A father-daughter relationship as seen in the characters Dr. Manette and Lucie Manette in Charles Dickens`s A Tale of Two Cities.

A FATHER-DAUGHTER RELATIONSHIP AS SEEN IN

THE CHARACTERS DR. MANETTE AND LUCIE MANETTE

IN CHARLES DICKENS’S

A TALE OF TWO CITIES

A

SARJANA PENDIDIKAN

THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

to Obtain the

Sarjana Pendidikan

Degree

in English Language Education

By:

Stefanus Tito Brahma Dipta

Student Number: 071214019

ENGLISH EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM

DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE EDUCATION AND ART

FACULTY OF TEACHING AND TRAINNING

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

2012

A FATHER-DAUGHTER RELATIONSHIP AS SEEN IN

THE CHARACTERS DR. MANETTE AND LUCIE MANETTE

IN CHARLES DICKENS’S

A TALE OF TWO CITIES

A

SARJANA PENDIDIKAN

THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

to Obtain the

Sarjana Pendidikan

Degree

in English Language Education

By

Stefanus Tito Brahma Dipta

Student Number: 071214019

ENGLISH EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM

DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE EDUCATION AND ART

FACULTY OF TEACHING AND TRAINNING

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

2012

A

Sarjana Pendidikan

Thesis on

A FATHER-DAUGHTER RELATIONSHIP AS SEEN IN

THE CHARACTERS DR. MANETTE AND LUCIE MANETTE

IN CHARLES DICKENS’S

A TALE OF TWO CITIES

By

Stefanus Tito Brahma Dipta

Student Number: 071214019

Approved by

A FATHER-DAUGHTER RELATIONSHIP AS SEEN IN

THE CHARACTERS DR. MANETTE AND LUCIE MANETTE

IN CHARLES DICKENS’S

A TALE OF TWO CITIES

By

Stefanus Tito Brahma Dipta

Student Number: 071214019

Defended before the Board of Examiners

on October 10

th

, 2012

and Declared Acceptable

Board of Examiners

Chairperson : C. Tutyandari, S.Pd., M.Pd.

_________________

Secretary

: Drs. Barli Bram M.Ed., Ph.D.

_________________

Member

: Drs. L. Bambang Hendarto, M.Hum.

_________________

Member

: Henny Herawati, S.Pd., M.Hum.

_________________

Member

: C. Tutyandari, S.Pd., M.Pd.

_________________

Yogyakarta, October 10

th

, 2012

Faculty of Teachers Training and Education

Sanata Dharma University

Dean

THE WORK OF THI S THESI S I S

DEDI CATED TO

GM Dr i at mant o Dar modj o SE ( RI P)

Fi l umi na Wi r y ant i

Yohanes Sami ngun Wi r y os upar t o ( RI P)

Ther es i a Sur adj i nah ( RI P)

I gnat i us Dj umadi Hadi sawar no( RI P)

Lus i a I s s oebandi y ah ( RI P)

“ Better to fight for something than live for nothing.”

( General George S. Patton)

“

No matter what you do, no matter how stupid, dumb

or damaging you judge it to be, there is a lesson to be

learned from it. No matter what happens to you, no

matter how unfair, inequitable or wrong, there’s

something you can take from the situation and use for

your advancement.

”

STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY

I honestly declare that this thesis, which I have written, does not contain the work or

parts of the work of other people, except those cited in the quotations, and the

references, as a scientific paper should.

Yogyakarta, October 10

th

, 2012

The Writer

Stefanus Tito Brahma Dipta

071214019

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH

UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS

Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata

Dharma:

Nama

: Stefanus Tito Brahma Dipta

Nomor Mahasiswa

: 071214019

Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan

Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:

A FATHER-DAUGHTER RELATIONSHIP AS SEEN IN

THE CHARACTERS DR. MANETTE AND LUCIE MANETTE

IN CHARLES DICKENS’S

A TALE OF TWO CITIES

beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan

kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan,

mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data,

mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau media lain

untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya maupun memberikan

royalty kepada saya selama tetap mencamtumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.

Dengan demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.

Dibuat di Yogyakarta

Pada tanggal September 11

th

, 2012

Yang menyatakan

ABSTRACT

Dipta, Stefanus Tito Brahma. (2012).

A Father-Daughter Relationship As Seen in

the Characters Dr. Manette and Lucie Manette in Charles Dickens’s A Tale of Two

Cities. Yogyakarta: English Education Study Program, Department of Language and

Art Education, Faculty of Teachers Training Education, Sanata Dharma University.

One example of love can be seen in a father-daughter’s relationship.

Father-daughter relationship is an interesting relationship that happens between a father and

a daughter. It is interesting because if it is not treated carefully, it can hurt both the

father and the daughter feeling. The example of father-daughter relationship can be

seen from the character Dr. Manette and Lucie Manette in Charles Dickens’s

A Tale

of Two Cities

. It is interesting to see the relationship that happen between Dr. Manette

and Lucie Manette because from them people can see that they really work hard to

make sure that each lives a happy life.

This study has two formulated problems. The first is how Lucie Manette and

Dr. Manette are described in the novel. The second is how father-daughter

relationship is described through the character Dr. Manette and Lucie Manette.

The method of this study was library research. The novel

A Tale of Two Cities

by Charles Dickens became the primary source of this study. Meanwhile, the

secondary sources were taken from several printed books and electronic articles that

supported the topic of the study. To answer the problems, the psychological

approach, theory of character, characterization, theories of love, theories of father’s

love and mother’s love, and the theories of father-daughter relationship were applied.

There are two results that can be drawn from this study. The first is the

description of Lucie Manette and Dr. Manette. Dr. Manette is described as a

traumatized and dependent person in the first part of the story and later on, he is able

to become an independent, loving, smart ,and brave person. Meanwhile, Lucie

Manette is described as an attractive, compassionate, loving, and brave person. The

second result is that both Lucie Manette and Dr. Manette really shows how to live as

a father and a daughter. Both of them really loves each other and support each other.

They will even do anything to make sure that each other live a happy life. These are

their ways to express their relationship.

ABSTRAK

Dipta, Stefanus Tito Brahma. (2012).

A Father-Daughter Relationship As Seen in

the Characters Dr. Manette and Lucie Manette in Charles Dickens’s A Tale of Two

Cities.Yogyakarta: Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Jurusan Bahasa dan

Seni, Fakulas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Salah satu contoh dari sebuah cinta dapat dilihat dari hubungan antara ayah

dan anak perempuan. Hubungan antara ayah dan anak perempuan adalah sebuah

hubungan yang menarik. Hubungan ini menarik karena jika tidak berhati-hati

hubungan semacam ini dapat melukai perasaan si ayah dan si anak perempuan.

Contoh Hubungan antara ayah dan anak perempuan dapat dilihat dari karakter Dr.

Manette dan Lucie Manette dalam novel

A Tale of Two Cities

karangan Charles

Dickens. Hal yang menarik dapat dilihat dari hubungan antara Dr. Manette dan Lucie

Manette. Dari mereka, seseorang dapat melihat bahwa mereka benar-benar berusaha

keras supaya satu sama lain dapat hidup bahagia.

Studi ini memiliki dua rumusan masalah. Rumusan masalah yang pertama

adalah bagaimana Lucie Manette dan Dr. Manette dideskripsikan di dalam novel.

Rumusan masalah yang kedua adalah tentang hubungan ayah dan anak yang

ditunjukkan oleh Dr. Manette dan Lucie Manette

Studi ini menerapkan studi pustaka. Novel yang berjudul

A Tale of Two Cities

karya Charles Dickens merupakan sumber utama penelitian studi ini. Sementara itu,

sumber-sumber sekunder didapat dari buku-buku dan artikel internet yang menunjang

topik pembahasan. Studi ini menerapkan pendekatan psikologi, teori karakter dan

karakterisasi, teori cinta, teori cinta ayah dan ibu, teori hubungan ayah dan anak

perempuan untuk menjawab permasalahan yang diambil.

Studi ini memiliki dua hasil. Hasil yang pertama adalah deskripsi Dr. Manette

dan Lucie Manette. Dr. Manette memiliki sifat-sifat yaitu traumatik dan tergantung

pada orang lain yang nantinya berubah menjadi seorang yang bebas, mencintai, pintar

,dan berani. Sedangkan Lucie Manette memiliki sifat menarik, mencintai, mengasihi,

dan berani. Dr. Manette dan Lucie Manette saling mencintai satu sama lain sebagai

ayah dan anak. Mereka selalu mendukung apapun yang dilakukan yang lainnya.

Mereka juga mau berkorban untuk satu sama lain supaya yang lain dapat hidup

bahagia. Ini adalah cara mereka untuk mengekspresikan hubungan mereka.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all I would like to thank my Lord Jesus Christ who constantly and

spiritually guides and guards me through the accomplishment of this thesis. The

lessons of life that are portrayed through the working process of this thesis leads me

to the meaning of hard work and determination.

My deepest gratitude goes to my parents GM Driatmanto Darmodjo (RIP) and

Filumina Wiryanti, for the incredible guidance, my grandparents: Dr. Serafina

Monica Issoegiyanti for her advice in making the thesis. I would also like to give my

biggest thank to my brother Tinus who always forces me to return to the reality

everytime I forgot my thesis. Without lossing regards to my great family, I give my

appreciation to the entire family of

Wiryosekarto

.

The unforgettable lecturer who has become my advisor is Drs. L. Bambang

Hendarto Y, M.Hum. His unbelieveable patience for guiding a student like me is very

extraordinary. I would also give my appreciation to the impressive lecturer JB.

Gunawan, M.A., for his motivation to keep me spiritful. I also give my deep respect

to all the lecturers and staff in English Language Study Program, Sanata Dharma

University for the unforgettable lessons, service, and moments during my study.

Those great people have contributed great lessons to the my life and nothing in this

world can pay their services until the end of time.

I also give my thanks to the unforgetable figures who have been my best

friends. The first are the

Bethaljemmur

brotherhood: Petruk Mangku Asmoro, Eko

Ngudi Waluyo, Yovi Bala Kurawa and Reza Gembus Kencana. The second are all

my friends in Sanata Dharma University (Kitin, Siska, Ninggar, Aik, Keke, Martha,

Andar, Ketchup alias Cahyo, Niko, Ian, Kelvin, etc). My deep gratitude especially

goes to Risma who always motivates me to work on my Thesis. I would also like to

thank Artdo and Adit who have become my brothers-in-arm after Petruk and Risma

graduated. The last but not the least my thankfullness is for all my friends in OMK

Dukuh and OMK Pugeran that has become a place where I run when my thesis

became boring. My special thanks especially go to Totok, who always bothered me

whenever I wanted to work on my thesis.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

TITLE PAGE ……… i

APROVAL PAGE ……… ii

DEDICATION PAGE

………... iv

STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY

………... vi

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH

UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS

……… vii

ABSTRACT ……… viii

ABSTRAK

……… ix

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

……… x

TABLE OF CONTENTS

……… xii

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

……… 1

1.2

Background of the Study ……… 1

1.2

Problem Formulation

……… 4

1.3

Objective of the Study

……… 5

1.4

Benefits of the Study

……… 5

1.5

Definition of Terms

……… 6

CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

……… 9

2.1 Review of Related Studies ……… 9

2.2

Review of Related Theories

……… 12

2.2.1

Critical Approach ……… 12

2.2.2

Character ……… 13

2.2.3

Characterization

……… 14

2.2.4

Love

……… 16

2.2.5

Mother’s Love Father’s Love……… 17

2.2.5.1

Mother’s Love

……… 18

2.2.6

The Father-Daughter Relationship

………… 20

2.3

Theoretical Framework

……… 22

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY

……… 23

3.2

Object of the Study

……… 23

3.2

Approach of the Study

……… 24

3.3

Methodology

……… 24

CHAPTER 4 ANALYSIS

……… 26

4.1

The Description of Dr. Manette

……… 26

4.1.1

Traumatized

……… 27

4.1.2

Dependent ……… 30

4.1.3

Loving

……….……… 32

4.1.4

Independent ……… 33

4.1.5

Brave

……… 34

4.2

The Description of Lucie Manette

……… 35

4.2.1

Attractive ……… 36

4.2.2

Loving

……… 38

4.2.3

Compassionate

………

39

4.2.4

Brave

………

40

4.3

Father-Daughter Relationship

……… 41

4.3.1

The Relationship of Dr. Manette and Lucie Manette 41

4.3.1.1 The Way Dr. Manette Expresses His Relationship

with Lucie Manette ………. 44

4.3.1.2 The Way Lucie Manette Expresses Her Relationship

with Dr. Manette ……….. 48

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS, AND SUGGESTIONS

52

5.1 Conclusions

……… 52

5.2

Implications

……… 55

REFERENCES

………

(1)

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

This first chapter consists of five parts that will help to explore the

understanding of this study. The first part, the background of the study, explains

the researcher’s personal reasons for choosing the topic. The second part is the

objectives of the study. The third part is problem formulation. In this part, the

problems of the study are formulated. The fourth part, the research benefits,

explains the advantages of the study. Finally, the last part is definition of terms,

which clarifies some important terms to help the readers to understand the terms

used in this study.

1.1Background of the Study

The main discussion of this study is about a father-daughter relationship.

Before one discusses about this relationship, one must learn first the definition of

the family. The reason is that one cannot discuss a father-daughter relationship

without relating it to the discussion about family. The term of family may vary in

the meaning from one person to another. Noller and Mary (1988, p. 188) come up

with three definitions of family. The first one is that family is a place where people can always feel safe and can cheer you whenever you feel sad and a place

that is full of happiness and a lot of experiences. The second definition is that

family is made of people who always take care of each other. The third

description is that family can be also a group of peoplewho always take care of

each other but having no relationship at all. The last definition can only be used if

a bond that is equal to that of a family. From those definitions, it can be seen that

family is a place where people can feel comfortable because they are taking care

of each other.

We can have a lot of definitions about family but there is one thing that all

families in this world share in common. The thing is called love. Without love

there will be no family in this world because love becomes the foundation of the

family. It becomes the foundation that strengthens the bonds between afather and

a mother; between a father and his children; and between a mother and her

children. Thus, it can be defined that love is a feeling with a strong sense of

affection towards others. Like family, the term ‘love’ itself has a wide area of

description because people will have different way to show it.

According to Noller and Mary (1993, p.202) love in a family is different

from love between a man and a woman. The difference is that love between a man

and a woman is always full of understanding toward each other and a feeling to be

together with each other. In the other hand, love in a family is a kind of love that

does not involve any kind of repayment therefore the love that a person receives

does not mean to be returned someday. If that person wants to repay those love, it

will be his own decision. The importance of love in a family is to make sure that

no harm will fall into each of its members. The depiction of family love that this

study exposes is the love that is shown from the father-daughter relationship

between Lucie Manette and Dr. Manette as Lucie Manette’s father.

Many poets and writers have been trying to portray family love in their

works. Because they know that love is not a simple thing and love is something

The relationship between a father and a daughter is also one kind of love because

a father will always care for his daughter and a daughter will always look up to

her father. This study will focus more on the love that is shown from the

relationship between a father and a daughter.

In this study the researcher will analyze this father-daughter relationship

which is considerably shown in the relationship between the characters Dr.

Manette and his daughter Lucie Manette throughout the story of A Tale of Two

Cities by Charles Dickens. The father-daughter relationship shown by Dr. Manette

and Lucie Manette is amazing. For example, Lucie never shows any

unwillingness in treating her ill father although it takes a lot of efforts and wastes

her energy. Meanwhile Dr. Manette is trying his best in holding back his

dependency on Lucie and at the end he helps Lucie in freeing her husband. What

Dr. Manette and Lucie do really shows how father-daughter relationship is

supposed to be and it is worth to study that because that kind of relationship is

what a family these days needs to do. Love within father-daughter relationship

does not need any kind of repayment. One literary work that portrays the

father-daughter relationship is a novel entitled A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens.

The setting of A Tale of Two Cities happens in two countries namely

England and France during the French Revolution happening in 1789 until 1799.

The story tells us about the life of a woman named Lucie Manette and people

around her including her family and acquaintances before and during the

revolution time. The story is divided in to three parts. The first part tell us about

what happens to Dr. Manette when he has been a prisoner in France and Lucie

the condition of Dr. Manette when he loses his memory of having a family and

how he cries when Lucie Manette tell him that she is his daughter. The second

part tells us about Lucie Manette’s love life and her struggle to cure the traumatic

experience of her father. The second part of the story also tells us about Dr.

Manette’s dependence on Lucie Manette and how he deals with this feeling of

dependency. It also tells us about how Dr. Manette loves his daughter by letting

her to become Charles Darnay’s wife. The third part describes Lucie Manette’s

struggle in freeing her husband from the grasp of the New France post-revolution

with the help of his father, Dr. Manette. This part also tells us about Dr. Manette’s

love toward Lucie Manette by helping her in any way he can using everything he

has.

The most interesting thing in this story is a father-daughter relationship

shown by Dr. Manette and Lucie Manette. Their relationship is so strong. Despite

the fact that Dr. Manette has become very ill and needs Lucie all the time to take

care of him, Lucie never abandons her father. Dr. Manette puts a lot of effort so

that he will not become a burden for his daughter because he loves her. At the end

Dr. Manette is able to recover from his illness and help Lucie in freeing her

husband. That father-daughter relationship shown by Dr. Manette and Lucie

Manette really reflects how a father-daughter relationship is supposed to be. Even

The researcher is willing to learn from them and that what makes A Tale of Two

Cities worth to become the object of this study.

1.2Problem Formulation

There are two problems concerning love that will be discussed in this

1.2.1 How are Dr. Manette and Lucie Manette described in the novel A Tale of

Two Cities by Charles Dickens?

1.2.2 How is father-daughter relationship described through the characters Dr.

Manette and Lucie Manette in A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens?

1.3 Objectives of the Study

There are two objectives of this study that must be accomplished. The first

objective of this study is to find the character and characterization of Lucie

Manette and Dr. Manette in the novel A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens.

The second objective of this study is to analyze the element of father-daughter

relationship that is described through the character of Dr. Manette and Lucie

Manette..

1.4 Benefits of the Study

There are somebenefits that can be gained from this study. The first is that

the reader can learn about love within father-daughter relationship that are shown

by the character of Dr. Manette and Lucie Manette. Then reader can understand

that they can do a lot of things to show their love toward their beloved one bothas

children toward their parent and a father toward his children. Furthermore, after

reading this study, people will be able to reflect themselves and ask a question

whether they have done enough for their parents and daughter or not. This study

can also motivate other people to do their best for their father or daughter sake,

especially for fellow student of Sanata Dharma University. They should be

their study. That is the best thing people can do to make their beloved one happy

these days.

1.5 Definition of Terms

There are some important terms used in this study. Those terms need to be

explained in order to avoid misconception among the readers

1.5.1 Character

Abrams (1981) states that “characters as the persons that presented in a

dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed

with moral, dispositional, and emotional qualities that are expressed in what they

say in the dialogue and by what they do in their action” (p. 20). Therefore, the

qualities of a character will be described from the beginning of a story until the

end as the effects of environmental crises and personal factors take part in

revealing and shaping a character. Therefore the researcher will use this term as

the reference to describethe characters Dr. Manette and Lucie Manette.

1.5.2 Characterization

Henkle (1977) defines characterization as a method by which an author

creates, reveals, and develops the changes so that, the reader can imagine what

kind of person the character is (p. 92-97). Characterization is a way for a writer to

describe the character within a story so that the reader will be able to have a vivid

image of the character. Being able to grab a character’s images makes the readers

be able to enjoy the story more.

According to Winnicott (1998, p. 35) father-daughter relationship is a

bound or relationship made by a father and a daughter. It is an important place to

learn about male-female relationship. From a father, little girls gain their first

reflection of themselves as a female. The girls then develop a sense of acceptance

or non-acceptance. The girls’ self-concept as a female person is largely shaped by

this father-daughter relationship.

1.5.4 Love

Fromm (2006, pp. 1-29) love is an art which people seek to achieve

interpersonal union. People understand that they are weak and ugly creature when

they are alone therefore they seek interpersonal union. Interpersonal union can

strengthen people and make them confident. Therefore, love has become the most

fundamental passion which becomes the force that keeps the human race together.

It is very appropriate to define love within the novel A Tale of Two Cities by

Charles Dickens. It is because love is the reason that tiesthe relationship between

each character inside the novel. Meanwhile becomes something that eventually

develops and reveals each character personal traits. It is also something that

makes the story more complex.

1.5.5 Patriotism

Nathanson (1993, pp. 34-35) mentions four definitions of patriotism. The

first one is special affection for one's own country. The second is a sense of

personal identification with the country. The third one is special concern for the

well-being of the country.The fourth one is willingness to sacrifice to promote the

the most appropriate one. It is about willingness to sacrifice to promote the

country’s well being.

1.5.6 Tale

Jones (1995, p. 21) describe tale as “a literary technique and a type of

story within a story, whereby an introductory or main narrative is presented, at

least in part, for the purpose of setting the stage either for a more emphasized

second narrative or for a set of shorter stories. The frame story leads readers from

a first story into another, smaller one (or several ones) within it”.

1.5.7 French Revolution

Doyle (1990, p. 31) states that the French Revolution (1789-1799) was a

period of radical social and political upheaval in French and European history.

The absolute monarchy that had ruled France for centuries collapsed in three

years. French society underwent an epic transformation as feudal, aristocratic, and

religious privileges evaporated under a sustained assault from liberal political

groups and the masses on the streets. Old ideas about hierarchy and tradition

CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter is divided into three parts of discussion. The first part is

review of related studies. This is the part to review other previous studies by other

researcherson the same workand author.

The second part of this chapter is a review of related theories. This part

contains an explanation about various kinds of critical approaches used in the

study of literary works. This part will be divided into seven namely, critical

approach, theory of character, theory of characterization, theory of love, theory of

the importance of father love and mother love, theory of mother love, theory of

father love, and theory of father-daughter relationship.

The last part is theoretical framework. This explains the framework of the

study that includes the contribution of the theory and reviews in solving the

problems of the study.

2.1 Review of Related Studies

Over the years many researchers both of the English Education Study

Program and English Letter Study Program of Sanata Dharma University have

used the novel A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens as the object of their

studies. Those researchers have their own way in analyzing the novel and they

have their own problem formulation to analyze the novel. In this section the

researcher will present the summary of those theses.

First, in her thesis entitled A Study on the Protagonist and the Social

protagonist in the novel because the researcher believes that the protagonist may

contain Dickens’ criticism toward society. The aims of this study are to find out

the protagonist’s personality and his personality changes, and Dickens’ social

criticism expressed through this character.

Second, in An Analysis on the Central Character in Dickens’ A Tale of

Two Cities Based on the Theory of Self-Esteem, Elina (1998) analyzes the

character of Sidney Carton. This study aims to explain Sidney Carton’s

characteristics related to theory of self-esteem. This study also aims to discover

the significance of his relationship with Charles Darnay towards the performance

of his self-esteem.

Third, Haryono (2000) in his thesis entitled Dickens’ Reformation

Message through the Character of Darnay in A Tale of Two Cities, analyzes what

lies behind the novel. His thesis aims to find out Dickens’ reformation message

toward the capitalists of his country. It also tries to find what values of life that the

author wants to convey.

Fourth, in her thesis entitled The Theme of Charles Dickens’ A Tale of

Two Cities seen from the major character’s noble status and the plot, Ratnayanti

(2002) analyzes the theme of the novel based from the character’s status and the

plot. The objectives are to analyze the unfavorable position of Charles Darnay and

how he responds tothe result of Charles Darnay effort in making his life peaceful,

and the theme of the novel.

Fifth, in a thesis entitled The Significance of Inner Conflict in Darnay’s

Life toward His Character’s Development in Dickens’ A Tale of Two Cities,

first is analyzing the characteristics of Charles Darnay which is important to

determine his attitudes and actions. The second problem tries to find the kind of

inner conflicts that influence Darnay’s life. The last problem is to find out the

significance of the inner conflict to the Development of Darnay’s character.

Sixth, with a title of her work Mr. and Mrs. Defarge’s Change of Attitude

toward Dr. Manette and His Family as Reflection of Social Conflict of Interest in Charles Dickens’s A tale of Two Cities, by Rochandi (2006) focuses his study on

the characters of Mr. and Mrs. Defarge. The first point of his study is to analyze

the attitudes of Mr. and Mrs. Defarge toward Dr. Manette and his family that are

described in the novel. The second point is to analyze how the social class conflict

and personal revenge reveal or influence their change of attitudes.

Widjanarty, Elina, Haryono, Ratnayanti, Nugroho, and Rochandi have

given their piece of mind so that people will be able to understand more about the

novel A Tale of Two Cities. This study entitled A Father-Daughter Relatonship as

seen in the Characters Dr. Manette and Lucie Manette in Charles Dickens’s “A Tale of Two Cities” discusses something else which is about a father-daughter

relationship. This research focuses more on the father-daughter relationship which

never becomes the topic of the study of previous researcher. Specifically this

research analyzes the father-daughter relationship shown by Dr. Manette and

Lucie Manette toward each other. It aims to analyze the characters and

characterization of Lucie Manette and Dr. Manette. Furthermore it also aims to

analyze the connection between Dr. Manette and Lucie Manette characterization

2.2 Review of Related Theories

The discussion of this part focuses on the theories that are used to analyze

the novel A Tale of Two Cities. This part consists of critical approach, theory of

character, theory of characterization, theory of love, theory of mother’s love and

father’s love, and theory of father – daughter relationship.

2.2.1 Critical Approach

Literature, as one of the works of art, is said to have an esthetic value

resulted in evaluative judgment given to the work of literature by the readers. This

evaluative judgement will be less worthwhile if it is only based on subjective

statement. Therefore to have a reasonable judgement, we need to employ a means

which is called a critical approach (Rohrberger & Woods Jr., 1971, p. 3).

Critical approachitself according to Abrams (1981) is “the overall term in

the use for studies concerned with defining, analyzing, classifying, interpreting,

and evaluating, the work of literature” (p. 49). It is true that by the use of critical

approach a researcher will be able to understand more about the novel; about the

characters of the novel, its characteristics, about how the story unfolds, and about

the theme of the novel. Therefore it becomes clear that critical approach is the

main weapon for a researcher in analyzing the work of literature.

Rohrberger and Woods Jr. (1971, pp. 6-15) mention five kinds of critical

approaches. They are the formalist approach, the biographical approach, the

sociocultural-historical approach, the mythopoeic approach, and the psychological

both the kinds of love within A Tale of Two Cities and the love in a

father-daughter relationship shown by Doctor Manette and Lucie Manette.

The critical approach applied in this study of literature is the psychological

approach. Psychological approach is an approach that involves the effort to locate

and demonstrates certain recurrent patterns which draw on different body of

knowledge. It explores the unconscious area of human mind that become the

wellspring of man’s rich imagination, his capacity for creation, and the

complexity of his thought and behavior, and that the content of this region of the

mind found expression in symbolic words, thought and action. The psychological

approach in this study is used to analyze the love that is felt by Lucie Manette

toward her father Dr. Manette. The psychological approach also used to analyze

how Lucie Manette expressing her love throughout the story.

2.2.2 Character

Like all peoplewho live in this world, there are characters that “live” and

“act” in a novel. According to Abrams (1980, p. 20), characters are the persons

presented in a dramatic or narrative work who are interpreted by the readers as

being endowed with moral and dispositional qualities that are expressed in what

they say and by what they do. Therefore it is important to pay attention to every

actions that the characters do in a story so that we may able to understand their

personalities.

Rohrberger and Woods Jr. (1971, p.20) states that characters are person

who act out in particular time and place some kind of conflict in a pattern of

distinguish them from other characters. They must be credible so that readers can

accept them as believable people.

Characters can be divided into two categories; they are major characters

and minor characters. Major characters usually appear in the whole of the story.

The story always involves him directly or indirectly. In another side there is minor

characters which are less important than the major characters because they are not

fully developed characters and their role in the story are just to support the

development of major characters (Abrams, 1980, p. 20).

Foster (1974, pp. 46-54) divides character into flat and round character

based on character’s internal complexity. Flat character is created in a single idea

or quality and the presentation is without many individualizing details. It can be

adequate described in a single phrase or sentence. A round character is complex in

temperament and motivation and is represented with subtle particularity.

2.2.3 Characterization

Holman and Harmon (1986, p. 81) define characterization as the act, the

process, or the result of characterizing in fiction whether it is a drama, a novel, a

short story, or a narrative poem. In those fictions, the author reveals the characters

of imaginary persons and its creation so that they can exist for the reader as

lifelike. Characterization is also a method by which an author creates, reveals, and

develops change so that, the reader can imagine what kind of person the character

is (Henkle, 1992, p. 92-97).

There are some ways which author may use to make his characters

understandable to and come alive for his readers based on Murphy (1972, pp.

life, conversation of others, reactions, direct comments, thought, mannerism.

Personal description is when the author gives description of the character’s

physical appearance (face, physique, clothing) directly. The description is often

related to his psychological condition; the personality itself can be reflected from

the external appearance.

Character as seen by another is when the character is not described directly

by the author. The author uses other characters’ eyes and opinions to help us to

draw the description. What they think about a certain character can be a

significant factor to build up our understanding on him.Understanding the speech

of the characters in a story is not only a step to the plot development but also a

manifestation of character. Frequently by understanding the characters’ speech,

each character’s motivation and attitudes toward life can be known. Whenever the

author provides pictures of characters’ past life, it can be traced and learnt to help

us to figure out his motive of faction at the present time. So basically, the

characters’ past life is always closely connected to his present life. Paying

attention to the conversation of other characters and the things they say about the

main character are useful in for gathering the necessary information about the

main character. If people want to draw judgment only from the point of view of

the main character, it is not enough to understand deeply about the main character.

Thus, it is necessary to pay close attention to each conversation in a story.

In reaction, the readers only need to focus on what the characters try to do,

and how they react to various situations and events. The characterization in direct

comment is done by giving the readers a straight forward description about or

is thinking about and what is playing inside the characters’ mind to show that each

other has his own way of thinking is given by the author. The character can also

be described through the description of his mannerism, habit, or way of thinking.

2.2.4 Love

Regan (1996, pp. 4-5) in his journal categorizes love, which becomes its

characteristics, into three basic components and illustrares it in a triangle which

consists of intimacy, passion, and decision or commitment. The intimacy

component is the primarily emotional or affective in nature and involves feelings

of warmth, closeness, connection, and bonds in the love relationship. The passion

component is motivational and consists of the drives that are involved in romantic

and physical attraction, sexual consummation, and related phenomena. The

decision/commitment component is largely cognitive and represents both the

short-term decision that one individual loves another and the longer term

commitment to maintain that love.

Lewis, Amini, and Lannon (2000, pp. 5-6) define love as the bond that

holds society together. It is a string that connects a person to another person.

Although people may not realize it when they talk to another person, when they

do any kind of activities with other people, they do it because of love. People can

have fun doing any kind of activities with other people because they love it. Love

is not just the focus of human experience but also the life force of the mind,

determining our moods, and stabilizing our bodily rhythms. The body's

physiology ensures that relationships determine and fix our identities. Love makes

In addition, Fromm (2006, pp. 1-29) explains that love is an art which

people seek to achieve interpersonal union. People understand that he is a weak

and ugly creature when they are alone therefore they seek interpersonal union.

Interpersonal union can strengthen people and make them confident. Therefore,

love has become the most fundamental passion which becomes the force that

keeps the human race together.

Love always implies certain basic elements which are care, responsibility,

respect, and knowledge. Care is the active concern for the life and growth of that

which we love. Responsibility is a voluntary act to response to the needs of

another human being. Respect is the concern that other person should grow and

unfold as he is. Knowledge is the concern to deeply understand a person. Each of

above elements is supporting each other and constitutes the definition of love.

Defining love is not that easy. Love is a word with many connotations and

everyone has their own interpretations. According to James (2010, p. 2) love is a

universal experience and everyone will have different love and different way to

love someone. Love itself is mysterious, magical, complex, difficult, and inspirational. Therefore, People may have their own interpretations of love

because the feeling that they have is different from one to another and the

experiences about love that they have is different from one another.

2.2.5 Mother’s Love and Father’s Love

Fromm (2006, p. 38-41) define mothers’ role and Fathers’ role as follows: Mother has a major in recognition and a minor in adaptation. It means that a

mother plays an important role in the development of children knowledge.

that a father play important role in how and when to apply the knowledge that the

children already have. Mom and Dad make a perfectly complimentary pair, a

perfect balance of two very valuable and irreplaceable functions. Therefore it is

important to have both of Mother’s love and father’s loves because both of them

play different role on the development of children personality, especially in the

development of their confidence.

Truman (2007, p. 44-47) explains that a father and a mother play a

different role in the development of their children. They also show and give their

love to their children differently, although it is different but both of them are

important in the development of children. In the way of acceptance and

adaptation, in order for children to gain a high self-esteem both support from

father and mother is needed. Until they have accepted Mom's recognition, they

feel that Dad's encouragement is only an invitation to hypocrisy and, quite likely,

to failure or rejection. When Mom finally gets them convinced that they are who

they think they are, that they are great and so forth, and then, when Dad says

"Live like who you are," it all makes sense.

2.2.5.1 Mother’s Love

Mother Love is unconditional, and entirely accepting everything of her

children. When a person is poorly positioned to gracefully receive critical

feedback, the mother will maximize empathy, and minimize critique. She

understands that this is the kind of support upon which the progress of the young

ones depends. Mother’s love is bliss and peace. Mother’s love does not need to be

acquired or deserved. Mother’s love also cannot be acquired, produced, or

Truman (2007, pp. 4-6), states that mother love is "warm and fuzzy"

because mother’s love is all-embracing, non-specific, and prone to generalization.

But the fact that everything that the kids do is a wonderful thing in their mother’s

eyes is in fact not wonderful. A mother will praise everything that her child does

even though it is only finishing his meal which is ordinary for common people.

Mother would not point out which is good and which is bad. Mother love is

unconditional, non-discerning or indiscriminate. Mother’s love is everything

because every little thing that a child does is wonderful in his mother eyes. A

mother loves her children because it is her child, not because the child has

fulfilled any specific condition.

2.2.5.2 Father’s Love

According to Fromm (2006, p. 43) father’s love is conditional. A father

loves his children because children have fulfilled a father’s expectations and done

their duty, and because they like their father. Father’s love has to be deserved.

Father’s love can lose if one does not do what is expected. In father’s love,

obedience becomes the main virtue and disobedience become the main sin.

Father’s love is also conditioned, which means that a child can acquire it and it is

not uncontrollable as motherly love is.

Truman (2007, pp. 4-6) states that father love is very precise. It is perfectly

focused. Father knows that not everything is good. When the father's sword of

discrimination falls, it separates the good from the bad; it parses everything out

into discernable, properly differentiated pieces. Thus, it says, "This that you are

doing is good; this that you are doing is not good. This that you are doing is

what makes these distinctions. Discernment recognizes the fact that those aspects

that are not good are in fact harmful. It keeps the person down. It creates suffering

for oneself and for others. Father love knows that, and shows that. This is what

father love does.

2.2.6 The Father-Daughter Relationship

According to Noller and Mary (1993, p. 237) a father is walking a narrow way in the relationship between a father and a daughter. It means that in

relationship between a father and a daughter, a father must be cautious for giving

his love because if he gives too many love toward his daughter, it will make the

daughter’s personal development become unbalanced. Like what has been

explained earlier, the father is the one who is responsible one for the development

of their children. But in a father-daughter relationship, a father must take extra

precaution in order to avoid some fatal misunderstanding. In this kind of

relationship there are three factors that should be considered by a father in order to

have a successful relationship.

Many problems in father-daughter relationships have something to do with

the father’s thoughts, feelings and attitudes toward women in general. There is a

long-standing devaluation of women in the culture that has shaped the attitudes of

most men. Our patriarchal culture sees women and feminine values as less

important than men and masculine values. A father will need to overcome this

negative conditioning in order to properly respect and love his daughter. He has to

put aside his feeling that a son will be better than a daughter because this kind of

thought can wound the emotional side of the daughter. Then she starts to believe

Another problem according to Noller and Mary (1993, pp 237-239) is

related to the personality type differences. For example, the father is a thinking

type and the daughter is a feeling type. In such a combination there is a constant

risk of misunderstanding. The daughter may feel that her values are not respected,

and the father is frustrated by what he takes as his daughter’s lack of logic. A

daughter as a woman usually judges everything based on their feelings, whereas a

father who is a man use logic or his mind to judge everything. The thinking type

father is interested only in the impersonal analysis of problems. The feeling type

daughter focuses on interpersonal relationships and personal values. Their

opposite perspectives may keep them at odds with each other. The best solution is

toleration and understanding for each other’s viewpoint. Since the father is

supposedly the more mature one, he may be the one to broaden himself in order to

incorporate the feeling perspective of his daughter.

According to Winnicott (2007, p. 35) Father-daughter relationship is a

bound or relationship made by a father and a daughter. It is an important place to

learn about male-female relationship. From a father, little girls gain their first

reflection of themselves as a female. The girls, then, develop a sense of

acceptance or non-acceptance. The girls’ self-concept as a female person is

largely shaped by this father-daughter relationship.

According to Winnicott (2007, p. 125) a daughter also needs a certain

amount of her father’s eros. She needs to know he loves her, and she is nourished

by his feelings for her, his playing with her, even his flirtatiousness with her. This

increases his confidence in herself, and prepares her for creative relationships with

taken overly, it will result in to an incestuous behavior that can cause a problem.

All that father can do is to find the middle way and realize that he and his

daughter are different but same people who need each other.

2.3Theoretical Framework

To answer the questions in the problem formulation, the researcher use

some theories related to the topic are applied. The study uses the psychological

approach, to get deeper into the characters’ psychological sides. Since the

problems deal with human psychology, the basis analysis needs the psychological

point of view.

The character and characterization theories are used to answer the first

question of problem formulation. It is used as a tool for analyzing the characters

in Charles Dickens novel entitled A Tale of Two Cities. Thus, theories of the

character and characterization are employed to analyze the characters and

characterization of Lucie Manette and Dr. Manette. The theory of love will be

used to analyzing kinds of love that are experienced by Lucie Manette and Dr.

Manette and eventually will also help for answering the second question.

Meanwhile, the theory of fatherly love will be used to analyze the kind of things

that a father will do to show his love toward his daughter. The theory of motherly

love will be used as a comparison that a father and a mother do different thing in

showing their love. The theory of father-daughter relationship will be used as a

foundation to analyze the bond between a father and a daughter, how they show

their love in a father-daughter way toward each other. All of the theories are

applied to analyze the father-daughter relationship that is shown by Dr. Manette

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY

In this chapter, there are three main sections. The first section is the object

of the study which describes Charles Dickens’s novel A Tale of Two Cities as the

center of the study. The second section is related to the approach used to analyze

the novel. The third section discusses the procedures which are taken to analyze

the novel.

3.1 Object of the Study

The object of this study is a novel entitled A Tale of Two Cities by Charles

Dickens. It was published in London by Wordsworth Editions Limited. Itconsists

of 45 chapters in 340 pages. The story is about the life of a family in London

during the French Revolution.

The story starts with the effort of Lucie Manette to free his father from

France with the help of Mr. Jarvis Lorry and a native, Mr. Defarge. Their effort is

fruitful and they manage to escape from France and return to London. In London,

Lucie triesto cure her father psychological problem by staying near him whenever

she is possible. After a while, Lucie is married to Charles Darnay and they have a

daughter. At that time in France there is a revolution. Because there are some

problems, Charles Darnay needs to go to France. However,things do not turn out

to be well enough for Charles Darnay and this time Lucie once again must return

to France to save her beloved one.

There are a lot of things that Lucie Manette does to show her love to Dr.

Manette by taking care of her father and his illness, by staying in his father side in

that Dr. Manette does to show his love toward Lucie Manette by recovering from

his illness and by putting a lot of effort in saving Lucies’ husband. The way both

of them shows their love is what will become the center of this study because it is

so interesting to see how far someone can do somethingfor their beloved one.

3.2 Approach of the Study

This study will use the psychological approach to analyze the element of

love inside the novel. Psychology is a science that studies human behavior

through human mind. Therefore, what it means by psychological approach is an approach to the psychological problem as the case of the characters mind and

behavior within the novel entitled ATale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens.

The psychological approach is chosen because the study is about the love

within a father-daughter relationship shown by Dr. Manette and Lucie Manette

toward each other. The fact is that love cannot be seen. It is existing only in

human mind. What we see in the reality is only the proof if somebody loves

somebody else. Therefore, the study of love can only be approach by using

psychological approach. Love is related to human mind and psychology is the study of human mind so that makes psychological approach will be the right

choice to use in this study.

3.3 Method of the Study

The method of the study is Library research. The first thing that was

needed to do was to read the novel chosen entitled A Tale of Two Cities by

Charles Dickens. It was not enough to read it just for once so the novel would be

earch and read theories and approach to analyze the formulated problem. The

procedure was to gather all the useful resources that were related to the

psychological approach that would be used. The primary sources of the study are

books and journals about theories of love, father’s love and mother’s love and

father-daughter relationship. The secondary sources of this study are taken from

the internet. And then read all of the resources that had been gathered and

understood it. Next step was to study the gathered information, theories, and

approaches in order to be able to analyze the problems formulated. In analyzing

the novel, the first thing that needed to do was to analyze and understand the

characters and characteristics of Dr. Manette and Lucie Manette within the novel.

By doing this the researcher knew what kind of people Dr. Manette and Lucie

Manette were. After that, the researcher would analyze how Lucie Manette

showed his love towards her father vice versa and whether her characteristics have

anything to do with how she expressed her love. Then, after the novel had been

analyzed using the approach and theories that had been gathered, the finding of

CHAPTER 4 ANALYSIS

This chapter is divided into two parts. The first part describes Dr Manette

and Lucie Manette characteristics. The second part discusses how father-daughter

relationship is reflected through the character Dr. Manette and Lucie Manette.

4.1The Description of Dr. Manette

A character is a person presented in a dramatic or narrative work, who is

interpreted by the readers as being blessed with moral, dispositional, and

emotional qualities that are expressed through what the author say (Abrams, 1981,

pp. 23-25). One of the characters in Charles Dickens’s A Tale of Two Cities is Dr.

Manette. He acts similarly as a person especially as a father in a real life.

Characters are also classified into major and secondary characters. Based

on Henkle’s theory of characters (1977, pp. 86-88), Dr. Manette is one of the

major characters in A Tale of Two Cities novel because he has a dominant role in

the novel and often appears in all scenes or parts. Dr. Manette is also considered

to be one of the major characters in the novel because the conflicts in the novel

actually happen because of what he has done in the past. Furthermore, characters

are also categorized into flat and round characters (pp. 86-88). Abrams’ (1981, p.

24) says that a dynamic is that one who experiences major personality change. Dr.

Manette is a dynamic character because he experienced major personalities

change throughout the story. Dr. Manette changes from a weak, traumatized mind

old man to a strong and loving father.

Murphy (1972, pp. 161-171) says that reader can understand characters in

Manette’s characteristics. To analyze Dr. Manette’s characters, these ways are

really needed to understand deeply his character.

Dr. Manette is described like a human being in a real life who is able to

change and develop his personalities in to a better one. Dr. Manette real name is

Alexandre Manette and he is a French Gentleman. People call him Dr. Manette

because of his job as a physician (p. 273). Another reason people call him Dr.

Manette is also because of his scientific knowledge, vigilance and skill in

conducting ingenious experiments (p. 78). Dr. Manette is a prisoner in France and

works as a shoemaker. As a shoemaker, he has an appearance of an old man with

a white raggedly cut beard, a hollow face, and exceedingly bright eyes. He also

has dark eyebrows and confused white hair. His body is withered and worn (p.

34). Dr. Manette is traumatized, dependent, loving, smart, brave.

4.1.1 Traumatized

Dr. Manette, Lucie’s father, is supposed to be a guardian for Lucie

Manette. He is supposed to be a father who will always protect Lucie from any

kind of harm. Yet, he is unable to carry out his responsibility as a father because

what happen to him in France. Dr. Manette’s imprisonment in the Bastille prison

of France for twenty years has made him a traumatized person.

On the day Lucie Manette meets his father for the first time, she is

accompanied by Mr. Lorry and Monsieur Defarge. Dr. Manette is working as a

shoemaker in a garret. In this place Lucie has seen that something is wrong with

her father. When the three of them enter the garret, there is someone who is

making shoes. The three of them greet him but there is only a small and faint

Lorry asks his name, the shoemaker does not properly answer the question.

Instead of mentioning a name, the shoemaker is mentioning a name of place and a

number.

‘Did you ask me for my name?’ ‘Assuredly I did.’

‘One hundred and five, North Tower.’ ‘Is that all?’

‘One hundred and five, North Tower.’ (p. 35; ch 4; book 1 )

From the statement, it can be concluded that Dr. Manette or the shoemaker is

mentally ill. The name that he mentions is actually the name of a place where he

was imprisoned. Furthermore, when Lucie is asking the reason why he is in that

place, Dr. Manette could not explain it. He does not remember anything of how

and why he is in that place for a very long time. (pp. 33-42; ch 4; book 1)

When Dr. Manette and Lucie Manette have escaped successfully from

France and lived together in London, he is still mentally ill. Sometimes in the

middle of the night, he will be heard walking up and down in his room. Lucie

Manette already knows that her father’s mind is walking up and down in his old

prison. Because of that, Lucie will hurriedly goes to his side and accompany him

to walk up and down until Dr. Manette’s mind is composed (p. 82; ch 6; book 2).

The reason why he is walking up and down at night is that he cannot imagine

living separately from Lucie Manette. Her daughter has become the light of his

life and he will die if he ever to be separated from Lucie (pp. 115-116; ch 10;

book 2).

As a father who has spent most of his time being taken care of by his only

daughter Lucie Manette, Dr. Manette is supposed to be already cured from his

husband, Dr. Manette cheerfully sends Lucie away. Unfortunately his mental

illness is so deep that it cannot be cured easily. That night he is found by Mr.

Lorry and Mrs. Pross making shoes. He makes shoes using the old tool that he

keeps in his room. It is actually a sign that Dr. Manette is still traumatized of

living alone like what happens to him while he is in prison. Whenever he gets

stressed, he will revert back to this shoemaking habit. No matter what Mr. Lorry

says to him, it does not affect him at all. Mr. Lorry does not hear any slight

response from Dr. Manette.

Dr. Manette actually has noticed that there is something wrong with him.

He already notices that he is mentally ill. One day Mr. Lorry seeks some guidance

from Dr. Manette. Mr. Lorry tells Dr. Manette that his friend is mentally ill. Mr.

Lorry tells that his friend for nine days and nights keeps working on something

that eventually wears him down and asks if there is any kind of treatment to stop

this. This is actually a plan to make Dr. Manette realizes that something happens

to him. Dr. Manette gives an answer to Mr.Lorry that there is a reason for the

problem and there is a way to solve it. From the conversation of Dr. Manette and

Mr. Lorry, it can be concluded that actually Dr. Manette knows the identity of this

man that Mr. Lorry is talking about and he understands the problem that this man

faces (pp. 169-174; ch 19; book 2).

After a long time being lovingly taken care of his daughter, Dr. Manette

condition has improved a lot. He does not show any symptoms of a mentally ill

person anymore and he grows to be more energetic day by day. Despite of the

good improvement shown, his mental illness cannot leave him completely. Every

day he fails to safe Charles Darnay from execution in France after putting a lot of

effort, he reverts back to his old shoe making habit. Dr. Manette crazily searches

for his old shoe making tool that has been destroyed by Mr. Lorry (p. 293; ch 12;

book 3). It becomes clear that the mental illness that Dr. Manette has cannot be

cured completely, only by the support of his beloved family that the illness can be

suppressed.

One knows that Dr. Manette is a traumatized person through three ways of

characterization; speech, conversation of others, and mannerism. His trauma

comes from the time when he is imprisoned in France. During his imprisonment

he always keeps his mind occupied by working as a shoemaker. His shoemaking

is actually the embodiment of his trauma. This habit always returns to him

whenever Dr. Manette feels stressed.

4.1.2 Dependent

Lucie Manette always takes care of Dr. Manette and always stays beside

him. This is actually good for Dr. Manette recovery from his mental illness but on

the other hand this is actually creates another problem. Because of what Lucie

have done by lovingly taking care of her father, there is a feeling of dependency

grow within Dr. Manette’s heart on Lucie. This feeling of dependency actually

becomes the trigger of Dr. Manette’s mental illness.

One day Charles Darnay comes to speak to Dr. Manette privately, to ask

his permission to marry Lucie Manette. He accidentally avoids the subject that

Charles Darnay talks to him. Eventually after a long conversation, Charles Darnay

is able to make him sure that the marriage with Lucie Manette will not become a

Darnay does so, yet that night Dr. Manette is seen by his daughter to be walking

up and down in his room. It is clear that actually Dr. Manette hates the marriage

idea. Dr. Manette has developed a strong feeling of dependency toward Lucie

Manette that cannot be shaken off easily (pp. 111-116; ch 10; book 2).

Lucie Manette actually knows that his father has developed some feeling

of dependency on her. Because of this, one day before her marriage, Lucie

Manette has a private conversation with his father. In the conversation she asks

her father whether the marriage shall be held or not, to find out her father’s

opinion. However, there is a sudden dark and gloomy feeling residing in her

father’s mind. He tells her that the marriage is something that is supposed to

happen sooner or later and he will face it no matter what happens (pp. 159-160; ch

17; book 2).

After the marriage, Lucie Manette is gone for her honeymoon with his

husband. On the night of Lucie Manettes’ departure, Dr. Manette is seen by Mr.

Lorry and Mrs. Pross doing the shoemaking again for nine days and nine nights.

This shows that this feeling of dependency cannot be erased easily. Eventually,

after working for nine days and nine nights, he stops his work. He manages to

overcome his feeling of dependency and will never do the shoemaking again (p.

165; ch 18; book 2).

Mostly one can see that Dr. Manette is a dependent person from his

speech, through his conversation with another character in the novel. Dr. Manette

is dependent on her daughter. His feeling of dependency is the one that makes him

have a hard time to agree to Charles Darnay’s marriage proposal.

he spends by living with his daughter, he manages to become a better person. He

manages to change from a traumatized dependent person in to a man that are

smart, loving, independent, and brave. The change that Dr. Manette undergoes is

not an easy one. It is not easy because every time he gets stressed the trauma will

return to him. Only by combining his resolve and his daughter love for him that he

can overcome his trauma. The love that his daughter has shown to him makes him

realizes that his daughter loves him so much. Therefore he want to return the love

that his daughter give him by trying his best in overcoming his trauma. Not only

to repay the love that Lucie Manette gives to him but also as a proof that he also

loves his daughter. In the end with his daughter’s help Dr. Manette is able to

overcome his trauma and become a better person.

4.1.3 Loving

Dr. Manette is a loving father. He does not show much of his loving traits

at the first part of the story. He does not do it because of his mental illness. In the

end as he recovers from his mental illness, he starts to show his love for his

daughter. Loving a person means that one must make a sacrifice to ensure other

people’s happiness. That is what Dr. Manette does to Lucie Manette. He shows

his love for his daughter by agreeing to Charles Darnays’ marriage proposal and

overlooks his own feeling of dependency toward Lucie Manette. His feeling of

dependency makes him hates the marriage. Although Dr. Manette hates the

marriage idea but he loves his daughter. Dr. Manette realizes that the only way to

prove his love for his daughter is to make his daughter happy. He understands that

the marriage is perfect for his daughter’s happiness (pp.111-116; ch 10; book 2).

When Charles Darnay, Lucie Manette’s husband, is being imprisoned in France

Dr. Manette is the one who tries his best to save Charles Darnay. He has done

everything in his capability, but he fails to save Charles Darnay. Although his

efforts come to nothing but Dr. Manette has shown his daughter how much he

loves her. And his daughter understands that (pp. 232-234 ch 4; book 3).

From Dr. Manette mannerism, one can know that Dr. Manette is a loving

person. From his attitude and everything that Dr. Manette does for Lucie Manette

one can understand that Dr. Manette really loves his daughter Lucie Manette. Dr.

Manette will do everything for Lucie Manette to make sure that his daughter is

happy.

4.1.4 Independent

After a long time being taken care by his daughter that results in Dr.

Manette having a strong dependency on Lucie Manette, he is able to regain his

independency. Dr. Manette once again becomes a man that can stand by his own. It

happens after the conversation with Charles Darnay considering his proposal to

marry Lucie Manette. That time Dr. Manette has a hard time in deciding whether to

accept Charles Darnay’s proposal or not because he has developed a feeling of

dependency on Lucie Manette. Eventually Dr. Manette accept Charles Darnay

proposal. From this, one can see that Dr. Manette is trying his best not to be a

dependent person. Therefore he agrees to Charles Darnay proposal considering that

this is the best for his daughter’s own happiness and by doing that way he will be

able to erase his dependency on Lucie Manette (pp. 111-116; ch 10; book 2).

In his conversation with his daughter before her marriage, one can also see

daughter wants to make sure that the marriage is a good idea. She also wants to

make sure that he will be alright if his daughter leaves his side. Dr. Manette

convinces his daughter that the marriage is a good idea and he will be alright if his

daughter leaves his side. Although the night after the marriage, he returns to his

habit of making shoes again, but eventually he is able to overcome his trauma (pp.

159-163; ch 17; book 2). From that point forward Dr. Manette has become a

different person with a magnificent personality. Later on, Dr. Manette even

becomes a brave man by doing anything in order to save Charles Darnay who is

being imprisoned in France.

It can be conluded that Dr. Manette is able to be an independent person.

Through his mannerism one can see that he has changed to become an

independent person. How he show his love for his daughter either by agreeing to

the marriage and saving his daughter’s husband has become a proof that he is an

independent person.

4.1.5 Brave

Dr. Manette is a brave person. He shows his bravery in France during his

effort in saving Charles Darnay. Immediately after his arrival in France he

manages to rally some people and march to Bastille prison where Charles Darnay

is being imprisoned. Historically that time France is actually in a state of

revolution and it was dangerous to go outside especially for foreigner. Yet Dr.

Manette does not heed the danger and strengthen his resolve to save Charles

Darnay. He even dares to stay in the prison to make sure that Charles Darnay will

not be executed (pp. 224-226; ch 2; book 3).

(7) APPENDIX 2

The Biography of the Author

Charles Dickens was born in Portsmouth, England, on February 7, 1812, to John and Elizabeth Dickens. Dickens attended private school for a time, after the family relocated to Camden Town, London. Unfortunately for the young Dickens, this time would come to an abrupt end, after his father was sent to debtor’s prison. His family joined him there, except Charles, who started working at Warren’s Blacking Warehouse. He earned six shillings a week and worked 10-hour days.

In 1827 Dickens entered a career in law, working as a Clerk. These experiences would provide more insights for future novels such as Nicholas Nickleby

and Bleak House. In 1829, aged 17, Dickens took a job as a court stenographer. In

1834 Dickens would start writing political journalism, using the pen-name ‘Boz.’His first collection was published in 1836, the same year as his first novel The Pickwick

Papers. The following year, Dickens' success would continue with the production of

his arguably most famous novel, Oliver Twist. Nicholas Nickelby followed in

1838-1839 and The Old Curiosity Shop.

In April 1836 Dickens married Catherine Hogarth; they would have 10 children. Dickens, in 1858, would separate from his wife, though they did not divorce. This would have been frowned upon, especially considering Dickens' fame. In later years, it was suspected that Ellen Ternan, a friend, may have been Dickens’

(8)

mistress. Not only that, but she may have been part of the reason that his marriage broke down.

In 1842 Dickens visited America and Canada with his wife, where they enjoyed a positive reception. He spent time in New York before returning to England. Dickens would also live briefly in both Italy and Switzerland, but returned home. In 1843, Dickens produced another hugely popular novel, A Christmas Carol, the first

of the Christmas Books. More success followed with the publication of David

Copperfield (1849-1850), Hard Times (1854), Little Dorrit (1857) and Great

Expectations (1861).

In 1865, Dickens was returning from France by train; what would follow became known as the Staplehurst rail crash. Dickens happened to be travelling in the one carriage that stayed on the track. Dickens never fully recovered either physically or psychologically. As with all of his life experiences, he used it as material for his writing. However, he turned his attention from writing to giving public readings of his previous works, against the advice of his doctor.

In 1869 Dickens collapsed, after suffering a minor stroke. On the 8th of June, 1869 Dickens suffered another, more severe stroke and died the following day, which ironically, was exactly five years after the rail accident. Dickens was buried in Poet’s corner, Westminster Abbey.

Compiled from:

http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2010/jun/10/who-was-charles-dickens/ http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/dickens/dickensbio1.html

(9) APPENDIX 3

Artworks taken from the novel A Tale of Two Cities

Picture 1. Dr. Manette and Lucie Manette meets for the first time

(10) Picture 3. The Sea Rises

viii ABSTRACT

Dipta, Stefanus Tito Brahma. (2012). A Father-Daughter Relationship As Seen in the Characters Dr. Manette and Lucie Manette in Charles Dickens’s A Tale of Two

Cities. Yogyakarta: English Education Study Program, Department of Language and

Art Education, Faculty of Teachers Training Education, Sanata Dharma University. One example of love can be seen in a father-daughter’s relationship. Father-daughter relationship is an interesting relationship that happens between a father and a daughter. It is interesting because if it is not treated carefully, it can hurt both the father and the daughter feeling. The example of father-daughter relationship can be seen from the character Dr. Manette and Lucie Manette in Charles Dickens’s A Tale of Two Cities. It is interesting to see the relationship that happen between Dr. Manette and Lucie Manette because from them people can see that they really work hard to make sure that each lives a happy life.

This study has two formulated problems. The first is how Lucie Manette and Dr. Manette are described in the novel. The second is how father-daughter relationship is described through the character Dr. Manette and Lucie Manette.

The method of this study was library research. The novel A Tale of Two Cities

by Charles Dickens became the primary source of this study. Meanwhile, the secondary sources were taken from several printed books and electronic articles that supported the topic of the study. To answer the problems, the psychological approach, theory of character, characterization, theories of love, theories of father’s love and mother’s love, and the theories of father-daughter relationship were applied.

There are two results that can be drawn from this study. The first is the description of Lucie Manette and Dr. Manette. Dr. Manette is described as a traumatized and dependent person in the first part of the story and later on, he is able to become an independent, loving, smart ,and brave person. Meanwhile, Lucie Manette is described as an attractive, compassionate, loving, and brave person. The second result is that both Lucie Manette and Dr. Manette really shows how to live as a father and a daughter. Both of them really loves each other and support each other. They will even do anything to make sure that each other live a happy life. These are their ways to express their relationship.

ix

ABSTRAK

Dipta, Stefanus Tito Brahma. (2012). A Father-Daughter Relationship As Seen in the Characters Dr. Manette and Lucie Manette in Charles Dickens’s A Tale of Two Cities.Yogyakarta: Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Jurusan Bahasa dan Seni, Fakulas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Salah satu contoh dari sebuah cinta dapat dilihat dari hubungan antara ayah dan anak perempuan. Hubungan antara ayah dan anak perempuan adalah sebuah hubungan yang menarik. Hubungan ini menarik karena jika tidak berhati-hati hubungan semacam ini dapat melukai perasaan si ayah dan si anak perempuan. Contoh Hubungan antara ayah dan anak perempuan dapat dilihat dari karakter Dr. Manette dan Lucie Manette dalam novel A Tale of Two Cities karangan Charles Dickens. Hal yang menarik dapat dilihat dari hubungan antara Dr. Manette dan Lucie Manette. Dari mereka, seseorang dapat melihat bahwa mereka benar-benar berusaha keras supaya satu sama lain dapat hidup bahagia.

Studi ini memiliki dua rumusan masalah. Rumusan masalah yang pertama adalah bagaimana Lucie Manette dan Dr. Manette dideskripsikan di dalam novel. Rumusan masalah yang kedua adalah tentang hubungan ayah dan anak yang ditunjukkan oleh Dr. Manette dan Lucie Manette

Studi ini menerapkan studi pustaka. Novel yang berjudul A Tale of Two Cities

karya Charles Dickens merupakan sumber utama penelitian studi ini. Sementara itu, sumber-sumber sekunder didapat dari buku-buku dan artikel internet yang menunjang topik pembahasan. Studi ini menerapkan pendekatan psikologi, teori karakter dan karakterisasi, teori cinta, teori cinta ayah dan ibu, teori hubungan ayah dan anak perempuan untuk menjawab permasalahan yang diambil.

Studi ini memiliki dua hasil. Hasil yang pertama adalah deskripsi Dr. Manette dan Lucie Manette. Dr. Manette memiliki sifat-sifat yaitu traumatik dan tergantung pada orang lain yang nantinya berubah menjadi seorang yang bebas, mencintai, pintar ,dan berani. Sedangkan Lucie Manette memiliki sifat menarik, mencintai, mengasihi, dan berani. Dr. Manette dan Lucie Manette saling mencintai satu sama lain sebagai ayah dan anak. Mereka selalu mendukung apapun yang dilakukan yang lainnya. Mereka juga mau berkorban untuk satu sama lain supaya yang lain dapat hidup bahagia. Ini adalah cara mereka untuk mengekspresikan hubungan mereka.