Motifs Of Woman Emancipation In Abidah El Khalieqy’s Novel Perempuan Berkalung Sorban And Hendrik Ibsen’s Play A Doll’s House: A Comparative Literature Study

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i MOTIFS OF WOMAN EMANCIPATION IN ABIDAH EL KHALIEQY’S NOVEL PEREMPUAN BERKALUNG SORBAN AND HENDRIK IBSEN’S PLAY A DOLL’S HOUSE: A COMPARATIVE LITERATURE STUDY

A THESIS

TANTRI WERI SINAGA

REG.NO. 110705032

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH

FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA

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i AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I, TANTRI WERI SINAGA, DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE AUTHOR OF THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN THE TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL PUBLISHED ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART FROM A

THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR AWARDED ANOTHER DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED WITHOUT DUE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF ANOTHER DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION.

Signed :

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ii COPYRIGHT DECLARATION

NAME : TANTRI WERI SINAGA

TITTLE OF THESIS : MOTIFS OF WOMAN EMANCIPATION IN ABIDAH EL KHALIEQY’S NOVEL

PEREMPUAN BERKALUNG SORBAN AND HENDRIK IBSEN’S PLAY A DOLL’S HOUSE: A COMPARATIVE LITERATURE STUDY

QUALIFICATION : S-1 / SARJANA SASTRA

DEPARTMENT : ENGLISH

I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR REPRODUCTION AT THE DISCRETION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF DEPARTEMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER THE LAW OF REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.

Signed :

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iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all I would like to express my gratitude to the Almighty God in the name of Jesus Christ the greater honor who gives me blessing, love and strength from I begin my study in English literature University of North Sumatera until finish this thesis. I can finish my study, it is not because my strength but only because His Grace.

I would like to say thank to lecturers who helped and guided me to write this thesis, they are: Mr. H. Syahron Lubis,M.A as the Dean of Faculty of Letters in University of North Sumatera, Mr. Dr. Muhizar Muchtar,M.S as the Head of English Literature Department of University of North Sumatera, Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A,P.hd as the Secretary of English Literature Department in University of North Sumatera. Drs, Parlindungan Purba. M.Hum,as my Supervisor and Drs. Mahmud A.Albar,M.Hum as my Co-Supervisor for the precious advices, supporting assistance and understanding that motivated me to finish this thesis. And thanks to all lecturers who have given me advice during the academic years.

My special gratitude to my beloved parents Jeweslin Sinaga,Spd and Riama Sihombing who patiently given their moral value, affection, financial support, advices, love and prayers to me I dedicated this thesis for them. I say thank for my sweetest sister Welen Sinaga and my Brothers Bokee Sinaga and Martin Sinaga, who always remind me to doing my thesis.

I say thank for my small group Leader: Boris Sirait, Frans Judea Samosir, Trisna Sibarani, Ariyanti Silitonga, Sarah Siagian, big thanks for all of you that have guide me and pray for me as long as we recognize in Medan. I also thank to my young sisters in our lovely small group: Indah, Sari, Debby and Vika. Thank for the prayer

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iv and supporting to me in my daily activity and especially when doing this thesis. Thank for my friends in Persekutuan Pemuda Pemudi Kristen Solagratia P3KS, the place I can growth in God, thanks for my partners William Silalahi, Norlin Lingga, Murydrischy Simanjuntak, Novita Sibarani,and Della Simanjuntak, thanks for your supporting and prayer service guys.

I don’t forget to say thank for my friends from we are Senior high School and we still keep our friendship and we still can communicate until now, Togi, Junita, Donna, Gressy and Sri Gustina. And the last but not the least, they are my special friends namely “Pet’s Fam” from I study at University of North Sumatera they are always beside me strive together in this English Department and do whatever we love no matter what other says about us, namely: Darathia Brahmana, Sulastri Situmorang, Ernawati Damanik, Yupi Hanna Satrini, Elsa Gloria, Debora Ginting and the last my mom Sonya Priscilia Tarigan, I love you guys.

And I say thank for my friends who can not I say in this thesis one by one, hopefully we can support each other in the other occasion. Hopefully this thesis also can be useful and be beneficial for the reader.

Medan, Juni 2015

Tantri Weri Sinaga

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v ABSTRAK

Skripsi ini berjudul, “ Motifs of Woman Emancipation in Abidah El Khalieqy’s Novel Perempuan Berkalung Sorban and Hendrik Ibsen’s Play A doll’s House: A

Comparative Study” yang merupakan suatu analisis mengenai perbandingan

Emansipasi wanita yang terdapat dalam dua Karya Sastra yaitu, Perempan Berkalung

Sorban dan A doll’s House, melalui motifs yang terkandung dalam kedua karya

sastra tersebut. Tujuan dari skripsi ini adalah untuk mengetahui persamaan dan perbedaan yang terdapat dalam kedua sastra tersebut mengenai emansipasi wanita.Skripsi ini di tulis dengan menggunakan analisis buku-buku maka didapat bahwa yang paling menonjol dalam karya satra ini membahas secara frontal tentang emansipasi wanita adalah Perempuan Berkalung Sorban.Dan persaman kedua karya sastra ini adalah sama-sama dipengarushi oleh budaya sedangkan perbedaannya dipengaruhi oleh karakter tokoh dalam kedua karya sastra tersebut.

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vi ABSTRACT

The title of this thesis is “ Motifs of Woman Emancipation in Abidah El Khalieqy’s Novel Perempuan Berkalung Sorban and Hendrik Ibsen’s Play A doll’s House: A Comparative Study”is aboutcompare woman emancipation in the two literary works namely, Perempan Berkalung Sorban and A doll’s House, through analyze the motifs in the both literary works. The purpose of this thesis is to know the similarities and differences of woman emancipation in the both of literary works. This thesis was written by analyze some books so the writer find Perempuan Berkalung Sorban show off about woman emancipation extremely than A doll’s House. And the similarities of the both literary works is influenced by culture and the differences of the both literary works is influenced by character in the both literary works.

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vii TABLE OF CONTENTS

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION……….…..i

COPYRIGHT DECLARATION………..ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ………...iii

ABSTRAK………..v

ABSTRACK………..vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS………vii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION………..………...1

1.1.Background of Research………....1

1.2.Problems of Analysis……….…...4

1.3.Objectives of Analysis………..…4

1.4.Significance of Analysis………...4

1.5.Scope of Analysis………...5

CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW….………..6

2.1.Novel ………..….6

2.2.Drama ……….……….…6

2.3.Comparative Literature……….…...7

2.4.Motifs ……….…...10

2.5.Theory of emancipation………...12

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viii

3.1.Collecting Data……….………16

3.2.Selecting Data………..16

3.3.Analyzing Data……….….17

CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS AND FINDING………....………...……18

4.1. Analysis Perempuan Berkalung Sorban……...18

4.2.Analysis of A Doll’s House……….36

4.3.Finding similarities and differences of woman emancipation in the two literary works………...……….…....44

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION……….….46

5.1.Conclusion………...46

5.2.Suggestion……….…..47

BIBLIOGRAPHY………49

APPENDICES

Summary of the both Literary Works

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v ABSTRAK

Skripsi ini berjudul, “ Motifs of Woman Emancipation in Abidah El Khalieqy’s Novel Perempuan Berkalung Sorban and Hendrik Ibsen’s Play A doll’s House: A

Comparative Study” yang merupakan suatu analisis mengenai perbandingan

Emansipasi wanita yang terdapat dalam dua Karya Sastra yaitu, Perempan Berkalung

Sorban dan A doll’s House, melalui motifs yang terkandung dalam kedua karya

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vi ABSTRACT

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1 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1Background of Analysis

Theory of Literature describes various aspects of a Wellek and Warren (1964: 94) states “literature is said to be creative, an art”. So it is clear that literature is a creation of an author made into the beauty of art writing. Wellek and Warren divide analysis of literature based on two approaches: extrinsic, relating to factors outside a work such as the author and society, and intrinsic, relating to factors within such as the intrinsic elements of a work as the best way to truly understand it.

Literature has three genres, namely prose, poetry and drama. Prose is a fictitious narrative kind of writing. In general, this is called novel. Poetry is meaningful arrangement of words. Drama is fictitious represented in performance. They have much in common but different in expressing idea, style and others. Novel as a literary work provides the readers reflection reality of human life through beauty of art writing. As Taylor (1981:46) state, “a novel is a normally a quite length of complexity which attempt to reflect and express something of the quality of value of human experience”, it means that a novel is made by the author to express their idea about something based on their experience or people’s experience around them.

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2 noticeable and play a significant role in defining the nature of the story, the course of events and the very fabric of the literary piece, (http://literary-devices.com/content/motif accessed on February 02, 2015).

Through motifs will be found the theme of the story, because motifs are smallest element of the story and this is repeated in the story. Through its repetition, a motif can help produce other literary aspects such as theme or mood.

In the literary works, many of motifs that can be described, for example love, education, social class, emancipation etc,but this thesis be focus to emancipation of woman. Many of literary works has theme about woman emancipation. In our environment, has been found many culture made a different of woman and man. When woman get the education, job and make decision is always number two. Many of problem that was gotten by woman because of the culture which make them number two.

Emancipation of woman often is said by feminist, it generally self-defines as advocating for or supporting the rights and equality of women. It is natural that every human want to get their right so many of group or organization want to support the emancipation of woman, but not only that,many of the authors also make a literary work to support emancipation of woman. For example Perempuan berkalung Sorban

and A doll’s House.That is why the writer wants compare about the two literary

works.

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3 artistic strategies, social and religious movements and trends into consideration. Comparative study has been based on literary movements, periods and lines of influence, as well as on genres, themes, myths, and legends. In recent years comparative literature has come to include the comparison of literature with other areas of human experience.

The definition of comparative literature given by Bijay Kumar Dass is very as follows:

The simple way to define comparative literature is to say that it is a comparison between the two literatures.

Comparative literature analyses the similarities anddissimilarities and parallels between two literatures. It further studies themes, motifs, modes, conventions and use of folk tales, myths in two different literatures or even more.

When studying about comparative literature, having get how to analyze the literary works. To compare the literary works must beknow the culture, history and intrinsic element of literature works so that the both novels can be compared. But in this thesis the writer want to analysis about intrinsic element of the novels. The novels were chosenbecause there are same themes of both of the literary work namely “Woman Emancipation”

Furthermore, this thesis is focused on term of social stratification reflected in Perempuan berkalung Sorban and A Doll’s House. The both of literary works are about Woman Emancipation is also the most well known when it was published. It is portrayal of a particular social stratification. This novel portrays woman position in such away which make the writer chooses both of novels to be analyzed.

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4 1.2 Problems of Analysis

During the process of analysis, it is important to make the specification of problems that are going to be analyzed in order to avoid the ambiguity of the analysis and to support the writer to get clear description about the object of analysis itself.

So in this analysis, writer finds and decides some problems that needed to answer further. They are:

1. What are the differences of woman emancipation in the two literary works?

2. What are the similarities of woman emancipation in the two literary works?

1.3 Objectives of Analysis

Objectives of analysis are the statements about activities and objects that are going to be analyzed based on the problem of analysis. The writer holds on these objectives in doing the analysis. There are two objectives found in this analysis, they are:

1. To find differences of woman emancipation in the two literary works

2. To find the similarities of woman emancipation in the two literary works

1.4 Significance of Analysis

This thesis is intended to be helpful to understand more about both of literary worksPerempuan Berkalung Sorban by Abidah El Khalieqy and A Doll’s House by Hendrik Ibsen. Having read this thesis, the readers are expected to find the differences and similarities of woman emancipation in the two novels, namely Western and Eastern, because the both of novels were taken from two countries. The

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5 writer hopes this analysis would be useful to readers to enlarge their knowledge especially for literature student who have interest in this analysis namely about woman stratification and know how the differences of the both literary works, the writer also hope from this analysis the reader especially a woman can learn about the weakness and the strength of the woman in that novels so that can face the environment which still has a strong culture about the position of woman.

1.5 Scope of Analysis

In doing this research, the writer has to restrict the fields that are going to be analyzed in order to make sure that the analysis still stays in track. It also helps the writer choose which factors can be categorized into range of the study and which can not. Therefore, this thesis focused on term social stratification namely position of woman, finding the similarity and differences character of woman which found in novel Perempuan Berkalung Sorban and A Doll’s House by comparing the both literary works by intrinsic unsure.

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6 CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL REVIEW

2.1. Novel

A novel is a piece of prose fiction of a reasonable length. Even a definition as toothless as this, however, is still too restricted. Not all novels are writtten in prose. There are novels in verse, like Pushkin’s Eugene Onegin or Vikram Seth’s The Golden Gate. As for fiction, the distinction between fiction and fact is not always clear. The novel is a genre which resists exact definition. This in itself is not particularly striking, since many things – ‘game’, for example, or ‘hairy’ – resist exact definition. It is hard to say how ape-like you have to be in order to qualify as hairy. The point about the novel, however, is not just that it eludes definitions, but that it actively undermines them. It is less a genre than an anti-genre. It cannibalizes other literary modes and mixes the bits and pieces promiscuously together. You can find poetry and dramatic dialogue in the novel, along with epic, pastoral, satire, history, elegy, tragedy and any number of other literary modes.

2.2 Drama

When one deals with dramatic texts one has to bear in mind that drama differs considerably from poetry or narrative in that it is usually written for the purpose of being performed on stage. Although plays exist which were mainly written for a reading audience, dramatic texts are generally meant to be transformed into another mode of presentation or medium: the theatre.

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7 Depending on whether one reads a play or watches it on stage, one has different kinds of access to dramatic texts. As a reader, one receives first-hand written information (if it is mentioned in the secondary text) on what the characters look like, how they act and react in certain situations, how they speak, what sort of setting forms the background to a scene, etc. However, one also has to make a cognitive effort to imagine all these features and interpret them for oneself. Stage performances, on the other hand, are more or less ready-made instantiations of all these details. In other words: at the theatre one is presented with a version of the play which has already been interpreted by the director, actors, costume designers, make-up artists and all the other members of theatre staff, who bring the play to life. (Basics of English Studies, Version 03/04, Drama)

2.3 Comparative Literature Study

Comparative literature as an intellectual field arose in the nineteenth century, a counterpart of the equally new fields of comparative anatomy, comparative law, and comparative philology. These fields sought to locate what they postulated as the larger whole that united the various differences of specific languages, laws, species, and (national) literatures. Comparative literature presumably acquired its name as such from a series of French anthologies for the teaching of literature; published in 1816, they were entitled Cours de littérature comparée.

The intellectual field and later the academic discipline of comparative literature, then, circulated and developed in nineteenth century Europe as a gentlemanly and evaluative inquiry into what constituted the worthy contemporary literatures of Europe, the exchanges between those literatures, and their links to

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8 presumably shared traditions of the past. It is noteworthy that this development was concomitant with the emergence and consolidation of nation states in Europe and their legitimation through cultural claims to national literary and popular traditions. It is as noteworthy that the circulation and institutionalization of the concept of comparative literature was also concomitant with the continuing colonial expansion of European states throughout the globe and with the intra-European contest over who would control which colonies. In 1886, one of the `map-makers' in the burgeoning field of comparative literature, Hutcheson Macaulay Posnett (in his Comparative Literature, published in London by K. Paul - Trench as part of their “International Scientific Series”) defined “the proper order of our studies in comparative literature” as the pursuit “ of causes which can be specified and described.” Those studies were to reveal the socio-cultural development of “man” from clan to city, from city to nation, from both of these to cosmopolitan humanity

Comparative literature is the study of literature from around the world, transcending the restrictions of national and linguistic boundaries. Traditionally, comparative study has been based on literary movements, periods and lines of influence, as well as on genres, themes, myths, and legends. In recent years comparative literature has come to include the comparison of literature with other areas of human experience.

Comparative literature is an excellent major for anyone desiring a broadening and enriching liberal arts education. Its application to foreign cultures is particularly useful for careers in foreign service and international trade. Translating, editing and publishing, journalism, broadcasting, and film are other possibilities, as well as advertising and public relations, politics, writing, library work, and criticism.

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9 Comparative literature is also, like English, an excellent foundation for careers in the professions, especially law.

Comparative literature is the study of inter-relationship between any two or more than two significant literary works or literatures. It is essential that while making comparative study we must take the sources, themes, motif, myths, forms, artistic strategies, social and religious movements and trends into consideration. comparative study has been based on literary movements, periods and lines of influence, as well as on genres, themes, myths, and legends. In recent years comparative literature has come to include the comparison of literature with other areas of human experience.

Comparative literature offers students the opportunity to study a broad range of literary subjects from various cultures throughout the world.

The Comparatist with their critical approach and investigations will find out, the similarities and dissimilarities among various works that he has undertaken for the purpose of comparison and justification lies in the fact that his approach must be unbiased and unprejudiced to reach the ultimate truth.

It is only their earnest and sincere approach which will bring forth the naked truth or natural results and this really is the purpose of comparative study.

If taken historically, comparative literature has been a result of a reaction against the narrow nationalism of the 19th century scholarship in England. Though it was an occasional tradition, the comparative study of literary works was in vogue, right from the beginning of the Christian era. Romans were the pioneers in the field of comparative study. They out did the Greeks in the development of comparative

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10 study. The Romans worked out the tradition of comparing the works of great orators and poets of Greek and Roman and found out many similarities among their studies of literary works.

The comparative study is not different from a critical approach of a particular literature except the fact that here we deal with two or more than two literatures side by side. In this way, the subject matter becomes vaster and perspective wider. Boundaries of comparative literature have to be extended to encompass the entirety of human life and experiences in one's embrace.

2.4 Motifs

A motif is any recurring element that has symbolic significance in a story. Through its repetition, a motif can help produce other narrative (or literary) aspects such as theme or mood. Any number of narrative elements with symbolic significance can be classified as motifs—whether they are images, spoken or written phrases, structural or stylistic devices, or other elements like sound, physical movement, or visual components in dramatic narratives. To distinguish between a motif and theme a general rule is that a theme is abstract and a motif is concrete. A motif is not necessarily a theme. The latter is usually defined as a message, statement, or idea, while a motif is simply a detail repeated for larger symbolic meaning. In other words, a narrative motif—a detail repeated in a pattern of meaning—can produce a theme; but it can also create other narrative aspects distinct from theme. A motif is a recurring symbol which takes on a figurative meaning. We see them in books, films, poems; in fact almost every text commonly uses the literary device of the motif. A motif can be almost anything: an idea, an object, a concept, a

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11 character archetype, the weather, a color or even a statement. Motifs are used to establish a theme or a certain mood, they have a symbolic meaning.

The literary device ‘motif’ is any element, subject, idea or concept that is constantly present through the entire body of literature. Using a motif refers to the repetition of a specific theme dominating the literary work. Motifs are very noticeable and play a significant role in defining the nature of the story, the course of events and the very fabric of the literary piece.

Through motifs will be found the theme of the story, because motifs is smallest elements of the story and what motifs that is repeated in the story. Through its repetition, a motif can help produce other literary aspects such as theme or mood.

Knowing motifs, it make us easy to find the differences and the similarity of the literature and in this thesis will be compared the both of the literary work based on finding motifs of the both of literary work.

Sometimes, examples of motif are mistakenly identified as examples of symbols. Symbols are images, ideas, sounds or words that represent something else and help to understand an idea or a thing. Motifs, on the other hand, are images, ideas, sounds or words that help to explain the central idea of a literary work i.e. theme. Moreover, a symbol may appear once or twice in a literary work, whereas a motif is a recurring element.

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12 2.5 Theory of emancipation

Emancipation is any of various efforts to procuring more generally in discussion of such matters

Emancipation means the freedom of somebody especially from legal, political or social restrictions. The phrase "Emancipation of women" is frequently used to describe a process wherein the powerless can gain a greater share over resources and decision-making. Generally, the emancipation of women is a process through which women in general and poor women in particular tend to gain control over resources and ideologies. The emancipation of women ensures the freedom of self-fulfillment and self-development as well as equal access to domestic and community resources. Without women, the prosperity of a society cannot be gained properly. It is because they are large in number and you cannot expect to go ahead by ignoring them completely. It is impossible that a society will progress keeping a number of noticeable population illiterate and non-workable. If that society progresses 2 steps forward, then it will come back 5 steps. Ultimately the progress will be scattered. So by emancipating the women from all kind of social, mental and physical bondage, you will make the ideal situation for a society to prosper.

So many kinds of emancipation, namely: Emancipation of freedom, Emancipation of woman, Emancipation of economy, Emancipation of minors, Emancipation of proclamation and etc. But in this thesis will be focus with Emancipation of woman, because in the background of this thesis have been explained that the both of literature tells about position of woman.

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13 Theeffort to secureequalrightsforwomenand to removegenderdiscriminationfromlaws,institutions,andbehavioralpatterns.Thewomen' srightsmovementbegan in thenineteenthcenturywiththedemand by somewomenreformersfortheright to vote,known as suffrage,andforthesamelegalrights as men.Thoughthevotewassecuredforwomen by t theU.S.Constitution in 1920,most of thegainswomenhavemade in achievinglegalequalityandendinggenderdiscriminationhavecomesincethe1960s

of thaterawasprimarilyfocused on

ensuringthatAfricanAmericansandotherracialminoritiessecure thelaws.However,theinclusion of sex as a protectedcategoryunderth

Emancipation of woman often is said by feminist, it generally self-defines as advocating for or supporting the rights and equality of women.

Feminism is a collection of movements and ideologies that share a common stated aim: to define, establish, and defe social women in education and employment.

and early twentieth century. In the UK and US, it focused on the promotion of equal contract, marriage, parenting, and property rights for women. By the end of the nineteenth century, activism focused primarily on gaining political power, particularly the right of women's campaigning for women's sexual,

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14 The literary work that be compared is written at the nineteenth century, so emancipation of woman still strong to be talking when the writer make the both of literary works.

The feminist movement produced both feminist fiction and non-fiction, and created new interest in women's writing. It also prompted a general reevaluation of women's lives and contributions have been underrepresented as areas of scholarly interest. Much of the early period of feminist literary scholarship was given over to the rediscovery and reclamation of texts written by women. Studies like Dale Spender's Mothers of the Novel (1986) and Jane Spencer's The Rise of the Woman Novelist (1986) were ground-breaking in their insistence that women have always been writing.

The reasons behind the dis-empowerment of women are many. However, we can sort out the major causes into the following three heads.

Economic Causes: The majority of the women are dependent on men for their economic insolvency. Socio-cultural And Religious Causes: (i) Illiteracy: The most of the women in Asia and Africa are illiterate. The rate of literacy of women is less than that of men. That’s why women are not cautious about their rights-whether social or legal. As a result men dominate their counterparts and deprive them of their rights. (ii) Negligence: In Asia and Africa women are ignored. So people usually do not tend to welcome a girl baby in their family. Even highly educated people fail to overcome this type of mentality. That’s why a girl is neglected right from the beginning of her life and do not get the minimum attention that she

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15 deserves.(iii)Cultural Indifference: The culture of Asia also affects women to a great extent. They are considered inferior to men. On the other hand, the system of dowry on the part of a bride is detrimental to women development. The dowry system leads to ruining of life of many girls. Many marital relations are broken due to this system. And in most of these cases, the girl has to lead a cursed life. Often they commit suicide due to the inability of bearing social harassment. That’s why their moving forward becomes a hilarious task. Political Causes: In Asia and Africa women has a very few political rights. They do not get support by the men. Women representation in the party committee and other bodies is very rare.

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16 CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

In doing this thesis I use the library research by collecting data from some books and some resources that can be related to the subject matter being analyze. Inductive method is used in the analysis of the thesis. It is a scientific procedure to get conclusion from particular thing to general idea. The writer uses novel Perempuan Berkalung Sorban and A Doll’s House as the main source of data.

There are some steps that the writer uses in doing this analysis namely:

3.1Collecting Data

Firstly, writer read the whole both literary work to get deep understanding about the novel, without worry about the difficult meaning of the both literary work. In this thesis the writer will collect data by finding motifs of woman emancipation in the both literary works from the main characters struggle to get their right as a woman and finding data from several books that related to the topic of this thesis. The books is used to give additional information and statement that can be drawn for this thesis. The relevant important from the books will be marked and underline so that it can support the analysis of this thesis.

3.2Selecting Data

The Secondly, the writer selects the important information about the idea of social stratification woman and man in Perempuan Berkalung Sorban and A Doll’s House. The writer quotes the text and makes the quotation as the data to support the

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17 analysis. In this step the motifs of the both novel will be found, so that the data that will analyze can be easier to be described.

3.3Analyzing Data

Analyzing data is applied when all the primary data from both of literary works are collected and selected, data from literary works are in a form of written text, which concern about motif woman emancipation of whole text, from the whole text that has been selected will be found the most significant data which support this topic and then data will be interpreted. And then, the writer would make interpretation base on the data which already taken before. And then I will compare and analyze the two literary works Perempuan Berkalung Sorban and A Dolls House. The last step is the writer would make further analysis about social stratification woman and man in Perempuan Berkalung Sorban and A Doll’s House. And at last the writer makes the conclusion and the suggestion about this thesis.

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18 CHAPTER IV

DATA ANALYSIS

In this analysis, writer finds and decides some problems that needed to answer further. They are:

1. What are the differences of woman emancipation in the two literary works?

2. What are the similarities of woman emancipation in the two literary works?

4.1. Analysis of Perempuan Berkalung Sorban

The main discussion of this topic focuses on the motifs of woman emancipation both literary works. From analyzing the novel the writer tries to find Women struggling against patriarchal hegemony. Perempuan Berkalung Sorban, a novel written by AbidahEI Khalieqy. The general aim of the research is to describe how a woman struggles againt patriarchal hegemony in the novel. The result of novel shows that Anisa, struggles to reach patriarchal hegemony in the community of a moslem boarding school (pesantren) that usually places women in inferiority. What the motifs of the main character struggle to reach her right.

Characters can be motifs of woman emancipation, because characters can describe the background why something was happened, to know what the motifs of woman emancipation in this novel it is better the writer describes the characteristics of the main characters.

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19 Annisa in this novel has the high ambition and always tries to reach what she wants even her father don’t like with her ambition. Woman is always number two in society, but in this novel characteristic of Anissa try to force constraint of woman right in the culture. “Riding Horse” is unusual for woman because it is identical for man and in the below quotation has been explained Anissa don’t care about her father even she knows that father is someone who was respected in family and lead family in this life but she refuses it and goes on her curiosity. It can be proved by:

“Tetapi keinginan ku untuk belajar naik kuda telah melampaui nada tertinggi dari kemarahan bapak. Keinginan itu terus menggendor pintu yang disekat oleh batasan-batasan di ruangan hatiku” (Page.22)

In the novel the writer uses word, “menggendor pintu”( hammered on the door) which insulated by constraint in her heart. Hammered on the door is something effort to open the door of constraint. Smart woman who has a high ambition usually will be brave to force constraint in her heart and in this novel has been described Annisa is beautiful, kind and smart. She has a good imagination and she fights to do what she wants and she is clever to analyze word well,. This statement she says when she was leaved by Lek Khudori, No one credits her anymore but she is consistent for her ambition. Woman will consistent in their own when there is someone she loves still supports her to make a change in her life. It can be proved by,

“ ..tak ada lagi yang memuji kecepatan ku dalam mentasrif kata-kata… kau tidak saja cantik tetapi juga baik dan otak mu sangat cerdas (Page 44)

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20 A teacherthat was called a school teacher is a person who provides differences of woman obligation and man obligation. She shouts her voice to ask her question about it, the situation can be imagined that Anisa excited to asks her teacher because she curious and actually challenges his opinion about the woman and man obligation.

Office is man place and kitchen is woman place when they works everyday, in this novel, the differences of woman and man is very clear namely woman works inside of house but man must works out of house to forage their necessities. In the novel Anissa rejects his opinion about that and want to rebuff about that by asking her teacher it can be proved by:

“Bapak pergi ke kantor! Teriakku lantang kemudian terdiam, apakah ke kantor itu termasuk urusan laki-laki pak Guru” (Page24).

The reason why Anissa rejects his opinion because she gets uncomfortable situation for woman and comfortable situation for man that makes Anissa is jealous for her brother because the differences of them, her parents make the differences of them she feels that her father didn’t love her. That is why anissa has a struggle in her heart to do what she wants, man can play outside the house for example playing football and man is free to do everything but woman must leave in house and do homework for example washing plates and they can not make decision in her life, it can be proved by,

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21 “ kadang aku merasa bapak tidak begitu sayang padaku.

Mungkinkah karena aku anak perempuan? Tidak seperti Wildan dan Rizal yang bebas keluyuran dalam kuasanya, main bola, main layang-layang, sementara aku disekap didapur untuk mencuci kotoran bekas makanan mereka,mengiris bawang hingga mataku pedas demi kelezatan dan kenyamanan perut mereka (Khalieqy: 48)”

In the novel word which Khalieqy use to describe differences woman and man has showed asymmetry. The writer directly makes the contrast of the differences woman and man by making the question in that quotation, “Might be it because I am a Girl?”, not only that the Words which was described for woman are “disekap ( shut-in), Kotoran (impurity), bekas (waste) ” but for man are “bebas (freedom)” and “kuasa (power) kenyamanan (comfortable) dan kelezatan (delicacy)

In our environment this situation has usual been found namely woman in the kitchen but man in office, in our environment man always be number one and who be of power in many aspect of our life.

“tangan bapak tidak lebih kuat dari hakku untuk menentukan nasibku, ibu. Aku kini bukan nisa yang dulu lagi. Aku telah menstruasi berkali-kali, sudah dewasa dan… (Page 130)”

But the quotation above was written “Menstruation” symbol of adulthood where Nisa can make decision in her life, nobody can ban her to make decision include her father. Nisa wriggle about her wedding and her husband, she never agree with the wedding because of her straightforward and willing of her parent she must feel something bad in her wedding, she isn’t happy with her family and angry with her parents, she feels that her father has taken her right to chose her husband. Awareness of Nisa about all

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22 situations have opened her eyes, she aware that her life must be better and her life can not be arrange by her father anymore, because she feels that she has been adult.

2. Lek kudori

Lek kudori is handsome and has a good characteristic, his nose, eyes, and hair is perfect according to Nisa in this novel, not only that, Nisa also says that Lek Kudori has a good words attention, smooth and affectionate. It can be proved by,

“ku pandangi wajah lek kudori dan ku teliti matanya, hidungnya, rambutnya, dan semuanya begitu sempurna di mataku. Bukan juga kata-katanya yang bagus lek Khudori juga begitu baik, begitu perhatian dan sayang padaku, (Page. 43)”

The quotation above is Anissa words described Lek Khudori, that proved Anisa amazed Lek Khudori and love him.

Lek khudori are not only smooth and handsome but also smart and clever. It can be proved when Nisa say,

“…dalam khayalanku hanyalah wajahnya, kelembutannya, kecerdassannya dan kepandaiannya. Bahkan suara lembutnya selalu mengiang dan menyanyi-nyanyi dalam telinga ku (page 55)”

In this thesis Love also makes she struggles to get her right and it can be the supporting of Nisa to get her right.

Lek Khudori is mercy and are not selfish and his knowledge about holy book is good, it can be proved when Nisa’s mother says like that,

“memang Lek mu itu sangat halus perasannya, Nisa. Perangainya baik dan membaca kitabnya juga lancar. Pengetahuannya luas dan tak pernah menyombongkan diri, (page. 56)”

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23 Lek Khudori also respectful and can speak by Arabia language.

“ selain ganteng ia juga sopan sekali. Kudengar ia sering bahasa Arab ddengan Mas Saipul, (page. 59)

Lek Khudori is patient to Nisa, he is never angry to Nisa even Nisa is angry with him and talks nonsense to Lek khudori but he is patient, it can be proved when Nisa is angry with him,

“ tega-teganya mas melakukan itu bergaya sopan dan

sok syang, ternyata penipu juga!” kau keliru sayang. Coba dengarkan mas dulu…” persetan! Aku tidak mau dengar omong kosong mu….(page. 213)”

Lek khudori in the novel has democratic dan emancipator character in the novel, because he opens minded and adoration similarity of woman and man. This statement can be proved by,

“laki-laki yang demokratis dan emansipatoris seperti suami mu Nis bisa dibilang langka sekalipun menjadi banyak idaman perempuan (page.158)”

The motifs of woman emancipation have been found in the novel, the first the writer see the differences basic character of woman and man in the novel, in the novel character of woman is gentle and do something by feeling but man do something by thinking, they talk ruder than woman and always think that they will be a leader. As psychology learning woman and man have a different basic character, in the quotation have showed clearly that man is ruder than woman and woman have compassion to the frog in the text. The writer sees the differences of basic character can be motifs of woman emancipation namely feeling a woman to get their right.

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24 The second, the writer see the culture of them in the novel that woman must stay in home and can’t do anything outside of the home, because only man can do everything outside. We can see in this quote,

“Apa ibu belum mengatakan kepada mu kalau naik kuda hanya pantas dipelajari oleh kakakmu Rizal, atau kakakmu Wildan. Kau tau kenapa sebab kau ini anak perempuan Nisa, gak pantas, anak perempuan kok naik kuda, apalagi keluyuran keliling lading sampai ke bumblan (page 21)”

In the quotation the writer make the differences of the woman right in the novel, woman can’t ride horse and play outside the house. That can be the motifs of woman emancipation in the novel because the differences of the right make Nisa in the novel struggle to get her right. There is somerepeating in the novel that says that woman can not ride a horse because that is a man activity. The writer wants to show off the differences of woman and man in the novel.

The character of Nisa in the novel also make her struggle to get her right even her father angry with her but she don’t give up to study ride a horse. According the novel motifs of Nisa struggle to get her right is support from Lek Khudori for her, Lek Khudori tell about Hindun binti Ataba can ride horse in yard fluently and become a leader of battle. And man can not do anything behind of the woman. The novel tells Nisa is influent by the story of Lek Khudori about woman. He describe that woman can do anything that the man do in the story, the woman can be a leader in the story. In the novel make Nisa become very fighting to learn about riding a horse. It will be proved by,

“Ku bayangkan kembali kisah Lek Khudori tentang Hindun binti Ataba yang mahir naik kuda dan menderap kian kemari di padang pertempuran.Ketika bayanganku sampai pada putri Budur yang memimpin pasukan Raja

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25 Kamaruzzaman dan para lelaki perkasa seperti anak

ayam dibelakang ekor induknya tak sadar aku menggumam. Apapun yang terjadi aku harus bias, aku mesti belajar naik kuda. Aku belajar naik kuda. Naik kuda! (page 22)

From that quotation the novel describe that Nisa has a big intention in the novel there are repetition statement that says the statement is important and has a strong willing from Nisa because she says, “I want to riding a horse” she repeats the statement three times. And the conclusion Nisa has a strong willing learn riding a horse, that can be a motif of Nisa to get her right, she doesn’t want her right different with man, and she want to prove that the woman can be like a man.

What the motifs of woman emancipation in the novel are the culture of the great grandmother that man has different obligation in their culture. The main obligations of man are working to get money for example in the office, field in the sea wherever they can get allowed property. Whereas the main obligations of woman are arrange house well, educating children, cooking, washing, mopping, ironing, wiping, and clearing up house. And bathing a child, giving child a food and giving suck are a woman obligation. The statement will be supported by this quotation,

“Dalam adat istiadat kita dalam budaya nenek moyang kita seorang laki-laki memiliki kewajiban dan seorang perempuan juga memiliki kewajiban . Kewajiban seorang laki-laki adalah bekerja mencari nafkah, baik di kantor di sawah di laut atau dimana saja asal bisa mendatangkan rejeki yang halal. Sedangkan seorang perempuan mereka juga memiliki kewajiban yang terutama adalah mengurus urusan rumah tangga dan mendidik anak. Jadi memasak, mencuci,mengepel, menyetrika, menyapu dan merapikan seluruh rumah adalah kewajiban seorang perempuan, (page 25)”

“Obligation” in this statement makes her parents has attributed this culture in their family and their environment, that makes this habitual is difficult to be changed.

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26 The motifs of the novel is ambition of Nisa to be a leader of battle and then a great man will be bent down behind her, she wants to be like man who go to the office and wear a fragrant shirt didn’t like Lek Sumi who wear a bad cloth everyday in kitchen. The other motifs that make her has a ambition to get her right is supporting of Lek Khudori for her, namely Lek Khudori suggests her to study and looking for knowledge for a lifetime, and Nisa cannot be dependent to Lek Khudori but she must strive to get knowledge from the other. The quotation that support the statement is

‘Kau mesti belajar dan mencari ilmu sampai jasadmu berbaring diantara dua batu nisan, tapi jangan juga tergantung pada saya, kalau bisa belajar dimana saja dan kapan saja, kau mesti sekolah dan sampai sarjana. (page. 35).

From the novel the writer tell about the culture of Islamic precept, in the novel the writer describes about differences of woman and man, how the culture in that situation from their great grandmother and from the precept of Islamic. The novel says that woman is not human but resemble of human, and then in the novel the writer write that woman has a desire like animal, and full of children of devil. That is why woman must be given courteousness. And the body of woman must be closed from the man. The mother also says that woman is like flirtation. Woman is nest of slander but man is not wanted. If woman go out from house 70 devils come with her. But when woman are closed by cloth devil will be difficult to know the woman. This is one of the cultures of Islamic which wrong in the novel, the novel describes that the position of woman and man is not same but woman is same with animal in the novel, actually in the novel Lek Khudori explain that what Nisa’s parents says is wrong, Lek Khudori tells that the important thing is when people can

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27 keep their inner beauty. According this novel female headgear is requisite to prevent act of despising for woman, it will be used for protect woman from disturbance of man.

Ibu pernah mengatakan, perempuan itu bagai godaan. Semacam buah semangka atau buah peer di gurun sahara. Perempuan adalah sarang fitnah, tetapi laki-laki bukan sarang mafia.Jika perempuan keluar rumah tujuh puluh sejat menderab berbaris menyertainya. Tetapi jika ia membungkus seluruh tubuhnya dengan kurungan, mata setan akan kesulitan menebak itu manusia atau guling yang tengah berjalan. Maka selamatlah perempuan itu ketujuan.(page. 49)

From this quotation the writer wants to tell us about the wrong traditions that have spread in Islamic people. But Lek Khudori in the next quotation explains different opinion about that. Lek khudori explains why woman must wear Jilbab. Lek Khudori says that,

“Jilbab adalah persyaratan upaya pencegahan pelecehan bagi perempuan. Jika seorang perempuan di lingkungan asing dan tak ada seorangpun yang mengenalnya sebgai orang baik-baik sebaiknya ia mengenakan jilbab untuk menghindari gangguan. (page. 50)”.

The explains of Lek Khudori makes mindset of Nisa opened about woman, it can be motif of Nisa thinks widely and her desire to make their right same with man stronger that before.

The motif of woman emancipation is the wrong percept of Islamic in the novel has explained a rule of Islamic percept that woman can not do their religious service when they have menstruation. They don’t care about that rule come from God, but they think it can obey God when they do that. The novel explained that the blood of woman can invite devil because devil like impurity, in the novel also

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28 explained that man can enter mosque even they often drink coconut palm like wine, tuak etc, people don’t be brave to snap him. No one say that their bodies are worse than women who have menstruation. In this situation makes Nisa thinks rationally that all of rule that people make is wrong, and this is one of the motifs Nisa to change the culture of them. This is one of motifs why Nisa struggle to open minded of people in the novel.

The statement can be proved by this quotation namely,

“Perempuan yang sedang menstruasi dilarang masuk mesjid.Padahal Wak Tompel yang setiap malam minum tuak dan berjudi di kedai Yuk Sri, tidak dilarang untuk tidur mengglosor di dalam masjid dan tak seorangpun berani mengatakan bahwa itu haram.Demikian Wak Burik blantik sapi yang membuka praktek rentenir itu, sering juga datang dan ngorok dengan mulut berbusa di dalam masjid. Tak satu pun berani mengatakan bahwa tubuh-tubuh mereka jauh lebih kotor dari perempuan yang tengah menstruasi, (page 69)

Not only that the wrong percept of Islamic makes the reader can open their mind by reading the novel because the novel clearly explain how the differences of woman and man in the novel. The novel explain how the position of woman, namely when woman see her husband aren’t syahwat so their eyes will be glued in doomsday. In the novel explain that Allah has created 70.000 angels in the world and banned every woman who sold the property of their husband. And when they do that, they will carry sins like 70.000 sins of thief. In the novel explains that when woman strive against her husband so everything what escape of sun will be mocked her. And if noses of her husband full of blood or suppuration, their wife must lick their nose by her tongue. All the explanation will be proved by all the quotations in (page. 71)

“Seorang perempuan yang memandang laki-laki bukan suaminya dengan syahwat maka kedua matanya akan

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29 dipaku pada hari kiamat. Allah telah menciptakan

70.000 malaikat dilangit dunia dan mereka akan mengutuk setiap perempuan yang menghianati harta suami nya. Dan dihari kiamat nanti ia akn dikumpulkan dengan tukang-tukangsihir dan dukun peramal sekalipun ia menghabiskan umurnya untuk mnagbdi pada suaminya. Perempuan yang menhambil harta suaminya tanpa seizinnya ia akan memikul dosa seperti dosa tujuh puluh ribu pencuri. Perempuan yang mengeraskan suara terhadap suaminya maka segala sesuatu yang terkena sinar matahari akan melaknatinya. Andaikata kedua hidung suaminya mengalir darah atau nanah, lalu sang istri menjilati dengan lidahny ia belum memnuhi hak suaminya.”

In the next statement of novel has explained about how nisa think about this situation, namely anything that she doesn’t agree with all of that, in the next paragraph will be explained that Nisa didn’t want do anything that she has learned because she thinks that woman is foolish. Until she says if all of the percept is true, she will not learn about the holy book anymore. In this quotation explain how Nisa don’t agree with the percept.

“Sampai kapanpun aku tidak mau menjilati nanah laki-laki.Pernyataan itu ku anggap sebih bidah dari sekedar bidah hasanah. Pastilah kitab ini akan menghadirkan laki-laki yang jauh melebihi Yang Maha Perkasa sendiri. Jika itu semua kalimat itu benar dan tidak bertentangan dengan al-Qur’an maka aku harus berpikir-pikir lagi haruskah aku menjadi muslimah?...(page. 72)”

The novel tells about struggling of Nisa to know about woman in al-Qur’an and in the quotation above has been explained that there is hadis from Nabi Abdullah bin Mas’ud.r.a that says: woman who tow to do sex or berjimak until her husband sleep, so they will be curse by Allah. And then woman who be sullen in front of her husband will be anger by God until She can make her husband smile back and gets his ridha. In the statement of Uztad Ali never give Hadis for man who treason her wife and Nisa in this situation suppressed about it and ask question for

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30 Ustadz Ali and she asks how if husband will be tow to sex until his wife sleep? Will be he curse by Allah? But the answer of Ustadz says that there is no Hadis says like that because woman is impossible like that because woman always be shy to do that. And how if there is a woman like that want it first than her husband, but he says that man didn’t like woman like that because she is too aggressive.

The statement will be proved by, “Perempuan mana saja yang diajak suaminya untuk berjimak lalu ia menunda-nunda hingga suaminya tertidur, maka ia akan dilaknat Allah dan kemuadian perempuan yang cemberut dihadapan suaminya maka ia dimurkai Allah sampai dapat menimbulkan senyuman suaminya dan meminta keridhaan suaminya (page. 73)”

“Bagaimana jika isrinya yang mengajak ketempat tidur dan suami menunda-nunda hingga istrinya tertidur, apa suami juga akan dilaknat oleh Allah kiayi?”

“tidak sebab tidak ada hadis yang menyatakan seperti itu. Lagipula mana ada seorang istri mengajak lebih dulu ke tempat tidur. Seorang istri biasanya pemalu dan menunggu” bagaimana jika kenyataannya ada perempuan yang bersikap terbuka dan mengajak lebih dulu dan tidak sika menunggu”

“ perempuan seperti itu biasanya tidak disukai laki-laki karena terlalu agresif”

From the novel will be explain how Nisa always asking question about differences of woman and man, in this situation will be explained that Nisa wants to know about the position of woman in society, and in the novel has explained Nisa don’t agree and don’t satisfied with the answered of Kiayi in the novel.

Tetapi tidak, perempuan bukanlah pelayan bagi laki-laki..bukan juga budak bagi kehidupan.. aku tidak mau menjadi budak. Pun masa depan yang kerontang bukanlah impianku, juga impian siapapun. Tetapi kepada siapa aku harus mengadu? (page.77)

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31 This is one of quotations that describe how Nisa refuses what Kiayi says about the right of woman and man. She doesn’t want to be slave. But she doesn’t know how the way to change the situation and doesn’t know for whom she must complain about that.

In this novel woman can’t school as high as man, in their culture woman has enough when they know read holly bible well that is enough for woman, and in the novel the writer write that her father has planned about his daughter’s future, that makes Nisa was afraid for all has her parents to her and that makes Nisa feels disappointed and back to feels her ambition in the future has broken because of her parents. To prove the statement look at to this quotation says,

“ tetapi seorang anak perempuan kan tidak perlu sekolah tinggi-tinggi. Sudah cukup dengan mengaji dan khatam… mendengar kata-kata itu darah ku terasa beku.Aku tertahan dan diam seperti patung. Rupanya mereka sudah merundingkan masa depan ku. Alangkah jauh nya mereka melewati nasibku.alangkah bodohnya dan naïf nya aku sehingga tidak melibatkanku dalam menentukan nasib ku..(page 81)”

From the quotation has explained that her parents take her right to make decision of her life. Her parents feel that she doesn’t need to be mixed up with her future because her parent thinks that she is too fools and doesn’t know to make decision for her future. And in the novel Nisa feels disappointed to her parents and feels so sad in her room to think what would she do in the future?. Why must her father forceful her to do what they want?

At last what Nisa worried in the future has happened that she has been married with samsudin, a man who didn’t recognized by Nisa. Nisa is a straightforward people this

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32 character make her don’t know what that has happened for her. She follows what her parents say about her future and at last she gets suffer.

Kau menyakitiku samsudin! Kau hanya tau cara menyakiti seseorang..lalu ia mndesak dan terus mendesak sampai farju ku terasa sakit hingga nyeri dan perihnya menjalar keseluruh tubuh ku. dalam keadaan seperti itu kelelakian samsudin semakin menjadi lalu menggigit bahu dan leher ku seperti layaknya drakula. Bahkan ia juga memilih sesukanya bagian mana yang ingin dicengkram nya, di cakar-cakarnya semaunya seakan aku kambing kurban ditnagan penjagal.. (page. 90)

From the quotation has been explained how Nisa was mistreatment by Samsudin. Samsudin just makes Nisa become his wife only to satisfiable his desire. Samsudin upstaging Nisa like animal, she can’t fight back all samsudin do for her because she is weak at the time and her position as woman and wife must serve husband.

In the other side her mother was proud of her husband and tells something good about samsudin, because she doesn’t know what Nisa feel in Nisa family. Her mother says that, Samsudin is graduated from master of Law and son of famous Kiayi. Her mother thinks that samsudin has everything.

“Bukan kah ia laki-laki yang gagah, Nisa?Cobalah mulai mengaguminya dan jangan cemberut terus seperti orang sakit gigi begitu. Ia sarjana hokum dan putra seorang kiayi ternama (page. 92)”

This is also one of the motif of woman emancipation in the novel, namely society still look everyone from the cover, in the novel was described how her mother by the title of samsudin because he is master of law and son of famous kiayi that makes her mother thinks that samsudin a best one of man, without knowing the character of samsudin and asking her daughter about her marriage.

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33 The most of motifs that the writer wrote in the novel is wrong percept of Islamic about position of woman in the novel, because in the novel woman must patient to her husband and must keep smile below of husband directory, even the man is too greedy. And man will be said as a great man when the man finished off the right of their wife. Because of that Nisa is difficult to say what she feels to her family because she thinks that it is useless to say that to her family. In this novel has been described that Nisa is suffer when they do sex and she always crying everyday. Anissa imagine kiayi Ali in the past time tells about woman and man,

“ Terpujilah para suami yang gagah perkasa dan berhasil menghabisi kemerdekaan istrinya pada malam pertama pernikahan mereka” sementara untuk para istri,“ terpujilah para istri yang sabar dan tetap tersenyum dibwah kekuasaan para suami serakus apapun kekuasaan itu (page 95)”

Love is the best motifs of Nisa to reach her ambition, because of supporting of Lek Khudori, a man whom she likes. Lek Khudori one of the way to her can reach her ambition is study hard until get title Master. And the suggestion which makes her struggle to get her ambition namely study as high as she can, without thinking about culture that say woman can be school as high as man. It can be proved by,

menurut Lek Khudori satu-satunya cara agar aku tetap bangkit adalah terus belajar dan belajar. Melanjutkan sekolah sampai sarjana. Dan nasihat itulah yang sampai saat ini aku perjuangkan… atas nama kecintaan ku pada Lek Khudori, atas nama ilmu dan atas nama perubahan aku bergegas masuk kedalam kelas (page 97.98)”

In this quotation has been explained that love makes her hold out from everything that she has get naturally. In this quotation was explained Nisa strives and fights to get knowledge and want to make change. In the novel tells that Nisa goes on her study even she has married. In this novel also explained how her husband

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34 samsudin subjected her, samsudin is lazy, seldom take a bath, never prayed and when they do sex, he wants they do sex like animal and flatter the right of woman.

And at last she makes decision namely she tells to her parents what she has been around when she is samsudin wife, and her mother can’t imagine that her daughter as long as married with samsudin is suffer and unhappy. And at last she is separate with samsudin and it makes her near back with Khudori. And she makes decision that she will go with Lek Khudori wherever he is gone. That’s proved by,

“Kukatakan pada Lek Khudori kemana pun ia pergi aku akan ikut bersamanya. Jikapun bapak mengancam ku untuk memilih aku kan tetap pergi bersamanya (page 1 58)”

Even Nisa has married with Lek Khudori, Consequence of all about her marriage with samsudin makes her trauma and afraid until she is difficult consort with man. And it makes her hates man and bites head off man. It can be proved by,

“ Trauma samsudin begitu parah mengendap dalam kesadaran ku, hingga beberapa teman ku mengira aku alergi terhadap laki-laki,,, terlebih saat aku berbicara di forum tentang laki-laki lidah ku menjadi pedas dan kata-kata yang keluar dari mulut ku akan semakin pedas lagi dari yang dapat dikira (page. 162)”

But when she married with Lek Khudori all weary that she has bear flow down from her life. In her marriage with Lek Khudori she feels that it is the third freedom in her life. The first freedom when she is child, and the second is when she is not husband of samsudin and this is the third freedom namely married with Lek Khudori because she let free from gossip because it change become a pride. It can be proved by,

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35 “Terangkatlah seluruh beban yang berton-ton beratnya

dari punggung kehidupan ku.dengan pernikahan ku yang kedua kali ini, saat usiaku sedang menginjak lebih dewasa, ku hirup kembali kemerdekaan yang ketiga dalam kehidupan ku. yang pertama adalah kemerdekaan saat aku masih kanak-kanak, kemudian yang kedua saat aku terbebas dari kerangkang besi penjara samsudin, dan yang ketiga saat aku menikah dengan Lek Khudori. (page 169)”

In the novel the writer describe that many of woman critics about woman emancipation for example Maryam, according to her when a woman hurts her wife, it’s mean that he hurts himself because they should have been one, because they have one soul but two bodies. And husband that hurts his wife has disease masokis, and need medicinal treatment. In the other one many of fathers didn’t want daughter. And if actually a girl that was born, so father’s attitude to his daughter shows bad for all their behavior. For example don’t want to wash them, and don’t buy good clothes, and father will be bother by their crying and they regret for woman present in their life,

“ banyak sekali para bapak yang notabena laki-laki tidak menginginkan anak perempuan. Maka jika ternyata anak perempuan yang lahir sikap sang bapak akan menunujukkan ketidaksukaannya, dan ini mengemuka dengan semua perilakunya. Misalnya tidak pernah mau memandikan tidak mau membelikan pakaian yang layak, selalu merasa terganggu dengan tangisnya, acuh tak acuh terhadap seluruh yang menimpa putrinya dan banyak sikap yang menunjukkan betaoa ia menyesal dan tak suka atas kehadiran putrinya” (page. 158).

In this novel the motif it can be happened is because image that circulate in society says that woman is always number two, they are some of problems and can be a difficulty for people, unproductive, and clinging vine. And then society also says that woman has a worse intelligence than man, and can’t make decision. For

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36 example when they want to married they can’t make decision except if they are widow.

4.2. Analysis of A Doll’s House

The play is written in the eighteenth- nineteenth century, it was written in the note of the novel, Henrik Ibsen write in 1879 and it can be popular in 19th century.

In the note Henrik write it because of the delusions of romantic idealism and denounced as a degenerate attack upon traditional family values. How the family values that he wants to say, namely the wife must obey for all the rule of their husband.

The setting place of the story is in Helmer’s house. In the beginning of the play the situation of Hermer house has been explained and Nora and Helmer talk and talk in their house, about of money in this quotation

Helmer. Don’t disturb me. (A little later, he opens the door and looks into the room, pen in hand.) Bought, did you say? All these things? Has my little spendthrift been wasting money again?

Nora. Yes, but, Torvald, this year we really can let ourselves go a little. This is the first Christmas that we have not needed to economize.

Helmer. Still, you know, we can’t spend money recklessly.

Nora. Yes, Torvald, we may be a wee bit more reckless now, mayn’t we? Just a tiny wee bit! You are going to have a big salary and earn lots and lots of money. (Page 2)

In the story the reader can find Helmer and Nora talk about money because Helmer saw that Nora was shopping something for Christmas day and Helmer thinks

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37 that she is wasting money again. In the conversation above between Helmer and Nora, has been explained that husband organize circulation of money. Actually circulating of money was decidable by the both of husband and wife. But in this conversation was shown that husband boss of all situation in their family included circulate of money.

The story happened is in Christmas day, in the beginning of the story how Nora wants to buy something for Christmas day, it can be proved by:

Nora. Hide the Christmas Tree carefully, Helen. Be sure the children do not see it till this evening, when it is dressed. (To the PORTER, taking out her purse.) How much? (Page.1)

The character of Nora is spendthrift and the condition of the simplicity of their house, it can be the exposition and the quotation that support it is, in that quotation when she buys the Christmas gift she spend money easily and don’t take the change.

Nora wants to give Christmas surprise for her children. This is sign that Nora loves her children very much it can be proved by the conversation above, she wants to make something special for her children and from this conversation Nora shows that she want to organize her house also by making surprise for children but in the story it can not be proved because of Helmer bans her to use money. In the story Helmer is true that Nora cannot be wasting money but Nora has a right to make decision for her family.

In the play wife cannot give decision in this family it can be proved by how Nora always asking for all about the decision for her husband and her husband didn’t

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38 give his wife make the decision, this quote to support my opinion, Helmer say to Nora in quotation below,

Nora. For myself? Oh, I am sure I don’t want anything.

Helmer. Yes, but you must. Tell me something reasonable that you would particularly like to have. Nora. No, I really can’t think of anything — unless, Torvald — page 2

And the opinion of Helmer about the thing which Nora do about money, helmer said “still you know we can’t spend money recklessly” from this quotation, Helmer doesn’t give her power to make decision for their problem as especially about money. In the conversation above actually Nora was wasting money not for her self but to organize her family as a wife but the answer of Helmer at the conversation is “tell me something reasonable that you would particularly like to have” this words as if Nora must be obey for the regulation of Helmer.

The conflict is bigger because of Nora lies to her husband about the money that she borrows from Bank.

Helmer, “You are an odd little soul. Very like your father. You always find some new way of wheedling money out of me, and as soon as you have got it, it seems to melt in your hands. You never know where it has gone. Still one must take you as you are. It is in the blood; for indeed it is true that you can inherit these things Nora.” (Page 4)

Helmer says that Nora is an odd little soul. Odd means “Something is not Natural” little means “Small” and soul means “jiwa”.Words which Hendrik uses for woman in this drama have negative elements. Woman as if didn’t know how to

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39 organize the circulate of money, in this conversation Helmer compare Nora with her father, it is means that Helmer didn’t respect for her father.

In this quotation her husband explained the character. And the character of Nora is liar, it is proved when she borrows money, she said that the money is from her father, and her husband doesn’t know it, it can be proved by,

“Mrs. L said “and did your husband never get to know from your father that the money had not come from him?” (page 12)

Nora doesn’t love her husband fully, because in the dramas Nora says, “Then I used to sit here and imagine that a rich old gentleman had fallen in love with me”. From this quotation the character of Nora who is more love money than her husband. And then the character of Nora namely is not dare for her husband, it can be proved by

” it’s something I should dearly love to say if Torvald could hear me, I daren’t it’s so shocking” page 12

From this quote has been explained how the character of Nora namely didn’t have a freedom in her house and afraid to tell something wrong for her husband. She is not open for her husband because she afraid of him, Torvald could not hear of her and that is why she can’t say anything about her and about decision that she has made alone.

Mrs. L says that,” Listen to me, Nora. You are still very like a child in many things, and I am older than you in many ways and have a little more things. And I am older that you in many ways and have a little more experience. Let me tell you this –you ought to make an end of it with Doctor Rank.” Page 32

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40 In the drama has explained that Nora is like a child or childish. Mrs. L, Her friend says that she is child and can not make decision for her family. Actually in conversation her friend didn’t know the situation how Nora is a doll’s house of Torvald. And she needs a friend namely Dr.Rank to tells everything that she has done in their house. Not only that Helmer says like that, because He can’t understand to his wife, about the feeling of his wife, he doesn’t recognize his wife, that is why Torvald says his wife is like a child in conversation below,

“You talk like a child. You don’t understand about the condition of the world in which you live” page 69,

Actually as a good husband he must listens his wife before he judge Nora, because everybody has reason why she makes a decision. Torval as if make his wife didn’t understand about this world.

And Nora said that she is patient it can be proved by, when she is become Helmer wife, she feel not freedom but in the eight years she can be patient to be her husband doll it can be proved by,

“I have waited so patiently for eight years for goodness knows, I knew very well that wonderful things don’t happen every day” page 69

The character of Nora is easy to be influenced, it can be proved when her father says anything about her family with Helmer, she directly take the decision to leave him and her children, it can be proved by,

“When I was home with papa he told me his opinion about everything, and so I had the same opinions, he called me his doll child.” Page 66

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41 The character of Helmer in this play, Helmer believes that the culture of their values family that wife must obey the rule of husband, so Helmer wants to protect her wife and guide her for everything, it makes his wife become like a doll, and it can be proved when Helmer guide the money and what she want to do. Nora describe Helmer character namely in quotation below,

Nora said for Mrs. L; “Good heavens, no! how could you think so? A man who has such strong opinions about these things. And besides how painful and humiliating it would be for Torvald, with his mainly independence to know that he owed me anything! It would be upset our mutual relations altogether; our beautiful happy home would no longer be what it is now.” Page 12

From this quote was known that hold with his opinion, and Helmer loves his wife very much, it could be proved when Nora wants to go from their home, he always holds her and want her to stay in home with his children, he become not have power when Nora wants to get out from their home.

This character can be a motif of woman emancipation in the drama because the motif of the story is the character of Helmer who don’t want to give the decision to his wife because of the character of Nora is spendthrift it can be proved by,

“Don’t disturb me [a little later he opens the door and looks into the room, pen in hand] bought, did you say? All this things? Has my little spendthrift been wasting money again?” page 2

But the other one has explained that Torvald not only that, the motif of the woman emancipation is the culture of western at the time, namely woman and man has a different position at the time, because this drama was take from a family that live in America at the time, can be concluded that the situation of America at the time describe a life of America culture at nineteenth century. In the drama was

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53 himself all the blame for what she did and being disgraced for her sake. In fact, Mrs. Linde, by promising to marry Krogstad and look after his children, succeeds in persuading him to withdraw all accusations against the Helmers. She realizes, however, that sooner or later Nora and Torvald will have to come to an understanding.

The crisis comes when Torvald reads Krogstad’s letter after their return from the ball. He accuses Nora of being a hypocrite, a liar, and a criminal and of having no religion, morality, or sense of duty. He declares that she is unfit to bring up her children and that she might remain in his household but will no longer be a part of it. When Krogstad’s second letter arrives, declaring that he intends to take no action against the Helmers, Torvald’s attitude changes, and with a sigh of relief he declares that he is saved.

For the first time, Nora sees her husband for what he is—a selfish, pretentious hypocrite with no regard for her position in the matter. She reminds him that no marriage can be built on inequality and announces her intention of leaving his house forever. Torvald cannot believe his ears and pleads with her to remain, but she declares she is going to try to become a reasonable human being, to understand the world—in short, to become a woman, not a doll to flatter Torvald’s selfish vanity. She goes out and, with irrevocable finality, slams the door of her doll house behind her.

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54 Author biography and literature works

Perempuan Berkalung Sorban

Judul : Perempuan Berkalung Sorban Penulis : Abidah El Khalieqy

Penerbit : Arti Bumi Intaran Kota Terbit : Yogyakarta TahunTerbit : 2009 Cetakan : V (kelima) Tebal Buku : 320 halaman

ISBN : 978-979-15836-4-1 Author biography

Nama Lengkap : ABIDAH EL KHALIEQY Tempat/Tgl lahir : Jombang, 01 Maret 1965

Alamat Asal : Desa Menturo, Kec. Sumobito, Kab. Jombang, Jawa Timur Alamat Sekarang : Gg. Menur No. 60 Nayan Maguwoharjo Yogyakarta 55281 Menikah : pada hari Ibu, 22 Desember 1992.

Pekerjaan : Pengarang / Writers

Nama Suami : Hamdy Salad (penyair dan pekerja teater, dosen Creative Writing Fak. Bahasa dan Seni Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta)

Anak kandung : Jauhara Nadvi Azzadine (Zadin, 15 th); Geffarine Firdaws (Geffa, 13 th); Zahida Aine Hawwa (Ain, 8 th.)

Nama Ayah : H. Abdul Khalieq (almarhum, adik dari neneknya Emha Ainun Najib / Cak Nun).

Nama Ibu : Hj. Misnawati Kamal (almarhum) Saudara kandung : Nomor 4 dari 7 saudara. Nama Fam : Bani Kadir

SEKOLAH

• Madrasah Ibtidaiyah ( tamat 1977/1978)

• Pesantren Putri Modern PERSIS, Bangil, Pasuruan (tamat 1984/1985).

• Fakultas Syariah IAIN (UIN) Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta, Jurusan Pidana Perdata Islam (tamat 1991) dengan skripsi “Komoditas Nilai Fisik Perempuan dalam Perefektif Hukum Islam”.

• Study Perempuan Independen (1991-1992) AKTIVITAS

• Study dan Apresiasi Sastra Yogyakarta (1985-1989) • Teater Eska sejak tahun 1987.

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55 • Forum Pengadilan Puisi Yogyakarta (1986-1988).

• Kelompok Diskusi Perempuan Internasional (1986-1987). • Asian Pacific Forum on Women, Law and Development (1987). • Baca puisi di Taman Ismail Marzuki Jakarta (1994 dan 2000). • ASEAN Writers Conference, Manila, Philipina (1995). • Pendamping Kreatif Majlis Sastra Asia Tenggara (1997). • Baca puisi di Sekretariat ASEAN (1998).

• Konferensi Perempuan Islam se Asia-Pasifik dan Timur Tengah (1999)

• Apresiasi Sastra Keliling Indonesia, Yayasan Indonesia dan Ford Fondation (2000-2005).

• Narasumber Pertemuan Sastrawan Melayu -Nusantara (2005). • Narasumber Sastra dan Agama, di Kedutaan Kanada (2007) • International Literary Biennale (2007).

• Jakarta Internationale Literary Festival (2008) PRESTASI

• Juara Penulisan Tingkat Tsanawiyah Pesantren (1982) • Juara Penulisan Puisi Remaja Se-Jawa (1984).

• Penghargaan Seni dari Pemerintah Propinsi DIY (1998).

• Pemenang Lomba Penulisan Novel Dewan Kesenian Jakarta (2003).

• Dinobatkan sebagai tokoh “10 Anak Zaman Menerobos Batas”, Majalah As-Syir’ah (2004).

• Memperoleh IKAPI dan Balai Bahasa Award (2008).

• Memperoleh Adab Award dari Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Kalijaga (2009) BUKU YANG SUDAH TERBIT:

• Ibuku Laut Berkobar (puisi, 1997)

• Menari Di Atas Gunting (cerita pendek, 2001) • Perempuan Berkalung Sorban (novel, 2001) • Atas Singgasana (novel, 2002)

• Geni Jora (novel, 2004)

• Mahabbah Rindu (novel, 2007) • Nirzona (novel, 2008)

• Mikraj Odyssey (cerita pendek, 2009). BUKU ANTOLOGI BERSAMA :

• ASEANO: An Antology of Poems Shoutheast Asia (1996) • Album Cyber Indonesia – Australia (1998)

• Force Majeure (2007)

• Rainbow: Indonesian Womens Poet (2008)

• Indonesian Literary: A Womens Shot Strory (2008). • American E-Journal – Word Withaout Borders (2009) • E- Books Library For Diffabel (2007).

• Pengarang Perempuan Indonesia (1997) • 18 Penyair Perempuan Indonesia (2007) • Kitab Sastra Indonesia (2006)

• Dll.

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56 Written by

Characters 1. Nora

2. Torvald Helmer 3. Krogstad 4. Mrs. Linde 5. Dr. Rank 6. Children 7. Anne-Marie 8. Helene

Date premiered 21 December 1879

Place premier Original language

Subject The awakening of a middle-class wife and mother.

Genre Helmer family in an unspecified Norwegian town or city, circa 1879

Author biography

Henrik Johan Ibsen, born in 1828 in Skien, Norway, was the eldest of five children after the early death of his older brother. His father, Knud Ibsen, one in a long line of sea captains, had been born in Skien in 1797 and had married Marichen Cornelia Martie Altenburg, the daughter of a German merchant, in 1825. Though Ibsen later reported that Skien was a pleasant place to grow up, his childhood was not particularly happy. He was described as an unsociable child. His sense of isolation increased at the age of sixteen when his father's business had to be sold to meet the demands of his creditors. On top of this, a rumor began circulating that Henrik was the illegitimate son of another man. Although the rumor was never proven to be true, it manifested itself in the theme of illegitimate offspring that runs throughout Ibsen's later works.

After Knud's business was repossessed, all that remained of the family's former estate was a dilapidated farmhouse on the outskirts of Skein. It was there that Ibsen began to attend the small, middle-class school where he cultivated a talent for painting, if nothing else. He was also taught German and Latin as well as drawing. In 1843, at the age of fifteen, Ibsen was confirmed and taken from the school. Though he had declared his interest in becoming a painter, Ibsen was apprenticed to an apothecary shortly before his sixteenth birthday.

Leaving his family, Ibsen traveled to Grimstad, a small, isolated town, to begin his apprenticeship. He maintained a strong desire to gain admission to the university to study medicine. Meanwhile, he fathered an illegitimate son with the maid of the apothecary. Despite his unhappy lot, Ibsen began to write in earnest in Grimstad. Inspired by the European revolutions of 1848, Ibsen wrote satire and elegant poetry. At the age of twenty-one, Ibsen left Grimstad for the capital. While in Christiania (now Oslo), Ibsen passed his exams but opted not to pursue his education, instead

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57 turning to playwriting and journalism. In Christiania he penned his first play, Catiline (1849), written in blank verse about the failure of against ancient Rome in the time of Cicero. It sold only 45 copies and was rejected by every theater to which Ibsen submitted it for performance. Ibsen also spent time analyzing and criticizing modern Norwegian literature.

Still poor, Ibsen gladly accepted a contract to write for and help manage the newly constituted National Theater in Bergen in 1851. Beginning his work untrained and largely uneducated, Ibsen soon learned much from his time at the theater, producing such works as St. John's Night (1852). The majority of his writings from this period were based on folksongs, folklore, and history.

In 1858, Ibsen moved back to Christiania to become the creative director of the city's Norwegian Theater. That same year, Ibsen married Suzannah Thoresen, with whom he fathered a child named Sigurd Ibsen. Though his plays suggest otherwise, Ibsen revered the state of marriage, believing that it was possible for two people to travel through life as perfect, happy equals. During this period, Ibsen also developed a daily routine from which he would not deviate until his first stroke in 1901: he would rise, consume a small breakfast, take a long walk, write for five hours, eat dinner, and finish the night with entertainment or early retirement to bed.

Despite this routine, Ibsen found his life difficult, though he did pen several plays, including Love's Comedy (1862), a close relation of distinction between love and marriage. Luckily, in 1864, his friends generously offered him money that they had collected, allowing him to move to Italy. He felt like an exile. He would spend the next twenty-seven years living in Italy and Germany. During this time abroad, he authored a number of successful works, including Brand (1866) and Peer Gynt (1867), both (significantly) written to be read rather than to be performed.

Ibsen moved to Dresden in 1868 and then to Munich in 1875. In Munich in 1879, Ibsen wrote his groundbreaking play, A Doll's House. He pursued his interest in realistic drama for the next decade, earning international acclaim; many of his works were published in translation and performed throughout Europe.

Ibsen eventually turned to a new style of writing, abandoning his interest in realism for a series of so-called symbolic dramas. He completed his last wor

After being away from Norway for twenty-seven years, Ibsen and Suzannah returned in 1891. Shortly afterwards, he finished writing The Master Builder (1892), after which he took a short break. In late 1893, seemingly in need of moist air to help cure her recurring gout, Suzannah left for southern Italy. While his wife was away, Ibsen found a companion in a young female pianist, Hildur Andersen, with whom he spent a great deal of time. He continued to correspond with her even after Suzannah's return. Ibsen's relationship with Andersen was characteristic of his larger interest in the younger generation; he was famous for seeking out their ideas and encouraging their writing.

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58 Ibsen's later plays tended to meet with controversy on the occasions of their first performances: Hedda Gabler was reviled by critics of the published script and of the first production in 1890. It is at about this time that Ibsen's work, partly as a consequence of George Bernard Shaw's lecture The Quintessence of Ibsenism (1890), became extremely popular in England.

After suffering a series of strokes, Ibsen died in 1906 at the age of seventy-eight. He was unable to write for the last five years of his life, following a stroke which also left him unable to wal doing better, were, “To the contrary!”

Motifs Of Woman Emancipation In Abidah El Khalieqy’s Novel Perempuan Berkalung Sorban And Hendrik Ibsen’s Play A Doll’s House: A Comparative Literature Study

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Motifs Of Woman Emancipation In Abidah El Khalieqy’s Novel Perempuan Berkalung Sorban And Hendrik Ibsen’s Play A Doll’s House: A Comparative Literature Study

Motifs Of Woman Emancipation In Abidah El Khalieqy’s Novel Perempuan Berkalung Sorban And Hendrik Ibsen’s Play A Doll’s House: A Comparative Literature Study

Motifs Of Woman Emancipation In Abidah El Khalieqy’s Novel Perempuan Berkalung Sorban And Hendrik Ibsen’s Play A Doll’s House: A Comparative Literature Study

Motifs Of Woman Emancipation In Abidah El Khalieqy’s Novel Perempuan Berkalung Sorban And Hendrik Ibsen’s Play A Doll’s House: A Comparative Literature Study

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Motifs Of Woman Emancipation In Abidah El Khalieqy’s Novel Perempuan Berkalung Sorban And Hendrik Ibsen’s Play A Doll’s House: A Comparative Literature Study

Motifs Of Woman Emancipation In Abidah El Khalieqy’s Novel Perempuan Berkalung Sorban And Hendrik Ibsen’s Play A Doll’s House: A Comparative Literature Study

Motifs Of Woman Emancipation In Abidah El Khalieqy’s Novel Perempuan Berkalung Sorban And Hendrik Ibsen’s Play A Doll’s House: A Comparative Literature Study

Motifs Of Woman Emancipation In Abidah El Khalieqy’s Novel Perempuan Berkalung Sorban And Hendrik Ibsen’s Play A Doll’s House: A Comparative Literature Study

Motifs Of Woman Emancipation In Abidah El Khalieqy’s Novel Perempuan Berkalung Sorban And Hendrik Ibsen’s Play A Doll’s House: A Comparative Literature Study

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