A father-daughter relationship as seen in the characters Dr. Manette and Lucie Manette in Charles Dickens`s A Tale of Two Cities - USD Repository

  

A FATHER-DAUGHTER RELATIONSHIP AS SEEN IN

THE CHARACTERS DR. MANETTE AND LUCIE MANETTE

  

IN CHARLES DICKENS’S A TALE OF TWO CITIES

A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS

  

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree

in English Language Education

  

By:

Stefanus Tito Brahma Dipta

Student Number: 071214019

  

ENGLISH EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM

DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE EDUCATION AND ART

FACULTY OF TEACHING AND TRAINNING

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

2012

  

i

A FATHER-DAUGHTER RELATIONSHIP AS SEEN IN

THE CHARACTERS DR. MANETTE AND LUCIE MANETTE

  

IN CHARLES DICKENS’S A TALE OF TWO CITIES

A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS

  

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree

in English Language Education

  

By

Stefanus Tito Brahma Dipta

Student Number: 071214019

  

ENGLISH EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM

DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE EDUCATION AND ART

FACULTY OF TEACHING AND TRAINNING

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

2012 ii A Sarjana Pendidikan Thesis on A FATHER-DAUGHTER RELATIONSHIP AS SEEN IN THE CHARACTERS DR. MANETTE AND LUCIE MANETTE

  IN CHARLES DICKENS’S A TALE OF TWO CITIES By Stefanus Tito Brahma Dipta

  Student Number: 071214019 Approved by Sponsor

  iii A FATHER-DAUGHTER RELATIONSHIP AS SEEN IN THE CHARACTERS DR. MANETTE AND LUCIE MANETTE

  IN CHARLES DICKENS’S A TALE OF TWO CITIES By Stefanus Tito Brahma Dipta

  Student Number: 071214019 Defended before the Board of Examiners on October 10 th

  , 2012 and Declared Acceptable Board of Examiners

  

Chairperson : C. Tutyandari, S.Pd., M.Pd. _________________

Secretary : Drs. Barli Bram M.Ed., Ph.D. _________________

Member : Drs. L. Bambang Hendarto, M.Hum. _________________

Member : Henny Herawati, S.Pd., M.Hum. _________________

Member : C. Tutyandari, S.Pd., M.Pd. _________________

Yogyakarta, October 10 th

  , 2012 Faculty of Teachers Training and Education Sanata Dharma University Dean Rohandi, Ph.D.

  THE WORK OF THI S THESI S I S DEDI CATED TO GM Dr i at mant o Dar modj o SE ( RI P) Fi l umi na Wi r y ant i

Yohanes Sami ngun Wi r y os upar t o ( RI P)

Ther es i a Sur adj i nah ( RI P) I gnat i us Dj umadi Hadi sawar no( RI P) Lus i a I s s oebandi y ah ( RI P) Dr . Ser af i na Moni c a I ss oegi y ant i iv

  

“ Better to fight for something than live for nothing.”

( General George S. Patton)

  

No matter what you do, no matter how stupid, dumb

“

or damaging you judge it to be, there is a lesson to be

learned from it. No matter what happens to you, no matter how unfair, inequitable or wrong, there’s

something you can take from the situation and use for

your advancement. ” ( )

  Peter McWilliams

v

  

STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY

I honestly declare that this thesis, which I have written, does not contain the work or

parts of the work of other people, except those cited in the quotations, and the

references, as a scientific paper should. th

  

Yogyakarta, October 10 , 2012

The Writer

Stefanus Tito Brahma Dipta

071214019

vi

  

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH

UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS

Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata

Dharma:

  Nama : Stefanus Tito Brahma Dipta Nomor Mahasiswa : 071214019 Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:

  

A FATHER-DAUGHTER RELATIONSHIP AS SEEN IN

THE CHARACTERS DR. MANETTE AND LUCIE MANETTE

  

IN CHARLES DICKENS’S A TALE OF TWO CITIES

beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan

kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan,

mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data,

mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau media lain

untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya maupun memberikan

royalty kepada saya selama tetap mencamtumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.

  Dengan demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya. Dibuat di Yogyakarta th

  Pada tanggal September 11 , 2012 Yang menyatakan Stefanus Tito Brahma Dipta

vii

  

ABSTRACT

Dipta, Stefanus Tito Brahma. (2012). A Father-Daughter Relationship As Seen in

the Characters Dr. Manette and Lucie Manette in Charles Dickens’s A Tale of Two

Cities. Yogyakarta: English Education Study Program, Department of Language and

Art Education, Faculty of Teachers Training Education, Sanata Dharma University.

  One example of love can be seen in a father-daughter’s relationship. Father-

daughter relationship is an interesting relationship that happens between a father and

a daughter. It is interesting because if it is not treated carefully, it can hurt both the

father and the daughter feeling. The example of father-daughter relationship can be

seen from the character Dr. Manette and Lucie Manette in Charles Dickens’s A Tale

of Two Cities . It is interesting to see the relationship that happen between Dr. Manette

and Lucie Manette because from them people can see that they really work hard to

make sure that each lives a happy life.

  This study has two formulated problems. The first is how Lucie Manette and

Dr. Manette are described in the novel. The second is how father-daughter

relationship is described through the character Dr. Manette and Lucie Manette.

  The method of this study was library research. The novel A Tale of Two Cities

by Charles Dickens became the primary source of this study. Meanwhile, the

secondary sources were taken from several printed books and electronic articles that

supported the topic of the study. To answer the problems, the psychological

approach, theory of character, characterization, theories of love, theories of father’s

love and mother’s love, and the theories of father-daughter relationship were applied.

  There are two results that can be drawn from this study. The first is the

description of Lucie Manette and Dr. Manette. Dr. Manette is described as a

traumatized and dependent person in the first part of the story and later on, he is able

to become an independent, loving, smart ,and brave person. Meanwhile, Lucie

Manette is described as an attractive, compassionate, loving, and brave person. The

second result is that both Lucie Manette and Dr. Manette really shows how to live as

a father and a daughter. Both of them really loves each other and support each other.

They will even do anything to make sure that each other live a happy life. These are

their ways to express their relationship.

  Keywords: French Revolution, love, relationship, character, characterization

viii

  

ABSTRAK

Dipta, Stefanus Tito Brahma. (2012). A Father-Daughter Relationship As Seen in

the Characters Dr. Manette and Lucie Manette in Charles Dickens’s A Tale of Two

Cities.Yogyakarta: Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Jurusan Bahasa dan

Seni, Fakulas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

  Salah satu contoh dari sebuah cinta dapat dilihat dari hubungan antara ayah

dan anak perempuan. Hubungan antara ayah dan anak perempuan adalah sebuah

hubungan yang menarik. Hubungan ini menarik karena jika tidak berhati-hati

hubungan semacam ini dapat melukai perasaan si ayah dan si anak perempuan.

Contoh Hubungan antara ayah dan anak perempuan dapat dilihat dari karakter Dr.

Manette dan Lucie Manette dalam novel A Tale of Two Cities karangan Charles

Dickens. Hal yang menarik dapat dilihat dari hubungan antara Dr. Manette dan Lucie

Manette. Dari mereka, seseorang dapat melihat bahwa mereka benar-benar berusaha

keras supaya satu sama lain dapat hidup bahagia.

  Studi ini memiliki dua rumusan masalah. Rumusan masalah yang pertama

adalah bagaimana Lucie Manette dan Dr. Manette dideskripsikan di dalam novel.

Rumusan masalah yang kedua adalah tentang hubungan ayah dan anak yang

ditunjukkan oleh Dr. Manette dan Lucie Manette

  Studi ini menerapkan studi pustaka. Novel yang berjudul A Tale of Two Cities

karya Charles Dickens merupakan sumber utama penelitian studi ini. Sementara itu,

sumber-sumber sekunder didapat dari buku-buku dan artikel internet yang menunjang

topik pembahasan. Studi ini menerapkan pendekatan psikologi, teori karakter dan

karakterisasi, teori cinta, teori cinta ayah dan ibu, teori hubungan ayah dan anak

perempuan untuk menjawab permasalahan yang diambil.

  Studi ini memiliki dua hasil. Hasil yang pertama adalah deskripsi Dr. Manette

dan Lucie Manette. Dr. Manette memiliki sifat-sifat yaitu traumatik dan tergantung

pada orang lain yang nantinya berubah menjadi seorang yang bebas, mencintai, pintar

,dan berani. Sedangkan Lucie Manette memiliki sifat menarik, mencintai, mengasihi,

dan berani. Dr. Manette dan Lucie Manette saling mencintai satu sama lain sebagai

ayah dan anak. Mereka selalu mendukung apapun yang dilakukan yang lainnya.

Mereka juga mau berkorban untuk satu sama lain supaya yang lain dapat hidup

bahagia. Ini adalah cara mereka untuk mengekspresikan hubungan mereka.

  Kata kunci: Revolusi Prancis, cinta, ayah-anak, berkorban, sifat

ix

  

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all I would like to thank my Lord Jesus Christ who constantly and

spiritually guides and guards me through the accomplishment of this thesis. The

lessons of life that are portrayed through the working process of this thesis leads me

to the meaning of hard work and determination.

  My deepest gratitude goes to my parents GM Driatmanto Darmodjo (RIP) and

Filumina Wiryanti, for the incredible guidance, my grandparents: Dr. Serafina

Monica Issoegiyanti for her advice in making the thesis. I would also like to give my

biggest thank to my brother Tinus who always forces me to return to the reality

everytime I forgot my thesis. Without lossing regards to my great family, I give my

appreciation to the entire family of Wiryosekarto.

  The unforgettable lecturer who has become my advisor is Drs. L. Bambang

Hendarto Y, M.Hum. His unbelieveable patience for guiding a student like me is very

extraordinary. I would also give my appreciation to the impressive lecturer JB.

Gunawan, M.A., for his motivation to keep me spiritful. I also give my deep respect

to all the lecturers and staff in English Language Study Program, Sanata Dharma

University for the unforgettable lessons, service, and moments during my study.

Those great people have contributed great lessons to the my life and nothing in this

world can pay their services until the end of time.

  I also give my thanks to the unforgetable figures who have been my best

friends. The first are the Bethaljemmur brotherhood: Petruk Mangku Asmoro, Eko

Ngudi Waluyo, Yovi Bala Kurawa and Reza Gembus Kencana. The second are all

x

  

my friends in Sanata Dharma University (Kitin, Siska, Ninggar, Aik, Keke, Martha,

Andar, Ketchup alias Cahyo, Niko, Ian, Kelvin, etc). My deep gratitude especially

goes to Risma who always motivates me to work on my Thesis. I would also like to

thank Artdo and Adit who have become my brothers-in-arm after Petruk and Risma

graduated. The last but not the least my thankfullness is for all my friends in OMK

Dukuh and OMK Pugeran that has become a place where I run when my thesis

became boring. My special thanks especially go to Totok, who always bothered me

whenever I wanted to work on my thesis.

  Stefanus Tito Brahma Dipta

xi

  

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

  TITLE PAGE …………………………………………………………………… i APROVAL PAGE …………………………………………………………… ii

  

DEDICATION PAGE …………………………................................... iv

STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ………………………... vi

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH

UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS ………………………………… vii

ABSTRACT ………………………………………………………………… viii

ABSTRAK ………………………………………………………………… ix

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ………………………………………………… x

TABLE OF CONTENTS ………………………………………………… xii

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ………………………………………… 1

  1.2 Background of the Study ………………………………… 1

  1.2 Problem Formulation ………………………………… 4

  1.3 Objective of the Study ………………………………… 5

  1.4 Benefits of the Study ………………………………… 5

  1.5 Definition of Terms ………………………………… 6

CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ………………… 9

  2.1 Review of Related Studies ……………………………… 9

  2.2 Review of Related Theories ………………………… 12

  2.2.1 Critical Approach ………………………………… 12

  2.2.2 Character ………………………………………… 13

  2.2.3 Characterization ………………………………… 14

  2.2.4 Love ………………………………………… 16

  2.2.5 Mother’s Love Father’s Love……………………… 17

2.2.5.1 Mother’s Love ………………………… 18

  2.2.5.2 Father’s Love ………………………… 19

xii

  2.2.6 The Father-Daughter Relationship ………… 20

  2.3 Theoretical Framework ………………… 22

  

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY ………………………………………… 23

  3.2 Object of the Study ………………………………… 23

  3.2 Approach of the Study ………………………………… 24

  3.3 Methodology ………………………………………… 24

  

CHAPTER 4 ANALYSIS ………………………………………………… 26

  4.1 The Description of Dr. Manette ……………………… 26

  4.1.1 Traumatized ………………………………… 27

  4.1.2 Dependent ………………………………… 30

  4.1.3 Loving ……….……………………………… 32

  4.1.4 Independent …………………………………… 33

  4.1.5 Brave ………………………………… 34

  4.2 The Description of Lucie Manette ………………… 35

  4.2.1 Attractive ………………………………………… 36

  4.2.2 Loving ………………………………………… 38

  4.2.3 Compassionate …………………………………

  39

  4.2.4 Brave …………………………………………

  40

  4.3 Father-Daughter Relationship ………………………… 41

  4.3.1 The Relationship of Dr. Manette and Lucie Manette 41

  4.3.1.1 The Way Dr. Manette Expresses His Relationship with Lucie Manette ………………………. 44

  4.3.1.2 The Way Lucie Manette Expresses Her Relationship with Dr. Manette ………………………….. 48

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS, AND SUGGESTIONS 52

  5.1 Conclusions ………………………………………… 52

  5.2 Implications ………………………………………… 55

  5.3 Suggestions ………………………………………… 56

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xiv

REFERENCES ………………………………………………………… (1)

APPENDICES ........................................................................................ (3)

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION This first chapter consists of five parts that will help to explore the

  understanding of this study. The first part, the background of the study, explains the researcher’s personal reasons for choosing the topic. The second part is the objectives of the study. The third part is problem formulation. In this part, the problems of the study are formulated. The fourth part, the research benefits, explains the advantages of the study. Finally, the last part is definition of terms, which clarifies some important terms to help the readers to understand the terms used in this study.

1.1 Background of the Study The main discussion of this study is about a father-daughter relationship.

  Before one discusses about this relationship, one must learn first the definition of the family. The reason is that one cannot discuss a father-daughter relationship without relating it to the discussion about family. The term of family may vary in the meaning from one person to another. Noller and Mary (1988, p. 188) come up with three definitions of family. The first one is that family is a place where people can always feel safe and can cheer you whenever you feel sad and a place that is full of happiness and a lot of experiences. The second definition is that family is made of people who always take care of each other. The third description is that family can be also a group of people who always take care of each other but having no relationship at all. The last definition can only be used if the group of people has agreed in calling themselves as family and they also share

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  a bond that is equal to that of a family. From those definitions, it can be seen that family is a place where people can feel comfortable because they are taking care of each other.

  We can have a lot of definitions about family but there is one thing that all families in this world share in common. The thing is called love. Without love there will be no family in this world because love becomes the foundation of the family. It becomes the foundation that strengthens the bonds between a father and a mother; between a father and his children; and between a mother and her children. Thus, it can be defined that love is a feeling with a strong sense of affection towards others. Like family, the term ‘love’ itself has a wide area of description because people will have different way to show it.

  According to Noller and Mary (1993, p.202) love in a family is different from love between a man and a woman. The difference is that love between a man and a woman is always full of understanding toward each other and a feeling to be together with each other. In the other hand, love in a family is a kind of love that does not involve any kind of repayment therefore the love that a person receives does not mean to be returned someday. If that person wants to repay those love, it will be his own decision. The importance of love in a family is to make sure that no harm will fall into each of its members. The depiction of family love that this study exposes is the love that is shown from the father-daughter relationship between Lucie Manette and Dr. Manette as Lucie Manette’s father.

  Many poets and writers have been trying to portray family love in their works. Because they know that love is not a simple thing and love is something that is amazing. Love is everywhere and belongs to person across the universe.

  3

  The relationship between a father and a daughter is also one kind of love because a father will always care for his daughter and a daughter will always look up to her father. This study will focus more on the love that is shown from the relationship between a father and a daughter.

  In this study the researcher will analyze this father-daughter relationship which is considerably shown in the relationship between the characters Dr.

  Manette and his daughter Lucie Manette throughout the story of A Tale of Two

  

Cities by Charles Dickens. The father-daughter relationship shown by Dr. Manette

  and Lucie Manette is amazing. For example, Lucie never shows any unwillingness in treating her ill father although it takes a lot of efforts and wastes her energy. Meanwhile Dr. Manette is trying his best in holding back his dependency on Lucie and at the end he helps Lucie in freeing her husband. What Dr. Manette and Lucie do really shows how father-daughter relationship is supposed to be and it is worth to study that because that kind of relationship is what a family these days needs to do. Love within father-daughter relationship does not need any kind of repayment. One literary work that portrays the father- daughter relationship is a novel entitled A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens.

  The setting of A Tale of Two Cities happens in two countries namely England and France during the French Revolution happening in 1789 until 1799.

  The story tells us about the life of a woman named Lucie Manette and people around her including her family and acquaintances before and during the revolution time. The story is divided in to three parts. The first part tell us about what happens to Dr. Manette when he has been a prisoner in France and Lucie Manette’s struggle to free her father. The first part of the story also tell us about

  4

  the condition of Dr. Manette when he loses his memory of having a family and how he cries when Lucie Manette tell him that she is his daughter. The second part tells us about Lucie Manette’s love life and her struggle to cure the traumatic experience of her father. The second part of the story also tells us about Dr.

  Manette’s dependence on Lucie Manette and how he deals with this feeling of dependency. It also tells us about how Dr. Manette loves his daughter by letting her to become Charles Darnay’s wife. The third part describes Lucie Manette’s struggle in freeing her husband from the grasp of the New France post-revolution with the help of his father, Dr. Manette. This part also tells us about Dr. Manette’s love toward Lucie Manette by helping her in any way he can using everything he has.

  The most interesting thing in this story is a father-daughter relationship shown by Dr. Manette and Lucie Manette. Their relationship is so strong. Despite the fact that Dr. Manette has become very ill and needs Lucie all the time to take care of him, Lucie never abandons her father. Dr. Manette puts a lot of effort so that he will not become a burden for his daughter because he loves her. At the end Dr. Manette is able to recover from his illness and help Lucie in freeing her husband. That father-daughter relationship shown by Dr. Manette and Lucie Manette really reflects how a father-daughter relationship is supposed to be. Even The researcher is willing to learn from them and that what makes A Tale of Two Cities worth to become the object of this study.

1.2 Problem Formulation

  There are two problems concerning love that will be discussed in this study namely:

  5

  1.2.1 How are Dr. Manette and Lucie Manette described in the novel A Tale of

  Two Cities by Charles Dickens? 1.2.2 How is father-daughter relationship described through the characters Dr.

  Manette and Lucie Manette in A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens?

  1.3 Objectives of the Study

  There are two objectives of this study that must be accomplished. The first objective of this study is to find the character and characterization of Lucie Manette and Dr. Manette in the novel A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens. The second objective of this study is to analyze the element of father-daughter relationship that is described through the character of Dr. Manette and Lucie Manette..

  1.4 Benefits of the Study

  There are some benefits that can be gained from this study. The first is that the reader can learn about love within father-daughter relationship that are shown by the character of Dr. Manette and Lucie Manette. Then reader can understand that they can do a lot of things to show their love toward their beloved one both as children toward their parent and a father toward his children. Furthermore, after reading this study, people will be able to reflect themselves and ask a question whether they have done enough for their parents and daughter or not. This study can also motivate other people to do their best for their father or daughter sake, especially for fellow student of Sanata Dharma University. They should be motivated after reading this study and be able to give their best in order to finish

  6

  their study. That is the best thing people can do to make their beloved one happy these days.

1.5 Definition of Terms

  There are some important terms used in this study. Those terms need to be explained in order to avoid misconception among the readers

  1.5.1 Character

  Abrams (1981) states that “characters as the persons that presented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with moral, dispositional, and emotional qualities that are expressed in what they say in the dialogue and by what they do in their action” (p. 20). Therefore, the qualities of a character will be described from the beginning of a story until the end as the effects of environmental crises and personal factors take part in revealing and shaping a character. Therefore the researcher will use this term as the reference to describe the characters Dr. Manette and Lucie Manette.

  1.5.2 Characterization

  Henkle (1977) defines characterization as a method by which an author creates, reveals, and develops the changes so that, the reader can imagine what kind of person the character is (p. 92-97). Characterization is a way for a writer to describe the character within a story so that the reader will be able to have a vivid image of the character. Being able to grab a character’s images makes the readers be able to enjoy the story more.

  1.5.3 Father-Daughter Relationship

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  According to Winnicott (1998, p. 35) father-daughter relationship is a bound or relationship made by a father and a daughter. It is an important place to learn about male-female relationship. From a father, little girls gain their first reflection of themselves as a female. The girls then develop a sense of acceptance or non-acceptance. The girls’ self-concept as a female person is largely shaped by this father-daughter relationship.

  1.5.4 Love

  Fromm (2006, pp. 1-29) love is an art which people seek to achieve interpersonal union. People understand that they are weak and ugly creature when they are alone therefore they seek interpersonal union. Interpersonal union can strengthen people and make them confident. Therefore, love has become the most fundamental passion which becomes the force that keeps the human race together. It is very appropriate to define love within the novel A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens. It is because love is the reason that ties the relationship between each character inside the novel. Meanwhile becomes something that eventually develops and reveals each character personal traits. It is also something that makes the story more complex.

  1.5.5 Patriotism

  Nathanson (1993, pp. 34-35) mentions four definitions of patriotism. The first one is special affection for one's own country. The second is a sense of personal identification with the country. The third one is special concern for the well-being of the country. The fourth one is willingness to sacrifice to promote the country's good. Whereas in the novel A Tale of Two Cities, the fourth definition is

  8

  the most appropriate one. It is about willingness to sacrifice to promote the country’s well being.

  1.5.6 Tale

  Jones (1995, p. 21) describe tale as “a literary technique and a type of story within a story, whereby an introductory or main narrative is presented, at least in part, for the purpose of setting the stage either for a more emphasized second narrative or for a set of shorter stories. The frame story leads readers from a first story into another, smaller one (or several ones) within it”.

  1.5.7 French Revolution

  Doyle (1990, p. 31) states that the French Revolution (1789-1799) was a period of radical social and political upheaval in French and European history.

  The absolute monarchy that had ruled France for centuries collapsed in three years. French society underwent an epic transformation as feudal, aristocratic, and religious privileges evaporated under a sustained assault from liberal political groups and the masses on the streets. Old ideas about hierarchy and tradition succumbed to new enlightenment principles of citizenship and inalienable rights.

CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE This chapter is divided into three parts of discussion. The first part is

  review of related studies. This is the part to review other previous studies by other researchers on the same work and author.

  The second part of this chapter is a review of related theories. This part contains an explanation about various kinds of critical approaches used in the study of literary works. This part will be divided into seven namely, critical approach, theory of character, theory of characterization, theory of love, theory of the importance of father love and mother love, theory of mother love, theory of father love, and theory of father-daughter relationship.

  The last part is theoretical framework. This explains the framework of the study that includes the contribution of the theory and reviews in solving the problems of the study.

2.1 Review of Related Studies

  Over the years many researchers both of the English Education Study Program and English Letter Study Program of Sanata Dharma University have used the novel A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens as the object of their studies. Those researchers have their own way in analyzing the novel and they have their own problem formulation to analyze the novel. In this section the researcher will present the summary of those theses.

  First, in her thesis entitled A Study on the Protagonist and the Social

  

Criticism in Dickens’ A Tale of Two Cities, Widjanarty (1996) analyzes the

  10

  protagonist in the novel because the researcher believes that the protagonist may contain Dickens’ criticism toward society. The aims of this study are to find out the protagonist’s personality and his personality changes, and Dickens’ social criticism expressed through this character.

  Second, in An Analysis on the Central Character in Dickens’ A Tale of

  

Two Cities Based on the Theory of Self-Esteem , Elina (1998) analyzes the

  character of Sidney Carton. This study aims to explain Sidney Carton’s characteristics related to theory of self-esteem. This study also aims to discover the significance of his relationship with Charles Darnay towards the performance of his self-esteem.

  Third, Haryono (2000) in his thesis entitled Dickens’ Reformation

  

Message through the Character of Darnay in A Tale of Two Cities , analyzes what

  lies behind the novel. His thesis aims to find out Dickens’ reformation message toward the capitalists of his country. It also tries to find what values of life that the author wants to convey.

  Fourth, in her thesis entitled The Theme of Charles Dickens’ A Tale of

  

Two Cities seen from the major character’s noble status and the plot , Ratnayanti

  (2002) analyzes the theme of the novel based from the character’s status and the plot. The objectives are to analyze the unfavorable position of Charles Darnay and how he responds to the result of Charles Darnay effort in making his life peaceful, and the theme of the novel.

  Fifth, in a thesis entitled The Significance of Inner Conflict in Darnay’s

  

Life toward His Character’s Development in Dickens’ A Tale of Two Cities ,

  Nugroho (2005) presents three problems formulation to analyze this novel. The

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  first is analyzing the characteristics of Charles Darnay which is important to determine his attitudes and actions. The second problem tries to find the kind of inner conflicts that influence Darnay’s life. The last problem is to find out the significance of the inner conflict to the Development of Darnay’s character.

  Sixth, with a title of her work Mr. and Mrs. Defarge’s Change of Attitude

  

toward Dr. Manette and His Family as Reflection of Social Conflict of Interest in

Charles Dickens’s A tale of Two Cities , by Rochandi (2006) focuses his study on

  the characters of Mr. and Mrs. Defarge. The first point of his study is to analyze the attitudes of Mr. and Mrs. Defarge toward Dr. Manette and his family that are described in the novel. The second point is to analyze how the social class conflict and personal revenge reveal or influence their change of attitudes.

  Widjanarty, Elina, Haryono, Ratnayanti, Nugroho, and Rochandi have given their piece of mind so that people will be able to understand more about the novel A Tale of Two Cities. This study entitled A Father-Daughter Relatonship as

  

seen in the Characters Dr. Manette and Lucie Manette in Charles Dickens’s “A

Tale of Two Cities” discusses something else which is about a father-daughter

  relationship. This research focuses more on the father-daughter relationship which never becomes the topic of the study of previous researcher. Specifically this research analyzes the father-daughter relationship shown by Dr. Manette and Lucie Manette toward each other. It aims to analyze the characters and characterization of Lucie Manette and Dr. Manette. Furthermore it also aims to analyze the connection between Dr. Manette and Lucie Manette characterization with the love and care in a father- daughter way that they give toward each other.

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2.2 Review of Related Theories

  The discussion of this part focuses on the theories that are used to analyze the novel A Tale of Two Cities. This part consists of critical approach, theory of character, theory of characterization, theory of love, theory of mother’s love and father’s love, and theory of father – daughter relationship.

2.2.1 Critical Approach

  Literature, as one of the works of art, is said to have an esthetic value resulted in evaluative judgment given to the work of literature by the readers. This evaluative judgement will be less worthwhile if it is only based on subjective statement. Therefore to have a reasonable judgement, we need to employ a means which is called a critical approach (Rohrberger & Woods Jr., 1971, p. 3).