudian Anisa harus bersedia dipoligami. Merasa senasib
mendapat perlakuan kurang baik dari Syamsudin, Anisa dan mbak Kalsum, si istri
muda, sepakat untuk saling bantu. Mbak Kalsum juga sering belajar mengaji pada
Anisa.
Di sisi lain, kembalinya Khudori dari Kairo mengembalikan harapan Anisa untuk
memerdekakan diri pula. Dengan ditemani Khudori, Anisa berani menceritakan
semua kejadian yang ia alami selama berumah tangga dengan Syamsudin.
Kemudian, keluarga Anisa melakukan musyawarah dengan keluarga Syamsudin
untuk perceraian mereka.Perceraian itupun terjadi, Anisa merasa sangat lega.Namun,
Anisa dan Khudori kembali resah ketika cinta mereka yang tumbuh seiring dengan
berjalannya waktu itu tidak mendapat restu dari orang tua Anisa.Mereka kemudian
melanjutkan hidup masing-masing sambil menunggu masa idah Anisa dan restu dari
orang tuanya. Anisa melanjutkan studinya, ia kuliah di Jogjakarta. Di sana ia
mengikuti organisasi yang mengurusi hak-hak perempuan. Ia juga aktif dalam duni
tulis-menulis. Di tengah-tengah kesibukan yang ia nikmati, Khudori kembali datang
dan meminangnya. Kali ini Khudori sudah mendapat restu dari orang tua
Nisa.Mereka pun menikah.Kehidupan rumah tangga mereka sangat damai.Khudori
sering membantu Anisa menyelesaikan pekerjaan rumah tangga.Walaupun kadang
terjadi masalah, keduanya bisa mengatasi itu dengan baik.Kebahagiaan mereka
bertambah lengkap setelah cukup lama menunggu dengan sabar untuk mendaptkan
momongan. Anisa melahirkan seorang bayi yang kemudian diberi nama Mahbub
yang berarti cinta kasih.
50
Suatu hari Anisa dan khudori menghadiri sebuah undangan pernikahan teman
lamanya di kampung kelahirannya.
Di situ, mereka bertemu kembali dengan syamsudin.Dari matanya, nampak
kebencian dan keirian Syamsudin pada Khudori.Kemudian Syamsudin meninggalkan
tempat itu.Tak jauh dari pertemuan itu, Anisa mendapat kabar bahwa Khudori
mengalami kecelakaan dan tidak dapat diselamatkan lagi. Tuduhan Anisa selalu
mengarah pada satu nama: Syamsudin. Namun, bagaimanapun juga ia tak punya
bukti yang nyata. Akhirnya ia harus menjalani hidup ini tanpa Khudori dan
membesarkan Mahbub sendirian.
51
A Doll’s House
On the day before Christmas, Nora Helmer busies herself with last-minute shopping,
for this is the first Christmas since her marriage that she does not have to economize.
Her husband, Torvald, is made manager of a bank and after the New Year their
money troubles are over. She buys a tree and plenty of toys for the children and even
indulges herself in some macaroons, her favorite confection, although Torvald does
not entirely approve. He loves his wife dearly, but he regards her very much as her
own father did, as an amusing doll—a plaything.
It is true that she does behave like a child sometimes in her relations with her
husband. She pouts, wheedles, and chatters because Torvald expects these things; he
would not love his wife without them. Actually, seven years earlier Nora
demonstrated that she had the courage of a mature, loving woman. Just after her first
child was born, when Torvald was ill and the doctor said that he would die unless he
went abroad immediately, she borrowed the requisite two hundred and fifty pounds
from Krogstad, a moneylender. She forged to the note the name of her father, who
was dying at the time, and convinced Torvald that the money for his trip came from
her father. However, Krogstad was exacting, and since then she devised various ways
to meet the regular payments. When Torvald gives her money for new dresses and
such things, she never spends more than half of it, and she finds other ways to earn
money. One winter she does copying, which she keeps a secret from Torvald.
Krogstad, who is in the employ of the bank of which Torvald is now manager, is
determined to use Torvald to advance his own fortunes. Torvald dislikes Krogstad,
however, and is just as determined to be rid of him. The opportunity comes when
Christina Linde, Nora’s old school friend, applies to Torvald for a position in the
bank. Torvald resolves to dismiss Krogstad and hire Mrs. Linde in his place.
When Krogstad discovers that he is to be fired, he calls on Nora and tells her that if
he is dismissed he will ruin her and her husband. He reminds her that the note
supposedly signed by her father is dated three days after his death. Frightened at the
turn matters take, Nora pleads unsuccessfully with Torvald to reinstate Krogstad in
the bank. Krogstad, receiving from Torvald an official notice of his dismissal, writes
a letter in which he reveals the full details of Nora’s forgery. He drops the letter in
the mailbox outside the Helmer home.
Torvald is in a holiday mood. The following evening they are to attend a fancy dress
ball, and Nora is to go as a Neapolitan fisher girl and dance the tarantella. To divert
her husband’s attention from the mailbox outside, Nora practices her dance before
Torvald and Dr. Rank, an old friend. Nora is desperate, not knowing quite which way
to turn. She thinks of Mrs. Linde, with whom Krogstad at one time was in love. Mrs.
Linde promises to do what she can to turn Krogstad from his avowed purpose. Nora
thinks also of Dr. Rank, but when she begins to confide in him he makes it so
obvious that he is in love with her that she cannot tell her secret. However, Torvald
promises her not to go near the mailbox until after the ball.
What bothers Nora is not her own fate but Torvald’s. She imagines herself already
dead, drowned in icy black water, and pictures the grief-stricken Torvald taking upon
52
himself all the blame for what she did and being disgraced for her sake. In fact, Mrs.
Linde, by promising to marry Krogstad and look after his children, succeeds in
persuading him to withdraw all accusations against the Helmers. She realizes,
however, that sooner or later Nora and Torvald will have to come to an
understanding.
The crisis comes when Torvald reads Krogstad’s letter after their return from the
ball. He accuses Nora of being a hypocrite, a liar, and a criminal and of having no
religion, morality, or sense of duty. He declares that she is unfit to bring up her
children and that she might remain in his household but will no longer be a part of it.
When Krogstad’s second letter arrives, declaring that he intends to take no action
against the Helmers, Torvald’s attitude changes, and with a sigh of relief he declares
that he is saved.
For the first time, Nora sees her husband for what he is—a selfish, pretentious
hypocrite with no regard for her position in the matter. She reminds him that no
marriage can be built on inequality and announces her intention of leaving his house
forever. Torvald cannot believe his ears and pleads with her to remain, but she
declares she is going to try to become a reasonable human being, to understand the
world—in short, to become a woman, not a doll to flatter Torvald’s selfish vanity.
She goes out and, with irrevocable finality, slams the door of her doll house behind
her.
53
Author biography and literature works
Perempuan Berkalung Sorban
Judul
: Perempuan Berkalung Sorban
Penulis
: Abidah El Khalieqy
Penerbit
: Arti Bumi Intaran
Kota Terbit
: Yogyakarta
TahunTerbit
: 2009
Cetakan
: V (kelima)
Tebal Buku
ISBN
: 320 halaman
: 978-979-15836-4-1
Author biography
Nama Lengkap : ABIDAH EL KHALIEQY
Tempat/Tgl lahir : Jombang, 01 Maret 1965
Alamat Asal : Desa Menturo, Kec. Sumobito, Kab. Jombang, Jawa Timur
Alamat Sekarang : Gg. Menur No. 60 Nayan Maguwoharjo Yogyakarta 55281
Menikah : pada hari Ibu, 22 Desember 1992.
Pekerjaan : Pengarang / Writers
Nama Suami : Hamdy Salad (penyair dan pekerja teater, dosen Creative Writing Fak.
Bahasa dan Seni Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta)
Anak kandung : Jauhara Nadvi Azzadine (Zadin, 15 th); Geffarine Firdaws
(Geffa, 13 th); Zahida Aine Hawwa (Ain, 8 th.)
Nama Ayah : H. Abdul Khalieq (almarhum, adik dari neneknya Emha Ainun Najib /
Cak Nun).
Nama Ibu : Hj. Misnawati Kamal (almarhum)
Saudara kandung : Nomor 4 dari 7 saudara.
Nama Fam : Bani Kadir
SEKOLAH
• Madrasah Ibtidaiyah ( tamat 1977/1978)
• Pesantren Putri Modern PERSIS, Bangil, Pasuruan (tamat 1984/1985).
• Fakultas Syariah IAIN (UIN) Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta, Jurusan Pidana Perdata
Islam (tamat 1991) dengan skripsi “Komoditas Nilai Fisik Perempuan dalam
Perefektif Hukum Islam”.
• Study Perempuan Independen (1991-1992)
AKTIVITAS
• Study dan Apresiasi Sastra Yogyakarta (1985-1989)
• Teater Eska sejak tahun 1987.
54
• Forum Pengadilan Puisi Yogyakarta (1986-1988).
• Kelompok Diskusi Perempuan Internasional (1986-1987).
• Asian Pacific Forum on Women, Law and Development (1987).
• Baca puisi di Taman Ismail Marzuki Jakarta (1994 dan 2000).
• ASEAN Writers Conference, Manila, Philipina (1995).
• Pendamping Kreatif Majlis Sastra Asia Tenggara (1997).
• Baca puisi di Sekretariat ASEAN (1998).
• Konferensi Perempuan Islam se Asia-Pasifik dan Timur Tengah (1999)
• Apresiasi Sastra Keliling Indonesia, Yayasan Indonesia dan Ford Fondation (20002005).
• Narasumber Pertemuan Sastrawan Melayu -Nusantara (2005).
• Narasumber Sastra dan Agama, di Kedutaan Kanada (2007)
• International Literary Biennale (2007).
• Jakarta Internationale Literary Festival (2008)
PRESTASI
• Juara Penulisan Tingkat Tsanawiyah Pesantren (1982)
• Juara Penulisan Puisi Remaja Se-Jawa (1984).
• Penghargaan Seni dari Pemerintah Propinsi DIY (1998).
• Pemenang Lomba Penulisan Novel Dewan Kesenian Jakarta (2003).
• Dinobatkan sebagai tokoh “10 Anak Zaman Menerobos Batas”, Majalah AsSyir’ah (2004).
• Memperoleh IKAPI dan Balai Bahasa Award (2008).
• Memperoleh Adab Award dari Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Kalijaga (2009)
BUKU YANG SUDAH TERBIT:
• Ibuku Laut Berkobar (puisi, 1997)
• Menari Di Atas Gunting (cerita pendek, 2001)
• Perempuan Berkalung Sorban (novel, 2001)
• Atas Singgasana (novel, 2002)
• Geni Jora (novel, 2004)
• Mahabbah Rindu (novel, 2007)
• Nirzona (novel, 2008)
• Mikraj Odyssey (cerita pendek, 2009).
BUKU ANTOLOGI BERSAMA :
• ASEANO: An Antology of Poems Shoutheast Asia (1996)
• Album Cyber Indonesia – Australia (1998)
• Force Majeure (2007)
• Rainbow: Indonesian Womens Poet (2008)
• Indonesian Literary: A Womens Shot Strory (2008).
• American E-Journal – Word Withaout Borders (2009)
• E- Books Library For Diffabel (2007).
• Pengarang Perempuan Indonesia (1997)
• 18 Penyair Perempuan Indonesia (2007)
• Kitab Sastra Indonesia (2006)
• Dll.
A Doll’s House
55
Written by: Henrik Ibsen
Characters
1. Nora
2. Torvald Helmer
3. Krogstad
4. Mrs. Linde
5. Dr. Rank
6. Children
7. Anne-Marie
8. Helene
Date premiered 21 December 1879
Place premiered Royal Theatre in Copenhagen, Denmark
Original language Norwegian
Subject The awakening of a middle-class wife and mother.
Genre Naturalistic / realisticproblem play Modern tragedySettingThe home of the
Helmer family in an unspecified Norwegian town or city, circa 1879
Author biography
Henrik Johan Ibsen, born in 1828 in Skien, Norway, was the eldest of five children
after the early death of his older brother. His father, Knud Ibsen, one in a long line of
sea captains, had been born in Skien in 1797 and had married Marichen Cornelia
Martie Altenburg, the daughter of a German merchant, in 1825. Though Ibsen later
reported that Skien was a pleasant place to grow up, his childhood was not
particularly happy. He was described as an unsociable child. His sense of isolation
increased at the age of sixteen when his father's business had to be sold to meet the
demands of his creditors. On top of this, a rumor began circulating that Henrik was
the illegitimate son of another man. Although the rumor was never proven to be true,
it manifested itself in the theme of illegitimate offspring that runs throughout Ibsen's
later works.
After Knud's business was repossessed, all that remained of the family's former
estate was a dilapidated farmhouse on the outskirts of Skein. It was there that Ibsen
began to attend the small, middle-class school where he cultivated a talent for
painting, if nothing else. He was also taught German and Latin as well as drawing. In
1843, at the age of fifteen, Ibsen was confirmed and taken from the school. Though
he had declared his interest in becoming a painter, Ibsen was apprenticed to an
apothecary shortly before his sixteenth birthday.
Leaving his family, Ibsen traveled to Grimstad, a small, isolated town, to begin his
apprenticeship. He maintained a strong desire to gain admission to the university to
study medicine. Meanwhile, he fathered an illegitimate son with the maid of the
apothecary. Despite his unhappy lot, Ibsen began to write in earnest in Grimstad.
Inspired by the European revolutions of 1848, Ibsen wrote satire and elegant poetry.
At the age of twenty-one, Ibsen left Grimstad for the capital. While in Christiania
(now Oslo), Ibsen passed his exams but opted not to pursue his education, instead
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turning to playwriting and journalism. In Christiania he penned his first play,
Catiline (1849), written in blank verse about the failure of Catiline’s conspiracy
against ancient Rome in the time of Cicero. It sold only 45 copies and was rejected
by every theater to which Ibsen submitted it for performance. Ibsen also spent time
analyzing and criticizing modern Norwegian literature.
Still poor, Ibsen gladly accepted a contract to write for and help manage the newly
constituted National Theater in Bergen in 1851. Beginning his work untrained and
largely uneducated, Ibsen soon learned much from his time at the theater, producing
such works as St. John's Night (1852). The majority of his writings from this period
were based on folksongs, folklore, and history.
In 1858, Ibsen moved back to Christiania to become the creative director of the city's
Norwegian Theater. That same year, Ibsen married Suzannah Thoresen, with whom
he fathered a child named Sigurd Ibsen. Though his plays suggest otherwise, Ibsen
revered the state of marriage, believing that it was possible for two people to travel
through life as perfect, happy equals. During this period, Ibsen also developed a daily
routine from which he would not deviate until his first stroke in 1901: he would rise,
consume a small breakfast, take a long walk, write for five hours, eat dinner, and
finish the night with entertainment or early retirement to bed.
Despite this routine, Ibsen found his life difficult, though he did pen several plays,
including Love's Comedy (1862), a close relation of A Doll's House (1879) in its
distinction between love and marriage. Luckily, in 1864, his friends generously
offered him money that they had collected, allowing him to move to Italy. He felt
like an exile. He would spend the next twenty-seven years living in Italy and
Germany. During this time abroad, he authored a number of successful works,
including Brand (1866) and Peer Gynt (1867), both (significantly) written to be read
rather than to be performed.
Ibsen moved to Dresden in 1868 and then to Munich in 1875. In Munich in 1879,
Ibsen wrote his groundbreaking play, A Doll's House. He pursued his interest in
realistic drama for the next decade, earning international acclaim; many of his works
were published in translation and performed throughout Europe.
Ibsen eventually turned to a new style of writing, abandoning his interest in realism
for a series of so-called symbolic dramas. He completed his last work, Hedda
Gabler, abroad in 1890.
After being away from Norway for twenty-seven years, Ibsen and Suzannah returned
in 1891. Shortly afterwards, he finished writing The Master Builder (1892), after
which he took a short break. In late 1893, seemingly in need of moist air to help cure
her recurring gout, Suzannah left for southern Italy. While his wife was away, Ibsen
found a companion in a young female pianist, Hildur Andersen, with whom he spent
a great deal of time. He continued to correspond with her even after Suzannah's
return. Ibsen's relationship with Andersen was characteristic of his larger interest in
the younger generation; he was famous for seeking out their ideas and encouraging
their writing.
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Ibsen's later plays tended to meet with controversy on the occasions of their first
performances: Hedda Gabler was reviled by critics of the published script and of the
first production in 1890. It is at about this time that Ibsen's work, partly as a
consequence of George Bernard Shaw's lecture The Quintessence of Ibsenism (1890),
became extremely popular in England.
After suffering a series of strokes, Ibsen died in 1906 at the age of seventy-eight. He
was unable to write for the last five years of his life, following a stroke which also
left him unable to walk. Reportedly his last words, after his nurse suggested he was
doing better, were, “To the contrary!”
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