Bohemian as Sal Paradise’s experience in On the Road novel by Jack Kerouac.

THESIS

Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Sarjana Degree of English Department Faculty of Letters and Humanities UIN Sunan Ampel

Surabaya

By: Zunita Aprilia NIM. A73213144

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SUNAN AMPEL SURABAYA 2017

ABSTRACT

Aprilia, Zunita. (2017). Bohemian as Sal Paradise’s Experience in On the Road Novel by Jack Kerouac. Thesis. English Department. Faculty of Arts and Humanities.

State Islamic University Sunan Ampel Surabaya.

The Advisor: Abu Fanani, S.S., M. Pd

Experience denotes something which cannot be separated from human’s life. Through the experience, people can see, perceive something or phenomena around them. This

thesis analyzes novel by Jack Kerouac, On the Road. Kerouac tells Sal Paradise as

main character undergoes many experiences in his life either before doing journey or in his journey. Sal Paradise experiences the phenomena when he meets with his friends, particularly, Dean Moriarty. This thesis focuses on analyzing how Sal Paradise perceives the experience before doing journey and the experience that is experienced in doing journey. The aim of this thesis is to describe how Sal Paradise perceives the experience before doing journey and to explain the experience that is experienced in doing journey. This theory uses phenomenology theory which is focused on Sal Paradise as first person who experiences various experiences in his life. Experience is formed by consciousness, it is conscious toward the phenomena. Consciousness is the basis of all experience.

INTISARI

Aprilia, Zunita. (2017). Bohemian as Sal Paradise’s Experience in On the Road Novel by Jack Kerouac. Tesis. Program Studi Sastra Inggris. Fakultas Sastra dan

Humaniora. Universitas Islam Negerei Sunan Ampel Surabaya.

Dosen Pembimbing: Abu Fanani, S.S., M. Pd

Pengalaman merupalan hal yang tidak dapat di pisahkan dari kehidupan manusia. Melalui pengalaman, orang-orang dapat melihat, merasa atau melihat sesuatu atau fenomena- fenomena di sekitar mereka. Tesis ini menganalisa novel dari Jack

Kerouac, On the Road. Kerouac menceritakan Sal Paradise sebagai tokoh utama

mengalami berbagai pengalaman- pengalaman di dalam hidupnya baik sebelum melakukan perjalanan maupun dalam perjalanannya. Sal Paradise mengalami

fenomena – fenomena ketika dia bertemu denagn teman- temannya, terutama Dean

Moriarty. Tesis ini memfokuskan pada analisa bagaimana Sal Paradise melihat atau merasakan pengalaman- pengalaman sebelum melakukan perjalanan dan pengalaman yang di alami dalam melakukan perjalanan. Tujuan dari tesis ini untuk

menggambarkan bagaimana Sal Pardise melihat atau merasakan pengalaman-

pengalaman sebelum melakukan perjalanan dan untuk menjelaskan pengalaman yang di alami dalam melakukan perjalanan. Teori ini menggunakan teori fenomenologi yang di fokuskan pada Sal Paradise sebagai orang pertama yang mengalami berbagai pengalaman dalam hidupnya. Pengalaman dibentuk oleh kesadaran, pengalaman adalah sadar terhadap fenomena atau peristiwa atau suatu hal. Kesadaran merupakan dasar dari semua pengalaman.

Inside tittle page………... ii

Declaration page………... iii

Approval sheet………. iv

Examiner sheet………. v

Motto……….... vi

Dedication sheet……….. vii

Acknowledgements………... viii

Table of contents……….. ix

Abstract……… xi

Intisari……….. xii

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study……… 1

1.2 Statement of Problems……… 6

1.3 Objective of the Study……….. 6

1.4 Significance of the Study………. 6

1.5 Scope and Limitation……… 7

1.6 Method of the Study………. 7

1.7 Definition of Key Term………. 9

CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Theoretical framework………. 11

2.1.1 Phenomenology……… 11

2.2 Review of Related Study……….. 19

CHAPTER III ANALYSIS 3.1 The Experience Perceived by Sal Paradise before Doing Journey……… 22

3.1.1 Sal Paradise’s Life before Meeting Dean Moriarty………... 23

3.1.2 Sal Paradise perceives the things at Dean Moriarty……….. 24

3.1.3 Sal Paradise’s Decision for Doing Journey to West……….. 29

3.2 Sal Paradise’s Experiences against Bohemian Phenomena in Doing Journey….. 32

3.2.1 Sal Paradise’s Experience toward Sexual Freedom………. 33

3.2.2 Sal Paradise’s Experience toward Drug………... 44

3.2.3 Sal Paradise’s Experience toward Alcoholic……… 48

REFERENCES……… 56

SYNOPSIS……….. 58

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Aristoteles says ―A work should be the work that unforgotten, it will make memorized in a life time and it will create the experience that will change people’s life‖. The statement proves that a work should give the ideas, create experience that changes people’s life, and gives the consciousness to people toward true life. It is because a work does not exist in a vacuum. It must also be affirmed that a work is a

creation by someone at some time in history, and it is intended to speak to other

human beings about some idea or issue that has human relevance. The greatness of

work comes from the fact that when the wisest, most cultivated, and the most

sensitive minds bring all their information, experience, and feeling to contemplate it,

they are moved and impressed by its beauty, and by its unique kind of knowledge

(Guerin, Labor, et al. 17). Likewise, literature is the work of art that usually has

exceeded a process of absorption of the reality of human experience (Siswantoro 23).

This statement is related to Cohen’s statement that literary work is the reaction of

social reality which reveals life phenomena, accepts the influence from society,

capable to give the influence that contains someone experiences and group society experience that changes and gives the experience of reader’s life (21). In addition, ―literature has represented human experiences, entertained, and enlarged readers’

perspectives about themselves, others, diverse cultures, and different ways of living‖ (Cohen 469).

Basically, literary work is the reflection from phenomena that is experienced by

the author. Endraswara states that human is as the creator of literature always

concerned with the flaming of human soul. From the several of spiritual symptom

that can be caught by the creator of literature from something that is experienced, felt

and seen in surrounding, then it is processed within his or her heart and fused with

human soul, afterward it is arranged to be new knowledge and precipitated within his

or her internal. If the precipitating of experience has been forceful enough for giving

the push in spiritual of literature creator to do the creative process, then the

precipitating of experience is poured through language and expressed to be a literary

work (87).

In its development, Sudaryanto states that literary work is divided into two

expanses. Those are literature as the creative process and literature as science world

(1). According to Kuntowijoyo in the book entitled Kuntowijoyo: Karya dan

Dunianya by Wan Anwar, creative process involves structure of experience, imagination, and structure of value that wants to be conveyed. Kuntowijoyo looks

literary work as structure of experience involves individual experience, other people

experience, collective experience or experience of research result. From the various

experiences, man of letters tries to write his or her work. Literary work is also seen as

structure of imagination. Man of letters must have imagination, in this case the

constitutes structure of value which is basised from religion, philosophy, knowledge,

proverb, wisdom, and so on. Those values are then internalized into the text (5).

Literary work precisely always presents cluster experiences, composited by

imagination, and carries the values or message that want to be consumed (Ibid 6).

Literature as creative process encompasses three genres, those cover poem, prose, and

drama. Cohen also argues that in literature includes fiction (novels and short stories);

drama (plays, scripts, and some films); poetry (poems and lyrics); as well as

nonfiction with artistic qualities (memoirs, personal essays, and the like) (469). Then,

Eagleton adds that literature can be divided as imaginative writing in the sense of

fiction writing which is not accurately true and it is as unimaginative writing, such as

autobiography, history, philosophy and natural science (11). In modern era, there are

many themes in literary work, such as social life even controversial things, and

manifests themselves under psychological influence and phenomena of culture

history (Klarer 72). Other theme is also rigid reaction toward religion, politics, and

rejection of history, as well as social phenomena which sometime cannot overcome

human satisfaction. Therefore, the main object in this analysis is to discuss life

experience.

Experience is meant as something that has been experienced, passed, felt (KBBI

2005). Experience happens for the experiencing subject in an immediate way and as

part of this immediacy, it is implicitly marked as my experience (Zahavi and

Gallagher 46). Experience is thing that cannot be separated from everyday human’s

David W. Smith in his book entitled Husserl, phenomenology is the study of

phenomena, in the root meaning of appearances; or, better, the ways things appear to

us in our experience, the ways we experience things in the world around us (188). Thus, phenomenology characterizes a given form of consciousness from the person’s own subjective, first-person perspective (Ibid 189). In the research about literature,

phenomenology does not encourage the involvement of pure subjective, yet there is attempt to include the text literature within researcher’s consciousness. In this case, Gadamer (Selden 117) describes that literary work does not appear to the world as a

meaning then it is packed neatly. Meaning is based on situation of interpreter’s

historic. From this passage, it means that the authority of the author as giving the

meaning has the important role. Therefore, this research chooses On the Road novel

by Jack Kerouac which focuses on the experience of main character in going through

life style.

Jack Kerouac is novelist and an American poet. He is considered as literary

iconoclast and, alongside William S. Burroughs and Allen Ginsberg, a pioneer of the

Beat Generation. He becomes an underground artist and becomes the pioneer of

Hippie movement. Its work’s theme is about catholic spirituality, jazz, promiscuity,

Buddhism, drugs, poverty, and travel. Moreover, In 1947 and 1950, Kerouac writes

the work The Town and The City (1950) with doing journey around America. In

journey, Kerouac mixes up with an adventure that will become a work which entitled

On the Road. This work undergoes life with the background of jazz, poem, and

generation. The beat generation is a literary movement started by a group of artist

whose work explores and influences American culture and politics in the post-World

War II era. The bulk of their work is published and popularized throughout the 1950s.

Central elements of Beat culture are rejection of standard narrative values, spiritual

quest, exploration of American and Eastern religions, rejection of materialism,

explicit portrayals of the human condition, experimentation with psychedelic drugs,

and sexual liberation and exploration (Swart 3).

Human experience is a rhetorical experience that is shaped by visions or

narratives and guided (or goaded) by hierarchy and ideology (Swart 8). Throughout

the experience of his journey that is done by Jack Kerouac (Sal Paradise) with his

friends, he finds many phenomenon which makes him become crazy, wild, and

absurd with condition at the time. He meets friends, one of wild young man who was

Neal Cassady (Dean Moriarty). His adventures on the road involve meetings with

girls, wild parties, getting drunk, taking drugs and enjoying sex. Those things which

make Sal Paradise becomes crazy, wild with condition at the time. Sal Paradise (Jack

Kerouac) sees people freely choose lifestyle without caring surrounding, and this

lifestyle that he has not seen yet before. Sal Paradise (Jack Kerouac) sees a different

lifestyle that is assumed as taboo by society. He feels different sensation in that

lifestyle. This lifestyle is now known as Beat.

In this case, this research focuses on the phenomena of Sal Paradise’s

experience which goes through life by Bohemian life style. Indeed, human has strong

with the things that in outside within his/herself because person has skill such

sensitivity, apprehensive, understanding, speaking. For reaching to be intact human

so that human must bring the whole potential in spite of in the reality human cannot

bring into reality. Human does not give up and always gives responsibility toward

the potential that it has been not actualized, it is like what faced by Sal Paradise (Jack

Kerouac) in On the Road.

1.2 Statement of Problems

Based on the background that has been explained above, the researcher proposes

the statement of problem as below:

1. How does Sal Paradise perceive the experience before doing journey depicted

in On the Road novel by Jack Kerouac?

2. What experiences do Sal Paradise undergo toward the phenomena free

lifestyle or bohemian in doing journey visualized in novel On the Road by.Jack

Kerouc?

1.3 Objective of The Study

Based on the statement of problem above, the objective of this study are

formulated as below:

1. To describe Sal Paradise perceives the experience before doing journey that

depicted in On the Road novel by Jack Kerouac.

2. To explain the experiences which Sal Paradise undergoes toward the

phenomena free lifestyle or bohemian in doing journey visualized in On the Road

1.4 Significance of The Study

This research is hoped to be able to provide the contribution which is valuable,

either theoretically or practically. Theoretically, it is hoped that this research can be

useful for the reader in understanding some works that are related with

phenomenology. Sal Paradise’s experience also can enrich the knowledge of reader’s life, in particularly for people who have interest in literature study.

Practically, it is hoped that this research can be used as reference, particularly for

students who analyze this work or other work that uses phenomenology theory.

Moreover, for bachelor of art or people who are interest in literature, this research can

be compared as comparison for other research, even it can be debated to be more

perfect with using phenomenology or other theory. Since this research talks about person’s experience with the phenomena in the novel, it is also hoped that this

research will be useful for public to know people’s free lifestyle in primarily for the

artists, known as Bohemian and useful for public to understand their experience and

from that experience, they know how to act appropriately in real life.

1.5 Scope and Limitation

To avoid a broad discussion, the analysis will be limited in the novel of Jack

Kerouac entitled On the Road. This research focuses on the main character’s

experience of free life style in the novel. To answer the main problem, discussing

phenomena that experienced by Sal Paradise (Jack Kerouac) is point of this analysis.

(Jack Kerouac) doing journey such go around America, and finding free life that is

known as Beat. Beat phenomena will be the scope of this research.

1.6 Method of The study

Research method plays an important role for getting a valid data and explains the

analysis process. Therefore, in conducting this research, there are some methods

which are used. Those are research design, research data, data collection and data

analysis.

1. Research Design

To answer the first and second statement of problem, the researcher uses library

research by using some books and other references like articles, journals, and

websites relate to the subject matter that will be analyzed. This research also uses

descriptive qualitative research methods by explaining the result of analysis in the

form of words and sentences since the result is not statistic or numeral data.

Substantively it employs words to answer questions (MacDonald and Headlam 9).

2. Source of Data

There are two sources of data, primary data and secondary one. In this research,

the source of primary data is come from the novel itself that is written by Jack

Kerouac. It is analyzed the phenomena that experienced before doing journey, and

this experience makes Sal Paradise doing journey to west. Whereas the secondary

data is come from some critical works, journals, website and some books that concern

3. Method of Collecting Data

Since the data becomes the most important aspects in conducting a research, so it

must be collected effectively. Method of data collection is one of the research

methods parts that will explain how the data are collected to support the research. In

collecting data for the research which based on the qualitative method, the steps of

data collection are:

a. Preparing the novel entitled On the Road as the main data.

b. Collecting the data from the novel by reading comprehensively to get the

accurate data.

c. Selecting related references that can support the research data.

d. Rereading the novel many times to get the best understanding on the whole

story.

e. Selecting and collecting the narration and conversation from the novel that

are related to the problem.

f. Classifying the data based on the objectives of study.

4. Method of Data Analysis

Data analysis according to Patton (103) is the process of arranging the data

sequence to classify in a pattern category and description of the basic unit. As the

data in this research is written text come from a novel, the data that have been

collected will be analyzed using literary theory. The analysis data will involve some

steps, those are:

b. Selecting and collecting the data in the word and conversation of the novel that related to statement of problem.

c. Analyzing the collected data based on the theory and concept in theoretical

framework.

d. Drawing conclusion based on the result of data analysis.

1.7 Definition of Key Term

1. Experience happens for the experiencing subject in an immediate way and as

part of this immediacy, it is implicitly marked as my experience (Zahavi and

Gallagher)

2. Journey is defined as a sequence of trips that bounded by stop of 30 minutes

or less (McGuckin, Nakamoto).

3. Phenomena can be defined as in the broadest sense as whatever appears in the

manner in which it appears, that is as it manifests itself to consciousness, to the

CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Theoretical Framework

This chapter focuses on the theoretical explanation which is related materials and

concepts which are appropriate with the chosen literary work. In this case, the theory

that used in analyzing is phenomenology. Phenomenology here is used for showing

the experience which is perceived by main character’s consciousness as his

experience.

In this chapter also researcher tries to explain further about the theory that is used

for answering the problem in this research as well. This research uses the theory that

based on Edmund Husserl concept. Phenomenology theory is used for analyzing the

experience which perceived by main character’s consciousness as his experience

when main character, Sal Paradise meets his new friend, named Dean Moriarty

before, then it makes Sal doing journey from East to West America, and he sees the

phenomena as his experience. The theory is explained as follows:

2.1.1 Phenomenology

Phenomenology as the linguistic term comes from Greek, phainomenon and

logos. Phainomenon from phainesthai means appear and phainei means show. While,

logos means words, utterance, ratio, consideration (Kim and Sosa 390). Hence, phenomenology means the science about phenomena or everything which appear.

Besides, the term phenomenology or the German “Phänomenologie” seems to have

been introduced in 1637 by one Christoph Friedrich Oetinger, here means the study

of relation between things in the visible world. In the 18th century Johan Heinrich

Lambert who as mathematician, physicist, and philosopher influenced by the reigning

German philosopher Christian Wolff characterizes the phenomenology as the theory

of appearances fundamental to all empirical knowledge. The term is later used by

Immanuel Kant and then by the German idealist Johan Gottlieb Fichte and G. W. F.

Hegel. However, it is not until late in the 19th century that the term begins to take on

technical meaning in which Husserl uses it (Smitt 200). The phenomenological

movement is initiated by Husserl (1859 – 1838), it is as radically new way of doing

philosophy (Kafle 1). Although, the important precursors of phenomenology have

used it but phenomenology as a new way of doing philosophy is first officially

announced by Edmund Husserl (Moran 1).

Edmund Husserl (1859 –1938) is widely known as the founder of modern’s

phenomenology, an extremely influential movement in 20th century western

philosophy. Husserl is one of the prominent European thinkers of 20th century and the

movement has inspired from different streams (Zahlavi and Gallagher 5). Husserl sets

to establish phenomenology as a new discipline in philosophy and in science

commonly: a science of consciousness, distinct from psychology, from epistemology,

and from other traditional fields of science and philosophy. The development of

Husserl’s conception of phenomenology is out of Brentano’s idea of descriptive psychology in which Husserl integrates with Bolzano’s vision of pure logic (Smitt

188). While phenomenological criticism sees the work of art as an aesthetic work,

existing only in the mind of the perceiver (Nellickappilly 10).

Phenomenology is the study of consciousness as experienced from the first

person point of view. Phenomenology thus characterizes a given form of

consciousness from the first person’s own subjective, first person perspective (Smitt

188 – 189). For Husserl, as for his teacher Franz Brentano, there is no such thing as

simple or pure consciousness. Consciousness itself is the basis of all experience and

its mode of appearing seems to be inextricably linked to the nature of time itself.

Indeed, no experience would be possible without time consciousness, it enters into

every experience (Moran 60). In Husserl’s own word, phenomenology is the science

of the essence of consciousness. The essence of consciousness here means every

experience or act of consciousness is conscious: the subject experiences it. And every

act of consciousness is a consciousness of something: in perception I see such and

such, in imagination I imagine such and such, in judgment I judge that such and such

is the case, and so on. This is property of consciousness, it is about something, and

Husserl calls as intentionality (Smitt 191). Phenomenology is fundamentally focused

on how perception, thought, emotion, and action are directed toward the things in the

world, how things are “intended” in these forms of experience, and thus the meaning

things have for s in different forms of experience (Ibid 193).

Likewise, consciousness is always consciousness of something, it is always and

necessarily directed toward an object. On the other hand, it is “intentional”. Precisely,

thought of. The noema is not the thing itself, as existing separately that is precisely

what is bracketed. Rather, the noema is the thing constitutes in noesis, not the real

object but intentional object, not the object in the world but the object in mind

(Hogan 109). Kockelmans also states that everything in mind that whatever appears

to human being in his or her various act of perception always manifests itself in

certain context. Conversely, Husserl says that every perceived thing or noema has not

only internal horizon but also external horizon, for every perceptible object appears to

us as certain figure toward certain background (37).

By etymology, phenomenology is the study of phenomena or the ways things

appear to us in our experience, the ways we experience things in the world around us

(Smitt 189). As Husserl says that phenomenology is a return to phenomena. Husserl

understands phenomenon as “what appears as such”. In other words, everything that

appears, including everything meant or thought, in the manner of its appearing, in the

“how” (Wie) of its manifestation (Moran 127). Phenomena are the things as they are given to our consciousness, whether in perceptions or imagination or thought or

volition. There are two types of phenomena; mental and physical. Mental phenomena

constitutes of what occurs in the mind when we experience something. It is includes

the acts of consciousness, or its contents. Meanwhile, physical phenomena include

the objects of external perception starting with color and shapes (Nellickappilly 2).

Moreover, in concept of phenomena, Husserl is influenced by Brentano who makes a

distinction between psychological phenomena from physical phenomena. Brentano

what is known as intentionality. Brentano says that mental phenomena exist

intentionally in acts of consciousness, a phenomenon which is known as intentional

in-existence. Brentano and Husserl maintain that every mental phenomenon or act of

consciousness is directed toward some objects. They are about something that lies

outside. While for Brentano, this is feature of all psychological phenomena, Husserl

replaces psychical phenomena with the experiences or intentional experiences

(Nellickappilly 3).

According to Husserl, phenomena are the reality itself that appears, there is no

wrapper or screen which separates the subject with the reality because reality itself

which appears for subject. Reality is thus treated as pure phenomena and the only

absolute data from where to begin (Eagleton 48). Husserl asserts that consciousness is

aimed to reality where consciousness characterized intentionality. It means reality

itself shows to consciousness. As the phenomenologist, Husserl tries to show that

through the method of phenomenology about common experience to pure experience,

we can know the absolute sureness by important acts of our consciousness

arrangement are the aim of those acts (Bertens 90).

Farther, Husserl states that there is right thing for all human can reach it. For

finding this right thing, people must be back to the reality itself. The task of

phenomenology is to connect the relation between human and the reality. For

Husserl, reality is not something in itself that released from human whom views it.

Reality needs human because human is the place where reality in. Husserl uses the

reality which is manifested without entering the category of our thought like in his

expression zurück zu den sachen selbt (back to the reality itself) (Ijsselina 5). By his

slogan, it is the core of approach that is applied to describe the reality. Every object

has essence, and the essence talks to us if we expose ourselves toward phenomena

that we receive. If we take gap of the object, release the object from the influence of

other point of view, then we observe the phenomena, as a result the object exposes

itself about its essence, and then because of our intuition within us, we can

understand. However, it need to be understood that thing, reality, or the object does

not directly show the essence by itself. What we encounter toward the things in usual

thought, it is not the essence. The essence of the thing is in behind it. Because our

first looks does not expose the screen that covers the essence, thus it is needed the

second look. The tool that is used to discover in second look is the intuition for

finding the essence, it is known as wesenchau; seeing (intuitively) the essence of

phenomena (Bertens 90). Husserl takes our perceptual experiences to have a

conceptual meaning that presents things around us with a much richer character that

more sensation. And he takes phenomenology to concerned with the meaningful

structures of experience far beyond pure sensation, addressing perception,

imagination, desire, thought, and so on, as we engage the world around us because

meaning is central to phenomenology: meaning is the significant content of conscious

experience, which we ascribe in saying “what” a person sees or thinks or wishes

As it is explained before that every experience or act of consciousness is

conscious, the subject experiences it. Then every act of consciousness is a

consciousness of something as Husserl calls as intentionality. Husserl’s concept of

intentionality is a concept of how the meanings in our experience logically present or

represent things in the world around us, things in space and time, among us, and so

on. On the other hands, Husserl’s concept of intentionality constitutes the centerpiece

of his account of phenomenology as the science of the essence of consciousness

(Smitt 206). Moreover, the structure of intentional relation between act and object of

consciousness has a structure that can depict in following schema:

Background – subject – act – content object) horizon.

Within the structure of an intentional relation, on Husserl’s model, we

distinguish several elements (Smitt 208):

1. The act of consciousness is an experience: a visual experience or perception.

This experience is our chief concern, abstracted from the rich context in which it

occurs. The act itself is a mental event or process.

2. The object of experience is the object itself that intended.

3. The subject of the experience is the individual who has the experience: I,

myself, (Husserl creates the noun “das Ich”, it is adapted from the first – person

pronoun “Ich” for the subject, “I”, but this everyday pronoun is often translated as “ego”, lending an unintended air of mystery).

4. A fundamental part or aspect of the act is what we intuitively call its content,

“what” I see (or think or imagine, and so on), describing what I see just as I see it. The content represents the object in a particular way. The same object might be

represented differently by a different content. But in the given experience the object

is represented by the visual content.

5. An act’s content presupposes the subject’s background of tacit understanding about what the content represents or prescribes: as Husserl says, the implicit meaning

in the experience.

6. This background compels what I see so as to define a horizon of open

possibilities concerning the object I see. The possibilities are (in Husserl’s idiom)

“unmotivated” in the experience, given the background of the content of the act.

7. These entities play their respective roles in the intentional relation between act

and object of consciousness. We may say the content prescribes such-and-such an

object, and if there is an object that satisfies the content, then that is the object of

consciousness, the object intended in that act of consciousness. If the content is

satisfied, then the act is intentionally related to that object. If the content is not

satisfied, the act still has the intentional character of being as if intentionally related

to such an object.

As whole, Husserl formulates the verb “to intend”, it means that consciousness is

aimed or directed to something in this way. We may say an act intends an object, or

alternatively we say a subject intends an object in an experience (which intends that

object). On Husserl’s concept of intentionality then, an act of consciousness is

this content rests on the subject’s background understanding of a horizon of meaning about such objects. The content of an experience Husserl calls the sense or meaning

of the experience (Smitt 209).

By this Husserl’s concept of intentionality, it is appropriate used for describing

the experience of free lifestyle or bohemian in which appears in main character, Sal

Paradise’s consciousness as his experience. This theory is used for analyzing the experience which perceived by main character’s consciousness as his experience

when main character, Sal Paradise meets his new friend, named Dean Moriarty

before, then it makes Sal doing journey from East to West America, and he sees the

phenomena as his experience.

1.2 Review of Related Study

Description of the previous study is reviewed in this section. This is useful to

compare those studies with this one. This previous study which has been written in

different theory and yet same object or the novel. Additionally, there is also previous

study which has been written in same theory however different object or novel.

This thesis entitled The Character Study of Emma Woodhouse through Conflict

in Jane Austin Emma (2016). This thesis is written by Deby Wulan Sari, student o State Islamic University Sunan Ampel Surabaya. She analyzes a novel by Jane

Austin, Emma. Moreover, this thesis focuses on analyzing that female main character

and her struggle and conflict of being matchmaker. The aim of this thesis are to know

uses the theory of phenomenology that is focused on the experience how the way

Emma sees other character in novel.

Meanwhile, another thesis comes from Olwin Aldila Perry (2016), the student of

English Department, Faculty of Letters and Culture, Udayana University who writes

down her thesis on the title The Reflection of Bohemianism in the Autobiographical

Novel On the Road by Jack Kerouac. This study describes the intrinsic and extrinsic elements which reflects bohemianism in that literary work. In her analysis, she uses

Bohemianism theory. Then, the result of this study shows that the intrinsic element

which contains bohemianism is the character, characterization, and theme. While, the

extrinsic element is the biography of the author itself. Bohemianism that is reflected

involves freedom, rebellion, and spirituality.

And the last is study from Mohammad Qolbin Salim (2017) student of State

Islamic University Sunan Ampel Surabaya under the title A Study Awareness: The

Right and Wrong Person in Robert Langdon Perspective in Dan Brown’s Inferno. This study focuses on two objectives. First, the researcher concerns on the events that

happened in main character. Second, the researcher also describes the character,

characterization that portrayed in main character and express the accident when the

main character gets the awareness about problem. This study uses phenomenology

theory as main theory and new criticism: character, characterization as supporting

theory.

Those three previous studies above include two same theory and one only same

phenomenology. In this case, the concept that is used by Deby Wulan Sari is

reduction. While, the concept that is used by Mohammad Qolbin Salim is the

phenomenology that is the description of a particular phenomenon such as a

momentary happening, a thing, or even a person, something full of its uniqueness.

Herbert (1965) outlines three steps (Boeree 74): Intuiting Experience or recall the

phenomena – Analyzing: Examine the phenomenon – Describing. Conversely, this

CHAPTER III ANALYSIS

In the previous chapter, it has been explained that experience is the thing that cannot be separated from human’s life. Through the experience, a certain people can

see, perceive something or phenomena around him or her. Furthermore, in On the

Road novel, Sal Paradise as main character in this novel undergoes his life through on

the road. Before doing trip, he experiences things in his life, he is conscious of seeing

and perceiving the wild and crazy things in life when he meets with his friends,

particularly his new friend, named Dean Moriarty. Those things make him to set out

his journey to west. Moreover, when doing the journey, Sal indeed experiences the

phenomena; meetings with girls then enjoying sex, wild parties, getting drunk, and

taking drugs.

This chapter analyzes the data for answering the statement of problem which

emerges in this study. Before explaining the experiences which Sal Paradise

undergoes toward the phenomena free lifestyle or bohemian in his journey, the

researcher firstly analyzes the main character, Sal Paradise perceives the experience

before doing his journey that is conscious toward something that makes him wild,

crazy and fun.

3.1 The Experience Perceived by Sal Paradise Before Doing Journey

In this part, it describes the experience that is perceived by Sal Paradise before

phenomena. Consciousness is the basis of all experience. Indeed, no experience

would be possible without time consciousness, it enters into every experience. Then,

every experience or act of consciousness is conscious, it means the subject

experiences it. Exactly, it happens to Sal Paradise as main character in this novel. He

perceives the things which are seen at his new friend, Dean Moriarty after his

divorcing and his serious illness.

3.1.1 Sal Paradise’s Life before Meeting Dean Moriarty

a. Sal Paradise’s divorcing, and Serious Illness

Through his new friend, Dean Moriarty, the phenomena are brought to Sal’s

consciousness. Sal Paradise as main character in this novel is conscious toward the

phenomena that are seen at Dean Moriarty. However, before perceiving the things,

Sal Paradise gets divorce with his wife. It can be found in quotation below:

I first met Dean not long after my wife and I split up. I had just gotten over a

serious illness that I won’t bother to talk about, except that it had something

to do with the miserably weary split-up and my feeling that everything was dead (Kerouac 4).

From Sal’s statement above, it shows that before meeting Dean his new friend from Denver (west), he is divorced with his wife. Not only his divorcing, but also Sal

Paradise has just been recover from his serious illness. Those things make Sal Paradise’s feeling to be lifeless. The weary divorce, disease, and the dead of feeling make Sal Paradise tiresome.

Besides his tiresome feeling that experienced by Sal Paradise before meeting

his new friend, Dean Moriarty, Sal always dreams to go to west. It can be seen from

quotation below:

With the coming of Dean Moriarty began the part of my life you could call my life on the road. Before that I’d often dreamed of going West to see the country, always vaguely planning and never taking off (Kerouac 4).

The statement above says that Sal Paradise hopes to go to west, it occurs

before meeting with his new friend, Dean Moriarty. Sal Paradise really wants to go to west and sees the countries over there. However, Sal’s dream to west is only unclear, it is never accomplished.

3.1.2 Sal Paradise perceives the things at Dean Moriarty

Before meeting his new friend, Dean, Sal does not only faces his divorce and

his diseases but also he really wants to go to west. Nevertheless, when Sal meets

Dean through his another friends, Sal perceives the things at Dean and he is indeed

convinced that he wants to go to west.

a. Sal Paradise’s Meeting with Dean Moriarty through Other Sal’s Friends

Sal meets Dean, makes him attracted toward Dean, and till makes Sal going

west, those are begun from the letters which is written by Dean to Chad King, other Paradise’s friend who is the Nietzschean anthropologist. It can be found in below:

….….. First reports of him came to me through Chad King, who’d shown me a few letters from him written in a New Mexico reform school. I was tremendously interested in the letters because they so naively and sweetly asked Chad to teach him all about Nietzsche and all the wonderful intellectual things that Chad knew (Kerouac 4).

The statement above indicates that Sal meets Dean through his another Sal’s friend, named Chad King who is the Nietzschean anthropologist. This meeting is

started from letter that is written by Dean to Chad King. The letter is contained that Dean asks Sal’s friend, Chad King to learn about Nietzsche and other intellectual things. Sal thinks that it is so honestly and sweetly and by this letter, it makes Sal

Paradise more attracted for meeting Dean.

After sent a letter to Chad King which makes Sal Paradise exceedingly

interested toward Dean, the news is heard by Sal that Dean will come to New York

for the first time. The news is also heard that Dean has married with a girl, named

Marylou. Moreover, when Chad King and Tim Gray tell to Sal that Dean has arrived

in New York at before night. Lastly, Sal and his friends meet Dean whom is in

apartment with his wife, Marylou. It can be captured below:

I went to the cold-water flat with the boys, and Dean came to the door in his shorts. Marylou was jumping off the couch; Dean had dispatched the occupant of the apartment to the kitchen, probably to make coffee, while he proceeded with his loveproblems…. (Kerouac 4)

The quotation above shows that Sal and his friend go to Dean’s room of apartment. Dean’s coming to New York is not alone, but with his wife, Marylou. Sal and his friends see after Dean opens the door with his short, then Dean asks Sal and

friends to kitchen, while Dean and Marylou continue with his love problem.

b. Phenomena: Picture of West, Holy Light of Dean Excitement, and Dean’s

After meeting his new friend, Dean Moriarty through his another friends, Sal Paradise perceives the things at Dean. Meanwhile, when Sal and Dean meet in Dean’s apartment, this meeting provides the impression to Sal Paradise. It can be looked in

below:

You saw that in the way he stood bobbing his head, always looking down, nodding, like a young boxer to instructions, to make you think he was

listening to every word, throwing in a thousand «Yeses» and «That’s rights.»

My first impression of Dean was of a young Gene Autry - trim, thin-hipped, blueeyed, with a real Oklahoma accent - a sideburned hero of the snowy West. In fact he’d just been working on a ranch, Ed Wall’s in Colorado, before marrying Marylou and coming East. (Kerouac 4)

On top of quotation, it explains that Sal is impressed to Dean, he perceives

that the way how Dean stands bobbing his head, looks down, nods as like young

boxer to instructions. Sal thinks that Dean’s style like listens for every word and

always says yes more and more. Moreover, Sal justifies his impressed to Dean that

Dean is a young Gene Autry with his trim, thin-hipped, blueeyed, and with a real

Oklahoma accent. Those things describe that Dean is the picture of west, instead Sal

regards Dean as hero of west. The experience comes to Sal’s consciousness of

perceiving the thing like what Sal’s statement above that has been experienced by Sal Paradise when he sees his new friend that has just come from Denver (west) to New

York.

Besides Sal’s meeting with Dean, it makes Sal impressed toward Dean, that meeting makes Sal closer with Dean when Dean comes to Sal’s house.

«Hello, you remember me - Dean Moriarty? I’ve come to ask you to show me

«And where’s Marylou?» I asked, and Dean said she’d apparently whored a few dollars together and gone back to Denver - »the whore!» (Kerouac 5)

Dean actually wants to learn how to write to Chad King. However, Chad King

advises Dean to come and learn to Sal because he is a writer. While, Dean has gotten

a job and fights with his wife, Marylou in their apartment. Marylou reports Dean to

police with crazy accusation, then Dean escapes from his apartment so that he does not have place anymore. Thus, Dean goes to Sal’s house where is in New Jersey. Further, in conversation above shows that Dean comes to Sal’s house and accosts Sal. As it is explained before that Dean comes to Sal for learning how to write. Whereas,

Sal asks to Dean about his wife, Marylou. Dean informs Sal that Marylou backs to

Denver, Dean also insults his wife as a whore.

This meeting really becomes closer and closer when Sal agrees that Dean

stays in his house for a while until Dean finds a job and then they will do the journey

to west sometime. In further weeks, in New York, Dean has gotten a job as parking.

Dean wants to invite Sal to New York. It can be seen in quotation below:

One night when Dean ate supper at my house - he already had the parking-lot job in New York -he leaned over my shoulder as I typed rapidly away and

said, «Come on man, those girls won’t wait, make it fast.» I said, «Hold on

just a minute, I’ll be right with you soon as I finish this chapter,» and it was one of the best chapters in the book. Then I dressed and off we flew to New York to meet some girls. As we rode in the bus in the weird phosphorescent void of the Lincoln Tunnel we leaned on each other with fingers waving and

yelled and talked excitedly, and I was beginning to get the bug like Dean……

….«That’s right, man, now you’re talking.» And a kind of holy lightning I saw flashing from his excitement and his visions, which he described so torrentially that people in buses looked around to see the «overexcited nut.» (Kerouac 5-6).

When Sal is typing his manuscript or writing, Dean invites Sal to go to New

York, then they go to New York by bus. In bus, they talk excitedly. Sal feels that he is a man whom excites in life. Sal also sees the holy light in Dean’s excitement and his vision, till people in the bus also see like the nut gay. The quotation above

obviously tells the consciousness of something as experienced from Sal Paradise. The

experience that perceived by Sal Paradise toward thing that seen in his new friend,

Dean Moriarty. It can be captured when in the bus, Sal and Dean leaning on each

other with their fingers waving, shouting and talking excitedly. Sal perceives the

phenomena that brought by Dean, he sees the holy light that shining from Dean’s

excitement.

From those meetings, Sal does not only perceive the things that Dean as the

picture of west, but also he perceives the holy light that shining from Dean’s

excitement. Afterward, when Sal and Dean have arrived in New York, in fact there

are not girls there.

We went to New York - I forget what the situation was, two colored girls - there were no girls there; they were supposed to meet him in a diner and didn’t show up. We went to his parking lot where he had a few things to do - change his clothes in the shack in back and spruce up a bit in front of a cracked mirror and so on, and then we took off. And that was the night Dean met Carlo Marx (Kerouac 6).

There are no girls there, they later go to the place where Dean does few things

there; in parking place. The place is like shack. In that place, Dean changes his cloth

and spruce up in front of broken mirror, later they go out from the shack. That night,

For at the moment Dean and Carlo meet, the incredible thing is happened. Sal

sees the holy con man with the shining mind is Dean, and the sorrowful poetic con

man with the dark mind that is Carlo Marx.

They rushed down the street together, digging everything in the early way they had, which later became so much sadder and perceptive and blank. But then they danced down the streets like dingledodies, and I shambled after as I’ve been doing all my life after people who interest me, because the only people for me are the mad ones, the ones who are mad to live, mad to talk, mad to be saved, desirous of everything at the same time, the ones who never yawn or say a commonplace thing, but burn, burn, burn like fabulous yellow roman candles exploding like spiders across the stars and in the middle you see the blue centerlight pop and everybody goes «Awww!» (Kerouac 6).

Everything madly is looked by Sal in over the American night. Carlo tells his

mad friends one by one to Dean such as Old Bull Lee, Elmer Hassel, Jane Lee in Texas growing weed, Hassel on Riker’s Island, Jane wandering on Times Square in a Benzedrine hallucination, with her baby girl in her arms and ending up in Bellevue.

While Dean also tells to Carlo of unknown people in the West like Tommy Snark, the

clubfooted pool hall rotation shark and card player and queer saint. He tells him of

Roy Johnson, Big Ed Dunkel, his boyhood buddies, his street buddies, his

innumerable girls and sex-parties and pornographic pictures, his heroes, heroines, and

adventures. After telling their wild, mad, and frenetic friend, Carlo and Dean

unexpectedly run in the street together, digging each other, then become so much

sadder, perceptive, and blank. Afterward, they dance in the street like monkey. By

those things Sal perceives more impressed toward madman, Dean Moriarty with

everything he done. Those are undoubtedly show that Sal perceives the other

Sal’s experience is seen when Sal perceives the phenomena that Carlo and Dean suddenly run in the street together, digging each other, then become so much sadder,

perceptive, and blank. Afterward, they dance in the street like monkey. The madness

that he seen in Dean and the madness that he wants to pursue in his life like in

quotation above.

3.1.3 Sal Paradise’s Decision for Doing Journey to West

Sal Paradise decides doing journey to west, it is not only because Sal

perceives that Sal is impressed to Dean as the picture of west or as the hero of west

and perceives toward things which are mad and wild, but also perceives that Dean has

different character with himself and other friends. Later, Sal also remembers with his

brother and his childhood and remembers old friend. It can be found in quotation

below:

Yes, and it wasn’t only because I was a writer and needed new experiences that I wanted to know Dean more, and because my life hanging around the campus had reached the completion of its cycle and was stultified, but

because, somehow, in spite of our difference in character, he reminded me of some long-lost brother; the sight of his suffering bony face with the long sideburns and his straining muscular sweating neck made me remember my

boyhood…… His dirty workclothes clung to him so gracefully, as though you

couldn’t buy a better fit from a custom tailor but only earn it from the Natural Tailor of Natural Joy, as Dean had, in his stresses. And in his excited way of speaking I heard again the voices of old companions and brothers under the bridge, (Kerouac 7)

In statement above states that Dean’s coming in Sal’s life constitutes the great wind for him because it is not only as writer of his inspiration but also seeing Dean,

he remembers to his brother who has been lost for long time. Sal also remembers

sweating neck toward Dean. Not only that, but also Sal remembers with his old friend

when Sal sees the way how enthusiasm Dean talks.

The thing which makes Sal deciding for doing journey to west is not only

remembering his brother, his childhood, and his old friend, but also seeing Dean, it

has been perceived that Dean has different character with himself and other friends.

Previously, many intellectual friends whom are possessed by Sal such as Chad King

with his Nietzschean anthropologist, Carlo Marx with nutty surrealist low, Old Bull

Lee with his critical anti-every-thing drawl, and Jane Lee with sprawled on the

Oriental cover of her couch, sniffing at the New Yorker. However, seeing Dean is

different because there is different an intellectual thing which Dean has. All those

things make Sal more convinced that he will do a great journey as his great

experience in his life.

All my other current friends were «intellectuals» - Chad the Nietzschean anthropologist, Carlo Marx and his nutty surrealist low-voiced serious staring talk, Old Bull Lee and his critical anti-every-thing drawl - or else they were slinking criminals like Elmer Hassel, with that hip sneer; Jane Lee the same, sprawled on the Oriental cover of her couch, sniffing at the New Yorker. But Dean’s intelligence was every bit as formal and shining and complete, without the tedious intellectualness. And his «criminality» was not something that sulked and sneered; it was a wild yea saying overburst of American joy; it was Western, the west wind, an ode from the Plains, something new, long

prophesied, long a-coming (he only stole cars for joy rides). (Kerouac 7)

The quotation above explains that Sal Paradise surely has intellectual friends

such as Chad King, Carlo Marx, Old Bull Lee, and many others. However, seeing

Dean, it has different vision for Sal Paradise. Sal perceives that Dean’s wits is

wild of American joy, and as the west of wind. Thus, by these things, Sal decides

doing journey to west

All in all those phenomena above can be said that an act of consciousness

intends an object. One hand, a subject intends an object in an experience (which

intends that object). All those phenomena above which are experienced by Sal

Paradise and thus makes main character, Sal Paradise doing journey to west. In other word, all those things above are Sal Paradise’s experience before doing journey. 3.2 Sal Paradise’s Experiences against Bohemian Phenomena in Doing Journey

In this section, it explains the experiences which Sal Paradise undergoes

toward the phenomena free lifestyle or bohemian in his journey. The phenomena are

the consciousness. Because of the consciousness itself, it is the root of experience.

Indeed, no experience would be possible without consciousness. On the other hands,

it enters into every experience. Moreover, the consciousness is from the first person’s

point of view, means the subject experiences it. Precisely, it is also faced by Sal

Paradise. He is conscious toward the phenomena when he doing journey to west. Sal

sees many phenomena when he is in doing journey. The phenomena are present in his

consciousness such as sexual freedom, taking drug, getting drunk, wild party which

are assumed as bohemian lifestyle.

Bohemian denotes certain people who undergo free lifestyle in primarily

artist. Other definition mentions that someone especially an artist, literary man, or

society he frequents, and despising conventionalities generally like Jack Kerouac,

Allen Ginsberg and William S. Burroughs. It is known that they pioneer the Beat

movement. In the post-World War II era and the early Cold War era is a period

marked by a fear of Communist subversion and a distrust of the other. During this

time that the Beat Generation emerges in literature and society as a minority opinion

group failing to conform to mainstream norms and living outside the margins of

acceptable American culture (Jessmer 7). It also refers to a poetic and literary

movement that emerges from the disillusionment following the end of World War II.

This disillusionment is expressed by Beats lifestyle is one of writing (both prose and

poetry), drugs, and unconventional sexuality (Jessemer 12). Thus, these bohemian life

style to be the phenomena are experienced by Sal Paradise when he doing journey to

west after Dean leaving New York and back to Denver (west). Then, Sal gets ready to

travel west for the first time.

In his journey, Sal is filled with dreams of what will do in Chicago, in Denver,

in San Francisco, and New Orleans. He travels west by walking on the road,

hitchhiking sometimes, and ride sometimes. By doing the trip for long time to Denver

(west) going across Chicago – Illinois – Iowa (across the prairie of Iowa – Nebraska –

Grand Island – Shelton – Mississippi Gene – Longmont (Colorado) and finally

arrived in Denver. From this long journey, Sal finally arrives In Denver. The

bohemian phenomena: sexual freedom, taking drug, getting drunk, wild party present in Sal’s consciousness are started here.

In this section, it explains the experiences which Sal Paradise undergoes

toward the phenomena free lifestyle or bohemian in doing journey, one of the

phenomena is sexual freedom. Sexual is something that related with the copulation

between man and woman (KBBI). While, sexual freedom is bad behavior or

something which deviates about sexual. Likewise, many kinds deviation of sexual,

those are free sex, homosexual, and threesome. These unconventional of sexual are

the experience of phenomena free lifestyle or bohemian when Sal Paradise doing

journey.

a. Deviation of Sexual: Free Sex as Sal Paradise’s Experience

As it is explained before that free sex is bad behavior or something which

deviates about sexual. This free sex is one of phenomena that experienced by Sal

Paradise when he arrives in Denver. Arriving in Denver, Sal directly calls his friend,

Chad King who works in the library. Sal wants to take a nap in Chad’s house. In the

back of Sal’s mind is always think of Dean: where Dean is and what he is doing right now. Actually, other Sal’s friends in west have waited him in their place like Tim Gray, Roland Major. Unexpectedly, Carlo Marx calls him and gives address of Carlo’s apartment. When they meet in Carlo’s apartment, Sal asks Carlo about Dean. While Carlo tells about Dean in Denver to Sal: about his schedule meeting his two

girl. It can be seen in below:

«And where is Dean?»

«Dean is in Denver. Let me tell you» And he told me that Dean was making love to two girls at the same time, they being Marylou, his first wife, who waited for him in a hotel room, and Camille, a new girl, who waited for him

in a hotel room. «Between the two of them he rushes to me for our own unfinished business.»

«What’s the schedule?» I said. There was always a schedule in Dean’s life. «The schedule is this: I came off work a half-hour ago. In that time Dean is balling Marylou at the hotel and gives me time to change and dress. At one

sharp he rushes from Marylou to Camille – of course neither one of them

knows what’s going on - and bangs her once, giving me time to arrive at

one-thirty. Then he comes out with me - first he has to beg with Camille, who’s

already started hating me - and we come here to talk till six in the morning.

We usually spend more time than that, but it’s getting awfully complicated

and he’s pressed for time. Then at six he goes back to Marylou -and he’s going to spend all day tomorrow running around to get the necessary papers

for their divorce. Marylou’s all for it, but she insists on banging in the interim.

She says she loves him – so does Camille.» (Kerouac 27-28).

From the conversation above, it obviously shows that Dean’s schedule for making love to two girls in the same time. After meeting Dean, it becomes

immediately obvious to Sal that ―sex is the one and only holy and important thing in life‖(Kerouac 4). It is proved when Carlo tells the schedule of Dean’s sexual relation like quotation above.

After telling to Sal about Dean’s schedule, Carlo invites him to go to rooming house where Dean bargains with Camille. When Carlo knocks the door and Dean

comes out to open the door with complete naked. Everything is so crazy when Sal

sees whatever Dean done in his life. Sal is indeed amazed toward that thing. While three of them: Sal, Dean, and Carlo are go out from Dean’s rooming house to meet with a girl named Rita Bettencourt who has been suggested by Dean to Sal, and the same time, Dean is with Rita’s sister, Mary Bettencourt. It can be highlighted in below:

«Sal,» said Dean, «I have just the girl waiting for you at this very minute - if she’s off duty» (looking at his watch). «A waitress, Rita Bettencourt, fine

chick, slightly hung-up on a few sexual difficulties which I’ve tried to

straighten up and I think you can manage, you fine gone daddy you. So we’ll

go there at once - we must bring beer, no, they have some themselves, and damn!» he said socking his palm. «I’ve just got to get into her sister Mary tonight.» (Kerouac 29).

From the conversation above tells that Dean will give a girl for Sal who has

arrived in Denver, west, named Rita Bettencourt. While, Dean himself is with Mary Bettencourt, Rita’s sister. This phenomena is Sal’s consciousness. He is conscious toward this thing or free sex when he has arrived in Denver and meets Dean.

The other experience toward free sex that faced by Sal Paradise, it is after holding big party with other Sal’s friends in Central City: Tim Gray, Roland Major, Babe Rawlins, and many others. That night, Sal finds Carlo and he tells to Sal that he

and Dean have been in Central City. They run around the bars and then Dean steals a

car and they drive back down the mountain curves ninety miles an hour. However,

Sal does not know them if they are there. While, Sal says to Carlo that he wants to go

to San Francisco. In same time, Carlo says that Dean has Rita for Sal tonight. Then, Sal goes to his apartment and will meet Rita again. After, Sal and Rita meet in Sal’s

room: in his bedroom, they make love in Sal’s bedroom. It can be seen in quotation

below:

Then I went to meet Rita Bettencourt and took her back to the apartment. I got her in my bedroom after a long talk in the dark of the front room. She was a nice little girl, simple and true, and tremendously frightened of sex. I told her it was beautiful. I wanted to prove this to her. She let me prove it, I put my hand over her mouth and told her not to yawn. I tried to tell her how excited I was about life and the things we could do together. (Kerouac 36).

The statement above shows that in previously, Sal perceives the holy sex at

Dean, then practices it to Rita. He tells her that sex is beautiful and convinces her to

let him prove it. This phenomena of sex gives Sal the experience about the beauty of sex. In this case, what Sal sees toward Dean’s sexual energy, his raw, and his pure makes Sal finding the human spirit in life. Dean teaches the holy life through pure

sex. It is similarly done by Sal against sexual freedom.

The beauty of sex, it does not end when Sal and Rita Bettencourt. However, it

is also experienced by Sal and Terry. It happens after visiting Remi Boncœur, other’s

Sal friend in Mill City, California where Remi lived, he for several weeks stays in Remi’s house and gets job there with Remi. Sal leaves Mill City and plans to go to south. Taking him on the road again and by hitchhiking, a man who gives Sal a ride,

lets Sal off south of Bakersfield. The cars rushes by LA-bound. There is nothing to do

but spend two dollars for a bus the remaining miles to Los Angeles. Sal walks back

along the highway to Bakersfield and into the station, and sits down on a bench.

When Sal has bought a ticket and waits for LA bus, suddenly he sees a Mexican girl

who is in the bus. Sal wishes he will be on her bus. Precisely, the announcer calls the

LA bus. He picks up his bag and tries to sit approach her.

I had bought my ticket and was waiting for the LA bus when all of a sudden I saw the cutest little Mexican girl in slacks come cutting across my sight. Her breasts stuck out straight and true; her little flanks looked delicious; her hair was long and lustrous black; and her eyes were great big blue things with timidities inside. I wished I was on her bus. The announcer called the LA bus. I picked up my bag and got on, and who should be sitting there alone but the Mexican girl. I dropped right opposite her and began scheming right off. (Kerouac 49).

When Sal has been in the bus, he tries to approach her and it is known that her

name is Terry. They talk about the destination where they propose. The importing

thing, they tell their stories each other. And after knowing each other, they decide to

stay in a hotel together.

Without coming to any particular agreement we began holding hands, and in the same way it was mutely and beautifully and purely decided that when I got my hotel room in LA she would be beside me. I ached all over for her; I leaned my head in her beautiful hair. Her little shoulders drove me mad; I hugged her and hugged her. And she loved it. (Kerouac 50).

Their bus arrives in Hollywood and they get off the bus at Main

Street. As it is explained that they decide to stay in hotel together. While, they

directly get the hotel. Their togetherness is depicted when they are in hotel. It can be

described as below:

Sweet little silence she took all her clothes off and slipped her tiny body into the sheets with me. It was brown as grapes. I saw her poor belly where there

was a Caesarian scar; her hips were so narrow she couldn’t bear a child

without getting gashed open. Her legs were like little sticks. She was only four foot ten. I made love to her in the sweetness of the weary morning. Then, two tired angels of some kind, hung-up forlornly in an LA shelf, having found the closest and most delicious thing in life together, we fell asleep and slept till late afternoon. (Kerouac 51).

In statement above describes their intimate in hotel. Sal describes her body

that makes him perceives that this sex is sweetness, delicious thing in life.

Likewise, the sexual freedom as Sal’s experience is also shifted to Marylou, Dean’s ex-wife. It occurs after long road to California, Sal, Dean and Marylou arrive in San Francisco. Dean who has divorced Marylou, suddenly Dean leave Sal and

stays together in hotel for two days and spend the whole night in bed though they

have no relationship. It can be highlighted as below:

In the hotel we lived together two days. I realized that, now Dean was out of the picture, Marylou had no real interest in me; she was trying to reach Dean through me, his buddy. We had arguments in the room. We also spent entire nights in bed and I told her my dreams. (Kerouac 100).

The statement above states that Dean has left them in San Francisco. While,

Sal and Marylou decide to stay in hotel for two days. In hotel room, they spend the

whole night in bed, although Marylou is not really interest in Sal, but Marylou tries to

reach picture of Dean through Sal. In this case, this sexual freedom that experienced by Sal comes to Sal’s consciousness. Sal perceives that having sex with everyone he can is like his prowess.

Furthermore, other experience against sexual freedom, it has been found when

Sal, Dean and Stan Shephard in Mexico. In Mexico, they meet with a young man,

named Victor. Throughout Victor, they know the Mexico brothels. And in there they

find the girls. Some of them are reclining on couches across the dance floor, some of

them are boozing at the long bar to the right. Behind the bar is the owner who a

young man immediately runs out when they tell to him that they wants to hear

mambo music and he comes back with a stack of records, mostly by Perez Prado, and

puts them on over the loudspeaker. The trumpets seem so loud and the drums are

mad. The mambo beat is the conga beat from Congo. While, they dance frantically

with the girls. Through their deliriums, they begin to see their varying personalities.

from Venezuela. She is only eighteen years old. Some awful girls drink beyond all

bounds. She throws the drinks then she frantically dances with Dean and clings to his

neck and begs for everything. Their madness in Mexico brothels is underlined in

statement below:

I was set upon by a fat and uninteresting girl with a puppy dog, who got sore at me when I took a dislike to the dog because it kept trying to bite me. She compromised by putting it away in the back, but by the time she returned I had been hooked by another girl, better looking but not the best, who clung to my neck like a leech. I was trying to break loose to get at a sixteen-year old colored girl who sat gloomily inspecting her navel through an opening in her

short shirty dress across the hall. I couldn’t do it. Stan had a fifteen-year-old

girl with an almond-colored skin and a dress that was buttoned halfway down and halfway up. It was mad. A good twenty men leaned in that window,

watching….. Again I rushed off with my girl to her room; Dean and Stan

switched the girls they’d had before; and we were out of sight a moment, and the spectators had to wait for the how to go on. The afternoon grew long and cool. (Kerouac 166-167).

Sal firstly with the girl who is not interesting and has a dog. But Sal changes

to another girl who is better than before. Everything is mad here, while Sal is also

disappointed because he is denied a girl sixteen-year-old. Therefore, he ends up sleeping with the ―leech‖ and pays her three and a half dollars. Likewise, Dean and other Sal’s friend, Stan Shephard swap their girl that they have before. The frenetic and wild sexual freedom that experienced by Sal and his friend, Dean and Stan

Shephard like the statement above.

b. Deviation of Sexual: Threesome as Sal Paradise’s Experience

Besides the sexual freedom that experienced by Sal Paradise, there is also

other deviations sexual that faced by Sal, one of them is threesome. Threesome is

and one boy or it can be done by two boys and one girl like Sal Paradise’s experience in doing journey. This vision of sexual that undergone by Sal is more appeared to him

when he back to his house in New Jersey (east). Sal and his family gather for

Christmas. Suddenly, Dean, Marylou and Ed Dunkle come to his house by riding the

car. They have plan to go to New York, and then all of them roar into New York

because there will be a big party there. After leaving that New Year party, Sal, Dean, Marylou, Ed Dunkle go to Carlo’s apartment that Carlo has just arrived from Long Island. For several days, they spend in Carlo’s apartment before they leave. Then, Dean and Sal comes out in Ritzy’s Bar. Ritzy’s Bar is the hoodlum bar of the streets around Times Square. Suddenly Dean says earnestly to Sal that Dean want him to

work Marylou in that bar. It means Dean wants to see how Marylou with another man

actually. This idea that proposed by Dean can be proved as quotation below:

Dean and I drove back to the pad and found Marylou in bed. Dunkel was roaming his ghost around New York. Dean told her what we had decided. She

said she was pleased. I wasn’t so sure myself. I had to prove that I’d go

through with it. The-bed had been the deathbed of a big man and sagged in the middle. Marylou lay there, with Dean and myself on each side of her, poised on the upjutting mattress-ends, not knowing what to say. I said, «Ah hell, I can’t do this.»

«Go on, man, you promised!» said Dean.

«What about Marylou?» I said. «Come on, Marylou, what do you think?» «Go ahead,» she said.

She embraced me and I tried to forget Dean was there. Every time I realized

he was there in the dark, listening for every sound, I couldn’t do anything but

laugh. It was horrible. (Kerouac 78).

After proposing the idea, they are back to the apartment where there is

pleased. From the conversation, it can be seen that Sal is still awkward and not sure

by this thing, but Sal has been promised to Dean that Sal has to work Marylou

because Dean wants to know how if she is with another man. Despite, Marylou allows it. Then, the three of them lay in bed. Sal says ―it was horrible‖. It is indeed so horrible phenomena, the three children of the earth trying to decide something in the

night. This horrible thing is done by Sal Paradise against the freedom of sexual that

brought by Dean.

While after in Carlo’s apartment, it is time to go to California again (west). But when they: Sal, Dean, Marylou, and Ed Dunkle see the sign which says SOUTH

(with an arrow) and WEST (with an arrow), then they take the south one. All of them

will go to New Orleans to meet Old Bull Lee, their other friend. They go there by

ride. When they arrive in New Orleans, it is night and directly goes to Bull Lee’s

house. And surprisingly, there is also Galatea Dinkle who is Ed Dunkle’s wife. They spend several days in downtown New Orleans for walking around. Then, it is to take

off from New Orleans and goes to California again. But Ed and Galatea Dunkle

decide to get a room in New Orleans and stay there and work.

In the middle of the road in particularly in Texas, it has been twilight but they

do not stop to ride. Except once, when Dean takes all his clothes off, near Ozona, and

running and leaping naked in the sage. Then Dean asks Sal and Marylou to do same

thing like him.

«Now Sal, now Marylou, I want both of you to do as I’m doing, disburden

yourselves of all that clothes - now what’s the sense of clothes? now that’s

driving west into the sun; it fell in through the windshield. «Open your belly as we drive into it.» Marylou complied; unfuddyduddied, so did I. We sat in the front seat, all three. Marylou took out cold cream and applied it to us for kicks. Every now and then a big truck zoomed by; the driver in high cab caught a glimpse of a golden beauty sitting naked with two naked men: you could see them swerve a moment as they vanished in our rear-view window. (Kerouac 94).

From the quotation above, particularly in conversation shows that Dean asks

Sal and Marylou to be naked like him. Sal and Marylou obey him. All they sit in front

the seat stark naked. Then, Marylou puts outside the cream and makes use the cream

to Sal and Dean for excitement. For Sal, Dean gives such experience of the great

sexual freedom unexpectedly.

c. Deviation of Sexual: Homosexual as Sal Paradise’s Experience

Homosexual takes apart in Sal Paradise’s experience. Homosexual is the form of deviation sexual freedom which is inclination interested in same sex. Precisely, it

is also experienced by Sal Paradise when Sal and Dean in Sacramento. Previously,

they want to go to Denver by riding the car which is belonged to a tall, thin fag who

is on his way home to Kansas. Homosexual as Sal’s experience is begun with this fag

who is tall, thin and riding the car to go back for Kansas. This deviation of sexual can

be highlighted as below:

The fag began by saying he was very glad we had come along because he

liked young men like us, and would we believe it, but he really didn’t like

girls and had recently concluded an affair with a man in Frisco in which he had taken the male role and the man the female role. Dean plied him with businesslike questions and nodded eagerly. The fag said he would like nothing better than to know what Dean thought about all this. Warning him first that he had once been a hustler in his youth, Dean asked him how much money he had. I was in the bathroom. The fag became extremely sullen and I think

suspicious of Dean’s final motives, turned over no money, and made vague promises for Denver. He kept counting his money and checking on his wallet. (Kerouac 121).

In Sacramento the fag mysteriously buys them a room in hotel and invites

Dean and Sal to come up for a drink. In hotel room, the fag says that he is not

interested in girls unexpectedly, he exceedingly likes boys as Dean and Sal.

Moreover, the fag tells to them that he has just done affair with a man from Frisco.

Frisco man plays as female role while the fag plays as male role. Then, Dean takes

apart in this business eagerly. Meanwhile, Sal is in bathroom. In room Dean tries

everything to get money from the fag. Sal’s anxiety about this confused of trade of

love for money emerges in his suspicion that Dean may be deceiving him, placing

him in company with a homosexual man from whom he attempts to deceive the

money. Anyhow, this thing comes to Sal’s consciousness as his experience in doing

journey like statement above.

3.2.1 Sal Paradise’s Experience Toward Drug

Many phenomena that are experienced by Sal Paradise when he doing

journey. Those phenomena are not only sexual freedom but also the drug such as

benzedrine, marijuana, and ecstasy.

1. Benzedrine

Benzedrine is the importing thing in Sal’s journey. Benzedrine itself is the medicine of nerve incentive that is common used to nose syringe medicine (KBBI).

CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION

In this part, it emphasizes on conclusion of the study. This study which uses phenomenology theory, it focuses on the experience that experienced by Sal Paradise in On the Road novel, the experience either before doing journey or in doing journey. The experience truly cannot be from human’s life because through the experience, every people can see, perceive something or phenomena around them. Then, through experience also people can give the meaning toward what has been undergone. Precisely, it is also experienced by Sal Paradise who as main character in On the Road novel. He experience the phenomena during his journey around America. However, before doing journey, Sal experiences things in his life, he is conscious of seeing and perceiving the wild and crazy things in life when he meets with his

friends, named Dean Moriarty. Sal Paradise perceives the phenomena that brought by Dean Moriarty. By those things make Sal Paradise wild, crazy, fun and by those things also he is convinced and finally decides for doing journey to west.

Sal Paradise perceives the things or phenomena which are seen at Dean Moriarty after his divorce and his serious illness. The weary divorce, disease, and the dead of feeling make Sal Paradise tiresome. Besides his dead feeling that experienced by Sal Paradise before meeting Dean Moriarty, Sal always dreams to go to west. He really wants to go to west and sees the countries over there. But, Sal’s dream to west

another Sal’s friend and perceiving the phenomena that brought by Dean, Sal is surely that he doing journey to west. Those phenomena involve perceiving Dean as picture of west, the holy light of Dean excitement, and perceiving the Dean’s

madness. Sal Paradise perceives that Dean as a picture of west because the way how Dean stands bobbing his head, looks down, nods as like young boxer to instructions. Sal perceives that Dean’s style like listens for every word and always says yes more and more. Moreover, Sal justifies his impressed to Dean that Dean is a young Gene Autry with his trim, thin-hipped, blueeyed, and with a real Oklahoma accent. Those things describe that Dean is the picture of west, instead Sal regards Dean as hero of west. Meanwhile, Sal also perceives that Dean has the holy light of excitement because the way how Dean talks so excited. Sal perceives a man who excites in life. Further, Dean’s madness as Sal’s experience before doing journey because the way how he communicated is unconventional way like what has been done to Carlo, other Sal’s friend. Carlo and Dean unexpectedly run in the street together, digging each other, then become so much sadder, perceptive, and blank. Afterward, they dance in the street like monkey. By those things Sal perceives more impressed toward

madman, Dean Moriarty with everything he done. In fact, not only by those things which make Sal decides doing journey to west but also Sal perceives that Dean’s wits is different because it is something new which has been long prophesied and his life is regarded as picture of west, a wild of American joy, and as the west of wind. Thus, the whole experiences that Sal perceives, it makes Sal Paradise doing journey to west.

Afterwards, the experiences which Sal Paradise undergoes toward the

phenomena free lifestyle or bohemian in his journey involve; sexual freedom, taking drug, getting drunk, and wild party. Those phenomena that experienced by Sal Paradise are assumed as bohemian lifestyle. The phenomena of unconventional sexual which are experienced by Sal in doing journey including free sex, threesome, and homosexual. While the phenomena toward drug include the ecstasy, marijuana, and Benzedrine; amphetamine, an addictive stimulant drug, it is popular in the 20th century, mostly used as creativity booster among artists at the time.

All in all the phenomena such as Dean as the picture of west in which the way Dean styles, his trim, thin-hipped, blueeyed, and with a real Oklahoma accent, the holy light of excitement in which the way Dean talks so excited, and Dean’s madness in which the way Dean communicates with unconventional way. Those phenomena that Sal Paradise perceives before doing journey. And then, the phenomena including taking drug, alcoholic, wild party, and unconventional sexual: free sex, threesome, homosexual which are experienced by Sal Paradise in doing journey indicate phenomenology in which an act of consciousness intends an object. One hand, a subject intends the object or the phenomena in an experience (which intends that object). Precisely, all the phenomena which assumed as bohemian life style are Sal Paradise’s consciousness as his experience either before doing journey or in doing journey. Moreover, an act of consciousness is not only seeing, perceiving, but it can be experiencing toward the phenomena that appears to us in this world like what has

been experienced by Sal Paradise as main character in On the Road novel by Jack Kerouac.

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