The quality of Hendro Darsono`s translation of English quotations in English proverbs and quotations - USD Repository
THE QUALITY OF HENDRO DARSONO’S TRANSLATION OF ENGLISH QUOTATIONS
IN ENGLISH PROVERBS AND QUOTATIONS AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters
By
MINA RAKHMAWATI
Student Number: 034214010
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2011
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
This thesis is dedicated to the memory of my late father, my beloved mother and brothers, my beloved husband and my precious child
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to thank the Almighty Allah SWT for His love and blessings throughout my life. My struggle in finishing this thesis has been a long, hard one. Without the guidance and strength He had given me, I could not have finished this thesis.
Next, I would like to thank my advisor, Dr. Francis Borgias Alip, M.Pd,
M.A, for giving me his utmost time, attention and support in making this thesis
possible. I am deeply grateful for his patience, which had enabled me to continue working on my thesis despite various obstacles. I also thank my co-advisor,
Adventina Putranti, S.S., M.Hum., for his/her valuable inputs and corrections
for my thesis.My deepest gratitude also goes to my late father, H. Zaini Mustafa, and my mother, Hj. Siti Asiah. Thank you for your never-ending love, prayers, and patience. I would also thank my elder brothers, Zaqqi and Baihaqi, for their support, protection, and jokes that make my life more cheerful.
My special thanks go to all Sanata Dharma University English Letters Department students, especially from the class of 2003. Even though we have all gone our separate ways now, I have had many great memories of the moments we shared together. My appreciation also goes to all the staff in English Letters Department, the Faculty of Letters, and Sanata Dharma University library for their patience and their support.
Last but not least, I would like to thank my beloved husband and child for being the most precious things in my life. Thanks for being a shoulder to cry on and a hand to hold on, and for giving me their unconditional love.
Mina Rakhmawati
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ........................................................................................................... i APPROVAL PAGE ................................................................................................ ii ACCEPTANCE PAGE .......................................................................................... iii DEDICATION PAGE ............................................................................................ iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................... v LEMBAR PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI ........................................................... vii STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ..................................................................... viii TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................................................................... ix LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................. xi ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................... xii ABSTRAK ........................................................................................................... xiii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ........................................................................... 1 A. Background of the Study ......................................................................... 1 B. Problem Formulation ............................................................................... 3 C. Objectives of the Study ............................................................................ 4 D. Research Benefits ..................................................................................... 4 E. Definition of Terms .................................................................................. 5 CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW ............................................................ 6 A. Review of Related Studies ....................................................................... 6 B. Review of Related Theories ..................................................................... 9 C. Theoretical Framework .......................................................................... 18 CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY ..................................................................... 20 A. Object of the Study ................................................................................ 20 B. Approach of the Study ........................................................................... 21 C. Method of the Study ............................................................................... 22 D. Data Collection ...................................................................................... 23 E. Data Analysis ......................................................................................... 23 CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS ................................................................................ 25 A. The Quality of Hendro Darsono’s Translation of English Quotations in English Proverbs and Quotations ...................................................... 25
1. The Very Good Translation ............................................................. 26
2. The Good Translation ...................................................................... 32
3. The Fair Translation ........................................................................ 39
B. The Weaknesses of Hendro Darsono’s Translation of English Quotations in English Proverbs and Quotations .................................... 58
1. The Very Good Translation ............................................................. 59
2. The Good Translation ...................................................................... 61
3. The Fair Translation ........................................................................ 64
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION ............................................................................ 67 BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................ 70 APPENDIX .......................................................................................................... 72
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Translation Evaluation Criteria .............................................................. 14 Table 2. Translation Evaluation Scoring Indicators ............................................. 17 Table 3. Modified Translation Evaluation Scoring Indicators ............................. 18 Table 4. Modified Translation Quality Categories .............................................. 26 Table 5. The Quality of Translation in English Proverbs and Quotations .......... 48
ABSTRACT
MINA RAKHMAWATI (2011). The Quality of Hendro Darsono’s Translation
of English Quotations in English Proverbs and Quotations. Yogyakarta:
Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University.This study aims to analyze the quality of Hendro Darsono’s translation of English quotations into Indonesian in his book entitled English Proverbs and
Quotations . This topic is formulated into two questions, namely about how the
quality of Hendro Darsono’s translation of English quotations is and what the weaknesses of Hendro Darsono’s translation are.
This study uses theories of translation and translation quality assessment from many sources, such as Larson, Baker, Nida and Taber, and Machali. This study uses the library research method, with the data comprised of 100 quotations translated by Darsono in his book. The data were analyzed using Machali’s translation quality assessment indicators, but the scoring range was adjusted by the writer.
The results of the study can be divided into two parts, which correspond to the two questions in the problem formulation. Firstly, the translation quality assessment reveals that 67 data (67%) come under the Very Good Translation category, 26 data (26%) come under the Good Translation category, and 7 data (7%) come under the Fair Translation category. There is no data under the Poor
Translation category. The average score is 13.69 out of 16. In other words, in
general, the quality of Darsono’s translation can be categorized as very good.Secondly, despite the good quality of the translation in general, the translation still has some weaknesses. Most of the weaknesses found in Darsono’s translation occur in the linguistic aspect and the semantic aspect. In other words, Darsono’s translation still has problem in linguistic and semantic accuracy.
ABSTRAK
MINA RAKHMAWATI (2011). The Quality of Hendro Darsono’s Translation
of English Quotations in English Proverbs and Quotations. Yogyakarta:
Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma.Studi ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kualitas terjemahan kutipan- kutipan berbahasa Inggris ke dalam bahasa Indonesia oleh Hendro Darsono dalam bukunya yang berjudul English Proverbs and Quotations. Topik ini dirumuskan ke dalam dua pertanyaan, yakni bagaiman kualitas terjemahan kutipan-kutipan berbahasa Inggris karya Hendro Darsono dan apa saja kelemahan-kelemahan terjemahan Hendro Darsono.
Studi ini menggunakan teori tentang terjemahan dan penilaian kualitas terjemahan dari berbagai sumber, antara lain oleh Larson, Baker, Nida dan Taber, serta Machali. Studi ini menggunakan metodologi studi pustaka, dengan data yang terdiri dari 100 kutipan yang diterjemahkan oleh Darsono di bukunya. Data tersebut dianalisa menggunakan indikator-indikator penilaian kualitas terjemahan Machali, namun dengan kisaran angka nilai yang dimodifikasi oleh penulis.
Hasil studi ini dapat dibagi menjadi dua bagian yang menjawab masing- masing rumusan masalah. Hasil pertama, berdasarkan penilaian kualitas terjemahan, 67 data (67%) berada dalam kategori Sangat Baik, 26 data (26%) berada dalam kategori Baik, dan 7 data (7%) berada dalam kategori Cukup. Tidak ada data yang berada dalam kategori Buruk. Nilai rata-rata yang diperoleh seluruh data ialah 13,69 dari 16. Dengan kata lain, secara umum, kualitas terjemahan Darsono tergolong sangat baik.
Hasil kedua, walaupun secara umum kualitasnya sudah sangat baik, terjemahan Darsono masih memiliki sejumlah kelemahan. Sebagian besar kelemahan tersebut berasal dari aspek linguistik dan aspek semantik. Dengan kata lain, terjemahan Darsono masih mengalami masalah dalam hal akurasi linguistik dan semantik.
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study As human beings keep achieving progress in many aspects of life, there
have been increasing demands towards various written materials from other countries, such as literary works, educational materials, instructional books, guide books, and many others. Many of those foreign materials are written in languages which are different from the readers’ language. In order to make those books understandable for local readers, they need to be translated into the readers’ own language. The most responsible person in translating into the target language is the translator. Therefore, the translator must possess good knowledge in both languages as he/she is responsible for the content and the quality of translation, as suggested by Larson in the following quotation.
Nowadays, we have come to the globalization era in which the communication among people all over the world has been intensifying. To understand, appreciate, and learn wisdom from other cultures, people need to know and translate the languages of other cultures into their own language. In the process of translation, the translators deal with the linguistic and sociolinguistic factors involved translating a text from a source language into a receptor language (Larson, 1984: 6). There are particular standards in translating a text. A translator is demanded to provide the best translation, namely the translation that meet the standards. According to Larson, a piece of translation can be considered the best translation if it meets three criteria. Firstly, the translation uses the normal language forms of the target language. Secondly, it communicates the same meaning that was understood by the source language speakers as the one understood by the target language speakers as much as possible. Thirdly, it maintains the dynamics of the original source language text. Maintaining the “dynamics” of the original source text means that the translation is presented in such a way that it will, hopefully, evoke the same responses as the source text attempted to evoke (1984: 6). Other sources might mention different sets of criteria from the ones mentioned by Larson, but basically, a piece of translation have to meet to some kinds of standards in order to communicate the meaning successfully.
The book English Proverbs and Quotations, as suggested by the title, contains famous proverbs and quotations in English along with their meanings in Indonesian. The proverbs and quotations in the book were taken from authors, scientists, philosophers, artists, politicians, and other sources, besides the anonymous ones. The proverbs and quotations were compiled and translated into Indonesian by Hendro Darsono. This book can be categorized as a non-fiction book, to be precise an educational book about the English language. The target audience of the book is English learners at beginner level in Indonesia, especially those who want to learn more about common English proverbs and quotations.
Therefore, Hendro Darsono translated the proverbs and quotations into simple Indonesian.
This undergraduate study focuses on the quality of Hendro Darsono’s translation in English Proverbs and Quotations. At a glance, the translation in this book is much smaller in amount and much less complicated than the translation in long novels or textbooks. However, the translation quality in this book plays an important role, considering that the book is targeted at Indonesian readers who are learning English at the beginner level. If the translation quality is generally good, the meaning of the text is communicated well, which will help the readers improve their understanding of English. On the contrary, if the translation quality is generally poor, the meaning of the text might not be communicated well and the readers might not be able to learn a lot from the book.
This book is interesting to analyze because in fact, not all aspects of the source text can be translated satisfactorily. In this study, the writer conducts an analysis and evaluation of the 100 quotations from the book. The translation is analyzed based on theories of translation, which is one of the subjects from the field of linguistics. The results are then evaluated and categorized according to several criteria. Based on the analysis and evaluation, this study also features recommendations related to the quality of Hendro Darsono’s translation in English Proverbs and Quotations .
B. Problem Formulation
In order to guide and limit the discussion, the topic has been formulated into two following questions.
1. How is the translation quality of Hendro Darsono’s translation of English quotations in English Proverbs and Quotations?
2. What are the weaknesses of Hendro Darsono’s translation of English quotations in English Proverbs and Quotations?
C. Objectives of the Study
Based on the problems formulation above, there are two objectives of this study. The first objective is to assess the quality of Hendro Darsono’s translation. This stage is important to measure the correctness and accuracy of the target language used in each quotation. The second objective is to evaluate the translation results by counting the score for each category based on the standards. Thus, the writer can draw conclusion about the quality of translation.
D. Research Benefits
This study has some potential benefits. For instance, the results of this study are expected to give some contribution to those interested in translation, such as English language teachers and English learners, in evaluating the output quality of the translation.
From the practical aspect, the results of the study can be used as a reference for English learners who want to explore more about translation studies, especially in terms of the ways to translate proverbs as well as the quality of translation. The English learners who are interested in translation studies may use this reference to elaborate their specific interest.
For the writer, this study is required to develop her skills and knowledge and to improve her competence in English translation. Also, completing this study is one of the requirements for the Sarjana Sastra Degree in the English Letters Department at Sanata Dharma University, Yogyakarta.
E. Definition of Terms
This part contains the definition of specific key terms which are used in this study. There are three terms to be defined in this section.
1. Accuracy
In the subject of translation, the term accuracy refers to “the correct transfer of information and evidence of complete comprehension” (Munday, 2001: 30). Thus, an accurate translation can transfer information from one language to another and demonstrate complete comprehension of the information.
2. Translation
Catford defines translation as “the replacement of textual material in one language (Source Language or SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (Target Language or TL)” (1965: 20). Translation consists of several steps, namely studying the lexicon, grammatical structure, communication situation, and cultural context of the source language text, analyzing it in order to determine its meaning and then reconstructing this same meaning using the lexicon and grammatical structure that are appropriate in the receptor language and its cultural context (Larson, 1984: 3).
3. Quotation
Quotation is “a phrase or short piece of writing taken from a longer work of literature, poetry, and so on” (Hornby, 1995: 955).
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW This chapter consists of three parts, namely review on related studies,
review on related theories, and theoretical framework. The first part covers brief description of other studies which are relevant to this study. The second part covers several theories about translation that can support the analysis in this study. Lastly, the theoretical framework aims to show how the aforementioned theories are employed to analyze the data in this study.
A. Review on Related Studies
In order to support this study, the writer tries to find previous studies which are related to the topics discussed in this study. The writer finds two related studies which will be discussed here. Both studies are taken from the Sanata Dharma University's English Letters Study Programme Sarjana Sastra thesis.
The first related study is entitled “Translation Quality Assessment on the Accuracy, Naturalness and Acceptability of the Translation of Leo Tolstoy's ‘After the Dance’ into ‘Setelah Pesta Dansa’ by Anton Kurnia”. It was written by Diah Puspitaratri. In this study, Diah Puspitaratri analyzes the quality of the Indonesian translation of Leo Tolstoy's prose “After the Dance”. The quality assessment is done by using three criteria, namely accuracy, naturalness, and acceptability (especially related to target culture and norms). This study uses library research and field research methodology. The objective data was collected from Tolstoy's “After the Dance” as the Source Language text and Anton Kurnia's “Setelah Pesta Dansa” as the Target Language text, while the affective data was collected from respondents' questionnaire results.
As the result of the study, after the analysis of Anton Kurnia's Indonesian translation of Tolstoy's “After the Dance”, the accuracy level achieves “a low score of 1.76”, the naturalness level achieves “a quite satisfying score of 1.30”, while for the acceptability, the text does not undergo "any worthy analysis" and “does not face any particular discussion on the criterion of the acceptability” (Puspitaratri, 2010: 230-231). Therefore, Anton Kurnia's translation can be considered as “an inaccurate, natural, and accepted translation” (2010: 231).
The second related study is entitled “Inaccuracies Related with the Translation Strategies and the Translation Competence in Translating James Joyce's Araby”. It was written by Gregorius Prima Putra Sanjaya. In this study, Sanjaya analyzes the inaccuracies of the Indonesian translation of James Joyce's short story entitled “Araby”. The inaccuracies are then analyzed in terms of translation strategies and translation competence. This study also employs library research and field research methodology. The objective data was collected from Joyce's “Araby” as the Source Language text and Wawan Yulianto's Indonesian translation as the Target Language text, while the affective data was collected from three respondents.
As the result of the study, Wawan Yulianto's translation of “Araby” achieves the accuracy score of 3.04 or 76%, with 25 inaccuracies found in the translation (Sanjaya, 2010: 52). From those inaccuracies, 22 were translated with literal translation strategy, 1 was translated with combination of broadening and lexical calque, 1 with descriptive equivalent and 1 with transliteration (2010: 53).
The two related studies above have some similarities and differences to this study about Darsono's translation. The similarity between this study and Puspitaratri's study is found in the topic, namely discussing translation quality. While the similarity between this study and Sanjaya's study is found in the field of linguistics, namely translation study, to be precise translation assessment.
On the other hand, the differences between this study and Puspitaratri's study are found in the type of object of study and the criteria used in the study.
The object of Puspitaratri's study is a fictional literary work, namely prose, while the object of this study is quotations taken from famous people or famous sayings.
The criteria used in Puspitaratri's study are the accuracy, naturalness and acceptability of the translation, whereas the criteria used in this study are the accuracy and terminology of the translation, with the accuracy further divided into three aspects (linguistic, semantic, and pragmatics).
The differences between this study and Sanjaya's study are found in the type of object of study, the specific topic and criteria used in the study. The object of Sanjaya's study is also a fictional literary work, namely short story, while the object of this study is famous quotations. Sanjaya's study focuses on the inaccuracies of the translation, whereas this study begins with the assessment of translation quality first, then continues with the weaknesses of the translation, with inaccuracies as one of the weaknesses of the translation. In Sanjaya's study, the criteria used to examine inaccuracies are related with translation strategies and translation competence of the author, while in this study, the weaknesses (including inaccuracies) of the translation are examined based on three aspects, namely linguistic, semantic, and pragmatics.
In conclusion, this study develops the previous related studies, to be precise by applying translation quality assessment on an object of study which is outside the scope of literary works, namely everyday sayings or quotations, and also by using different theory regarding the criteria of translation quality.
B. Review of Related Theories
In analyzing the translation, the writer uses some theories to support the understanding of the analysis.
1. The Definitions of Translation
According to Newmark (1981: 7), translation is a craft consisting in the attempt to replace a written message and / or statement in one language by the same message and or statement in another language. Therefore, the nature of translation is placed on the message itself, no matter how long the words are.
Translation is conceived as a process of transference based on the criterion of equivalence. Not only meaning be transferred as in the generality of communicational transactions but it has to be assessed in term of equivalence or of a converting norm (Hewson and Martin, 1991: 35-36).
Translation is a dual act of communication. It presupposes the existence, not of the single code, but of two distinct codes, the “source language” and the “target language”.
2. Theory on Translation
A study focuses on criterion for accessing the acceptability or even the quality of a translation done by the native speaker of the TL (Pokorn, 2005: ix).
As the findings, it is stated that native English speakers are not always able to identify inverse translations. The assumption that every native speaker is able to rapidly detect any non-member of his/her linguistic community, when confronted only with a written document, has no solid foundation. On the other hand, translations into a non-mother tongue are often regarded as acceptable by the target readership, with the degree of acceptability depending on the individual capacities of the translator” (2005: 117).
According to Larson (1984: 3), translation is transferring the meaning of the source language into the receptor language by going from the form of the first language to the form of a second language by way of semantic structure.
As said by Larson in Meaning Based Translation: A Guide to Cross
Language Equivalence , a good translation is the one which a) uses the normal
language forms of the target language, b) communicates, as much as possible, to target language speaker the same meaning that was understood by the speaker of the source language, and c) maintains the dynamics of the original source language text (1984: 6)
Catford in A linguistic Theory of Translation distinguished untranslatability into two categories, namely linguistic and cultural untranslatability. Linguistic untranslatability is due to the absence in the TL culture of a relevant situational feature for the SL (1974: 98-99)
A translation can communicate its messages and a measure of that is the acceptability of the text. Acceptability is text receiver’s response (Hatim, 2001: 17). As cited in Hatim, Toury states that what should be addressed instead in a translation is whether and to what extent the translation is ‘acceptable’. The translations which tend towards the ‘acceptability’ pole may be thought of as fulfilling the dream of ‘reading as on original’ (2001:147).
Translation is not a simple work. It requires mastery of many skills. This is admitted by Larson and Smalley pointing out that translation is a sophisticated, advanced linguistic skill, not something for beginners. Translation not only requires a good knowledge of two languages, but special training and experience ... (in Widyamartaya, 1989).
Larson (1984) mentioned two main kinds of translation, namely form- based and meaning-based kinds of translation. What was mentioned above is the form-based translation in contrary to meaning-based translation. According to Larson (1984), translation is basically a change of form. Larson further points out that the form of language is the actual words, phrases, clauses, sentences, paragraphs, and passages which are spoken or written. These forms are called the surface structure of a language. In translation, the form of the source language is replaced by the form of the receptor (target) language.
Larson states that translation consists of studying the lexicon, grammatical structure, communication situation, and cultural context of the source language text, analyzing it in order to determine its meaning, and then restructuring this same meaning using the lexicon and grammatical structure which are appropriate in the Receptor (Target) Language and its cultural context. The process is presented in Diagram 1.
Diagram I: The Process of Translation
SOURCE LANGUAGE TARGET LANGUAGE Text to be translatedTranslation Discover the meaning Re-express the meaning
MEANING (Larson, 1984: 4)
Similarly, Bell (1991) explains that the translation process in terms of the nature of equivalence. According to Bell, translation is the replacement of a representation of a text in one language by a representation of an equivalent text in a second language. He also emphasizes the importance of realizing that languages are different from each other; they are different in form having distinct codes and rules regulating the construction of grammatical stretches of language and these forms have different meanings.
Baker (1992) also points out that translators are primarily concerned with communicating the overall meaning of a stretch of language. She further states that to achieve this, we need to start by decoding the units and structures, which carry that meaning. Baker admits that translators often deal with the problem of non-equivalence, which poses difficulties for the translators for dealing with them.
The importance of closest natural equivalence in translation is also emphasized by Nida and Taber (1974). They point out that translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source- language message, firstly in terms of meaning, and secondly in terms of style.
They further state that the best translation does not sound like a translation. Meaning must be given priority and style is secondary to content.
The history of translation theory can in fact be imagined as a set of changing relationship between the relative autonomy of the translated text, or translation’s action, and two other concepts: equivalence and function. Equivalence has been understood as “accuracy”, ”adequacy”, “correctness”, “correspondence”, “fidelity”, or “identity”.
To create a dialectical relationship between the theory and practice of translation and to establish a good standard, the translation needs to be evaluated (Machali, 2000). She proposes the use of the following table criteria to judge the translation.
Table 1 : Translation Evaluation Criteria
Aspect Criteria
A. Meaning Reproduction Accuracy
1. Linguistic aspect (a) transposition (b) modulation Clear, accurate, and natural (c) lexicon (d) idiom
2. Semantic aspect (a) referential meaning Deviating?
(b) interpersonal meaning (local/total) (i) language style Changing?
(ii) other interpersonal (local/total) aspect
3. Pragmatic aspect (a) Text type equivalence Deviating? (b) Meaning ordering at (local/total) sentence level on the text. Not in harmony
B. Terminology Correct, standard, and clear (Machali, 2000: 116)
Note for Evaluation Criteria of Table 1: a.
Local means related to some sentences compare to the whole sentences of the text (percentage).
b.
Total means related to 75% or more compare to the whole sentences.
c.
Natural means properly and nor awkward (sometimes literal translation could be awkward and nor natural) d.
Deviation means always show mistakes, and not for changing (example: the changing of language style) From the theory above, we can see that the estimation of translation can be judged by linguistic aspect, semantic aspect, pragmatic aspect, natural expression, terminology, and which depend on the writer’s view. The data analysis will be conducted based on Macali's criteria, namely:
a. Meaning reproduction accuracy
1. Linguistic aspect: Linguistic means “the systematic study of the elements of language and the principles governing their combination and organization” (Abrams, 1999: 140). Thus, the linguistic aspect is the aspect that involves the elements of language and the principles governing their combination and organization. (a) Transposition: the strategy to replace one word class with a different word class without changing the meaning of the words themselves (Vinay and Darbelnet, 2000: 89). (b) Modulation: the strategy to vary the form of message by changing the perspective or point of view. This strategy is applied if the literal translation is unsuitable or unnatural for the TL equivalence although it is grammatically correct (Vinay and Darbelnet, 2000: 90). (c) Lexicon: the part of the grammar that contains the knowledge speakers have about the individual words and morpheme, including semantic properties. Lexicon also means the meaning which we found in the dictionary.
(d) Idiom: fixed phrases with meaning that cannot be inferred from the meaning of the individual words.
2. Semantic aspect: Semantic aspect refers to the meanings of text and covers referential meaning and interpersonal meaning (Malachi, 2000: 116). This aspect includes two kinds of meaning, namely referential meaning and interpersonal meaning.
(a) Referential meaning is the basic meaning of a word. (b) Interpersonal meaning is a language style in a communication between two or more people.
3. Pragmatic aspect: Pragmatic aspect can be defined as the way utterances are used in communication and the way they are interpreted in context (Baker, 1992: 218). (a) Text type equivalence is a way to equal the text type include the aim or the purpose of the text.
(b) Meaning ordering at sentence level means the proper order of the meaning in sentences whether it is harmony or not.
b. Terminology
The criteria used in analyzing the terminologies in the receptor language are correct, standard, and clear. Based on the criteria above, the writer will judge the accuracy of translation output and then determine the kind of the translation output. The following table shows us about the score measurement for the data.
Each range of score has its own scoring category. The writer later has his/ her own opinion in giving the score of the quality of the translation.
Table 2 : Translation Evaluation Scoring Indicators
Category Score IndicatorAlmost Perfect Translation 86 – 90 (A) It sounds not like a translation, no deviance of grammar, no wrong term used. Very Good Translation 76 – 85 (B) There is no distortion of meaning, no literal translation, there are one or two wrong grammar. Good Translation 61 – 75 (C) There is no distortion in meaning, but there is literal translation less than 15% of the whole text. Good Enough Translation 46 – 60 (D) There is literal translation less than 25% of the whole text. Bad Translation 20 – 45 (E) It sounds like translation. There are many literal translations more than 25% of the text. There are many wrong terms used in the text. (Machali, 2000: 119 - 120)
To evaluate Hendro Darsono’s translation of English quotations, the writer uses a modified version of Machali’s translation evaluation scoring indicators shown above. The writer’s modification applies the same basic indicators as Machali’s original evaluation scoring system; the only difference lies in the scoring range. The writer modifies Machali’s original scoring range into smaller scale, so it will be easier to evaluate and assess the quality of translation. The modified score ranges from 1 (as the lowest score) to 4 (as the highest score) for each criterion, depending on how far the translation can fulfill the particular criterion. Accordingly, the modified total score only ranges from 1 (as the lowest score, or 0% translation quality) to 16 (as the highest score, or 100% translation quality). Following is the modified scoring indicators.
Table 3 : Modified Translation Evaluation Scoring Indicators
Category Score IndicatorVery Good Translation 13 -16 (A) It sounds not like a translation, no deviance of grammar, no wrong term used. It is a perfect translation. Good Translation 9 - 12 (B) There is no distortion of meaning, no literal translation, there are one or two wrong grammar. Sufficient Translation 5 - 8 (C) There is no distortion in meaning, but there is literal translation less than 15% of the whole text. Poor Translation 1 - 4 (D) There is literal translation less than 25% of the whole text.
Every category has its own indicator. The indicator used in this measurement is the same as Machali’s indicator. The differences are on the name of the category and the score. With this new measurement table, the writer hopes that the evaluation process will be easier and more accurate in order to show the real quality of the translation.
C. Theoretical Framework
There are two theories that will be used to help the writer to analyze the translation, they are the nature of translation and the theory on translation.
The nature of translation will help the writer to describe the meaning of translation itself in order to get the real explanation about the translation based on some linguistic books.
Theory on translation is very helpful to answer the problem formulations. This part consists of the kind of translations, the process of translation, and the criteria to evaluate how good the translation is. From this theory, later the writer gives the conclusion about the translation translated in Hendro Darsono’s book.
In analyzing the each problem formulated, the writer uses the theory from Machali about the criteria to evaluate the text. This theory is used to analyze the quality of the translation. This theory conveys the criteria of the quality, the range of the score and how to give a score to a sentence.
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY The study focuses on the analysis of the output of quotation translation
from English into Indonesian languages. Chapter III Methodology includes object of the study, approach of the study, and method of the study. Object of the study describes the materials or data of the study and the way the data are collected. Approach of the study is related to the way of approaching the problems formulated in the study, while method of the study is concerned with the procedure of analysis carried out to find out the results of analysis.
A. Object of the Study
The writer has chosen the book entitled English Proverbs and Quotations composed by Hendro Darsono (2003) as the object of the study. In this study, the writer uses the fifth edition that is published in 2007. The book contains complete texts of Source and Receptor languages. There are about 300 proverbs and 100 quotations. The writer focuses on 100 quotations enlisted in the appendix of this thesis. In the first part of the analysis, the writer analyzes the quality of Hendro Darsono’s translation based on their quality category. The writer decided English
Proverbs and Quotations composed by Hendro Darsono because the book is
interesting by the reason that the author of the book did not have English basic background of study, but he tried to translate the English proverbs and quotations into Indonesian language. Therefore, it is possible that some misinterpretations occur in the translation process.
B. Approach of the Study
Translation is a part of linguistic field that is very sensitive to be analyzed because it conveys meaning from the two different languages, especially for quotation translation. In analyzing quotation translation, the writer needs a bridge to relate the translation and the theories to make them useful in the process of analyzing, and it is called an approach.
For this study, the writer uses the Universalist approach (Hewson and Martin, 1991:34). The Universalist approach is based on an extension of the economic concept of contractual transaction. This notion normally comprises two sides necessarily representing different positions (the two languages united by the translation process) and an act of conciliation of their respective claims, the contract (the translation), regulating their mutual relationships and supplying their basis for further transactions. Translation, as a particular form of contract, is an agreement between the two LCs (Language Cultures) involved to transfer signification on a common convertibility basis in so far as it is not detrimental to the specific differences between cultures.
It is an appropriate approach to be employed in this study because the Universalist approach does not need a specific criterion in the process of translation. It is the same case in the quotation translation that does not employ any current terms. The Universalist approach means that each party is considered to be endowed with two characteristic language features and common universal properties.
C. Method of the Study In this study, the writer uses library research to collect the data sources.
The main source of this study is English Proverbs and Quotations by Hendro Darsono. The other sources also come from the websites. The books searched from the library are used to find the theory for this study. The writer read some linguistic books especially about translation to get the core for the study. The books for the theories are Meaning –based Translation: A Guide to Cross
Language Equivalence by Mildred L. Larson (1984), In Other Words: A Course
Book on Translation by Mona Baker (1992), The Theory and Practice of
Translation by Eugene A. Nida and Charles R. Taber (1974), etc. The source
about translation from the websites is www.accurapid.com.In creating this study, he writer uses some steps to be applied. The first step is reading the Hendro Darsono’s book to discover the idea of what the writer will discuss for the study. After discovering the topic, then the writer searched some linguistic books especially those which are related to translation to find the theories on translation. The next step is analyzing the translation through the theories based on the problem formulations formulated to get the point of the quality of the translation. The last step is making conclusion based on the analysis that has been conducted.
D. Data Collection
Before the writer analyzes the accuracy of the translation, the writer should collect the data first. The writer chooses the book first which is the most interested to analyzed, and the writer decides that Hendro Darsono’s book is the appropriate one to be analyzed. Hendro Darsono’s book contains many of translation of proverbs and quotations, but for this thesis the writer decides 100 quotations that will be analyzed as the representation of Hendro Darsono’s work.
E. Data Analysis
The data which are analyzed in this study are taken from Hendro Darsono’s book English Proverbs and Quotations. The data are in the form of 100 quotations which have been translated from English to Indonesian by Darsono. These data are analyzed based on Machali’s four criteria of translation quality assessment, namely linguistic aspects, semantic aspects, pragmatic aspects, and terminology. Machali’s criteria are used, along with other theories reviewed in the second chapter, as the foundations to analyze and assess the data.
A modified version of Machali’s scoring process is used in the study. The writer made an adjusment in the range of scoring. Machali’s original range of scores span between 20 to 90; with such a high range of score, it would be difficult to give scores to the data. Therefore, the writer adjusted the range of scores from 1 to 16 instead. Each piece of data is assessed and given scores ranging from 1 (as the lowest score) to 4 (as the highest score) for each criterion, depending on how far the translation can fulfill the particular criterion. Since there are four criteria, a piece of translation that perfectly fulfills all criteria gets the score of 16.
The writer did the evaluation and scoring herself because the writer did not apply questioner method to evaluate the translation quality. So, the evaluation and the scoring came from the writer’s point of view.
CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS This chapter consists of two parts of analysis where the writer tries to
analyze the two questions formulated in the problem formulations. In the first part, the writer wants to analyze the quality of Hendro Darsono’s translation.
While in the second part, the writer wants to study about the weaknesses of each quotation translation that he made.
A. The Quality of Hendro Darsono’s Translation of English Quotations
In this part, the writer conducts assessment on the quality of translation in Hendro Darsono’s book entitled English Proverbs and Quotation. In this book, Darsono translates quotations from English as the Source Language (SL) into Indonesian as the Target Language (TL).