The Madness Characters Reflected In Poe’s Three Short Stories

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THE MADNESS CHARACTERS REFLECTED IN POE’S THREE SHORT STORIES

A THESIS

BY :

WINDA WIDYA SIREGAR REG. NO. 090705021

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

MEDAN 2013

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THE MADNESS CHARACTERS REFLECTED IN POE’S THREE SHORT STORIES

A THESIS

BY :

WINDA WIDYA SIREGAR Reg. No. 090705021

Supervisor, Co-Supervisor,

Dra. Redita Lubis, Dip. Appl. Ling. M.Hum Dr. Asmyta Surbakti, M.Si 19490423 197412 2 001 19600325 198601 2 001

Submitted to Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara Medan in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Literature

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

MEDAN 2013

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Approved by the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara ( USU Medan as thesis for The Sarjana Sastra Examination.

Head, Secretary,

H. Muhizar Muchtar, MS Dr. Hj. Nurlela, M. Hum

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Accepted by the Board of Examination in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatra Utara, Medan.

The examination is held in Department of English Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatra Utara on 31 July 2013

Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies

University of Sumatra Utara

Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, MA

NIP. 19511013 197603 1 001

Board of Examiners:

H. Muhizar Muchtar, MS,

Dr. Hj. Nurlela, M. Hum

Dra. Redita Lubis, Dip. Appl. Ling. M.Hum

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AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I WINDA WIDYA SIREGAR DECLARES THAT I AM THE SOLE AUTHORS OF THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCES IS MADE IN THE TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL PUBLISHED ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART FROM A THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR AWARDED ANOTHER DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED WITHOUT DUE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THE THESIS. THIS THESIS HAS SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF ANOTHER DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION.

Signed :

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COPYRIGHT DECLARATION NAME : WINDA WIDYA SIREGAR

TITLE OF THESIS : THE MADNESS CHARACTERS REFLECTED IN THREE POE’S SHORT

QUALIFICATION : S-1/SARJANA SASTRA DEPARTMENT : ENGLISH

I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR REPRODUCTION AT THE DISCREATION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF SUMATRA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER THE LAW OF REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.

Signed :

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Assalamualaikum Warrahmatullahi Wabarrakatuh.

First of all I would like to give my biggest gratitude to Almighty ALLAH Subhanahu Wa Ta’ala for blessings and endowments in my life. Especially during the process of finishing this thesis. Nothing is possible happen without His permission, Alhamdulillah I can finish this thesis. I always say Shalawat and Salam the revolutionary Prophet, Rasulullah Muhammad SAW.

I would like to say thank you to the Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, MA, and the head of English Department Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar and the secretary of English Department Dr. Hj. Nurlela, M.Hum for their advice and support during the process of finishing this thesis.

I would like to express my best thanks to my Supervisor, Dra. Redita Lubis, Dip. Appl. Ling. M.Hum and my Co-supervisor Dr. Asmyta Surbakti, M.Si for having shared their valuable ideas, times, guidance and patience. My gratitude is also expressed to all of my lectures in English Department who taught me much and contributed the knowledge during the academic years, and for Bang Amran as the administration staff of English Department, thanks for making this process well done.

I would like to say thank you to my father Hermanto Siregarthanks for being my hero, my mentor, my best friend, and my inspiration. I would like to say thank you to my beautiful motherSuswati thank you for everything, love, care, honest, and thank you for your support mommy.

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Thank you to my best friends Triana Lestari, Armita Sari Siregar, Henni Purwasih, and Zarlina for the smile, laugh, tears and for your support, for the amazing years, and thank you so much we share everything and we can do it and I wish our friendship is an endless thing. I specialy thank you for Siti Lestari Nainggolan who gives me inspiration to finish my thesis, and also for Sri Yunita I will never forget our together with the supervisor for guidance, start to make an appointment, a discussion with the supervisor, and finally we finished thesis. I never forget to thank you for my class mate in English Department 2009, especially Dewi Maya Sari, Erna Januarini, Nurhasanah, Sinta Puspita Sari, thanks for being with me, sharing everything, and giving great support, and to all my classmate in English Department who always spend our great times together.

Finally, I hope this thesis will give advantage for the readers, especially for who are interested in studying the same field. Thanks.

Medan,

The Writer

WINDA WIDYA SIREGAR

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ABSTRACT

In thesis entitled The Madness Characters Reflected In Three Poe's Short Stories. In this thesis are an analysis of madness characters contained in the three selected short stories written by Edgar Allan Poe. The aim of this analysis tells us that there was indeed madness stuff on the main characters in a short stories written by Edgar Allan Poe is already selected. As for the short stories are 'Berenice', 'The Masque of the Red Death', and 'The Black Cat', and in this thesis the writer also describe the things that belong to the madness characters such as: hurting animals by prying one one eye, then pull teeth forced out of one of the characters that cause death and others.

The approach used by the writer to analyze three madness characters in three short stories written by Edgar Allan Poe is selected Intrinsic approach, which focuses on the character. The method applied in this research is descriptive qualitative method, which aims to draw how madness character traits contained in the three main characters in the short stories written by Edgar Allan Poe selected. Based on an analysis of one of the intrinsic elements of the character, it was found that indeed there is madness in a very strong characters in the three short stories. This depiction includes interpretations that are then analyzed based on the existing data on the short stories. The results of this study are expected to provide benefits to the readers about the madness of information and analysis on the character of the characters in a short story.

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ABSTRAK

Skirpsi ini berjudul The Madness Characters Reflected In Three Poe’s Short Stories. Di dalam skripsi ini terdapat analisis tentang kegilaan karakter yang terdapat pada ketiga cerita pendek yang terpilih karangan Edgar Allan Poe. Analisis ini bertujuan memberitahukan bahwa memang benar terdapat hal-hal kegilaan pada karakter utama di cerita pendek karangan Edgar Allan Poe yang sudah terpilih. Adapun cerita-cerita pendek tersebut adalah ‘Berenice’, ‘The Masque of the Red Death’, dan ‘The Black Cat’, dan di dalam skripsi ini penulis juga memaparkan hal-hal yang tergolong dalam kegilaan karakter seperti: menyakiti binatang dengan mencongkel salah satu matanya, lalu menarik paksa keluar gigi dari salah satu tokoh yang menyebabkan kematian dan lain-lain.

Pendekatan yang digunakan penulis untuk menganalisis kegilaan karakter didalam ketiga cerita pendek karangan Edgar Allan Poe terpilih adalah Pendekatan Intrinsik, yang memfokuskan pada karakter. Adapun metode yang diterapkan di dalam penelitian ini ialah metode kualitatif deskriptif, yang bertujuan untuk menggambar bagaimana ciri-ciri kegilaan karakter yang terdapat pada karakter utama di ketiga cerita pendek terpilih karangan Edgar Allan Poe. Berdasarkan analisis terhadap salah satu unsur intrinsik yaitu karakter, maka ditemukan bahwa memang terdapat kegilaan pada karakter yang sangat kuat di ketiga cerita pendek tersebut. Penggambaran ini memuat interpretasi yang kemudian dianalisis berdasarkan data yang ada pada cerita pendek. Dan hasil penelitian ini diharapkan dapat memberikan manfaat kepada para pembaca tentang informasi kegilaan pada karakter dan analisis karakter dalam sebuah cerita pendek.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ... i

COPYRIGHT DECLARATION ... ii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ... iii

ABSTRACT ... v

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... vii

CHAPTER I ... INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study ... 1

1.2 Problem of the Study ... 5

1.3 The Objective of the Study ... 5

1.4 The Scope of the Study ... 5

1.5 The Significance of the Study ... 6

CHAPTER II A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF LITERATURE 2.1 Short Story ... 7

2.2 Character ... 10

2.3 Madness of the character ... 14

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CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH

3.1 Data Collecting Procedure ... 22 3.2 Data Selecting Procedure ... 23 3.3 Data Analyzing Procedure ... 23

CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS AND FINDING ...

4.1 “BERENICE” ... 25 4.2 “The Black Cat” ... 28 4.3 “The Masque (Mask) of The Red Death” ... 32

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1 CONCLUSION ... 35 5.2 SUGGESTION ... 37

REFERENCES ... 38 APPENDICES

i. Author’s Biography and Works ii. Summary of The Three Short Stories

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ABSTRACT

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ABSTRAK

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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study

Literature is the mirror of social condition. Through seeing it, people, in a large or narrow sight, could see to the reality occuring in the society. Reading literary works seems like standing in front of a mirror. People could see entirely of their body without any bug of lying. It possibly happens since literature always tells a truth since the story intended in that work comes from its author’s heart. When a man’s heart talks about a problem existing around him, it can be believed that the heart mostly talks about the reality.

Richard Taylor (1981:1) said that, literature is essentially an imaginative act of the writer’s imagination in selecting, ordering, and interpreting life experience. Literature also refers to composition that tells stories, dramatize situation, express emotions and analyze advocates ideas. It enables us to recognize human dreams and struggles in different places and times that we would never otherwise know. It provides the comparative basic from which we can see worthiness in the aims of all people, and help us to see the beauty in the world around us. It also exercises emotions through interest, concern, tension, excitement, hope, fear, regret, laughter, and sympathy.

Wellek and Warren in their book Theory of Literature say literature as “a creative activity, an art” and literature is identical with the words: the expression of human feeling, imaginative process and creativity (Wellek and Warren, 1972:2). Literature can be divide into some genres. Such as poetry, drama, and prose, while genre can also be divided into some froms. Short story is a literary form belongs to

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prose. Other forms in the genre of prose are novel, romance, and essay. Since this analysis discusses short stories, it is necessary to have a clear understanding what short story is. In Meriam’s Webster Ecyclopedia of Literature, short story is:

“....Brief fictional narrative to be distinguished from longer, more expansive narrative forms such as the novel, epic, saga, and romance. The short story is usually concerned with a single effect conveyed in a single significant episode or scene and involving a limited number of characters, sometime only one. The form encourages economy of setting and concise narration; character is disclosed. A short story may concentrate on the reaction of mood rather than telling of the story. (Kuiper, 1995:1028).

Robert Diyanni (1990:23) said that, the short story as a form of short fiction developed and became popular in the nineteenth century. During this period fiction was channeled in the direction of realism or a detailed representation of everyday life, typically the lives and experiences familiar to middle class individuals. Besides its realistic impulse, the modern short story differs from the ancient forms of short fiction in still another ways in the ratio between summary and scene.The short story has grown to encompass a body of work so diverse as to defy easy characterization, and focuses on a self-contained incident with the intent of evoking a "single effect" or mood.

A fiction genre characterized by sadism, horror, madness of character , gloom, melancholy and darkness. Or often also with a strange storyline or something extraordinary, and plot a gripping expose of solitude, such as the ruins of the castle or other buildings. Glance, this description may be similar horror films such as Count Draculla, Van Helsing, The Crow, Frankenstein and so on.

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Three short stories by Poe's 'Berenice', 'The MasqueOf The Red Death' and 'The BlackCat' are considered in the literature. These short stories homage to horror or commonly referred to as a short story Gothic. Short story written by Edgar Allan Poe is characterized by a sense of sadistic, horror, mystery, supernatural, human awareness of death brooding, thrilling, weirdness and craziness of the characters

Edgar Allan Poe raised the horror story to a level far above mere entertainment through their skilful intermingling of reason and madness, eerie atmosphere and everyday reality. Poe had already shown a gift for writing about the horrific in The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym (1838). His tales are short, intense, and sensational and have the power to inspire horror and terror. He depict extremes of fear, suffering and insanity and through the operations of evil, gives us glimpses of hell. Poe’s long term influence was immeasurable and one can detect it persisting through the 19th century.

Furthermore, this thesis will bump the character of the madness contained in the three short stories by Edgar Allan Poe. Of the three short stories, found the behavior that led to the sadistic madness characters like; prying eyes causing blindness, with a sadistic animal torture, dismember human bodies, hurt by brutally forced to pull out one of the organs of the human body such as dental and -other sadistic things

Every short story should have characters as its element. A character is a person who acts in the story. Human usually dominates characters in a novel and every human has their own personality. The personality will lead the character to act their mind, attitude, and behavioral.

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To analyze the madness characters personality, the writer tries to apply Wellek and Warren theory. According to Wellek and Warren, Both of this sciences study about human behavior or character and human development. Literature consists of the character who conducts a story while everything that relates to the characters such as attitude or behavior and morality are part of psychology. The writer usess his feeling and emotion in his works. It also happens on the readers, they will use their feeling and emotion in reading the literary works because the works are coming from the experience of the writer himself and the experience from other people (Wellek and Warren, 1956:81-93).

The writer has some reasons why she is interested in Edgar Allan Poe’s short stories. Firstly she is interested in writing, how Edgar Allan Poe builds the atmosphere madness of the characters in his works. Madness of the characters here is how to use his physical behavior of leaders to carry out his evil intentions, such as the stabbing victim, gouged eyes, and forcibly pull the victim's body organs. Moreover, the life of Edgar Allan Poe is interesting to see. He is a mysterious person. His behaviors are reflected in his works, especially in his short stories.

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1.2 Problem of the Study

This case makes the writer be curious and cause the writer has a question:

1. What are the the madness that comes from the three figures in the three Poe short story

1.3 Objective of the Study

The objective of this thesis tends to answer the question or the problem of study and it would be very useless if a study is made by having no targets. Therefore, the aims of this study is, to explain how such the madness repercussions for the characters

In accordance with the title of the thesis, the writer will analyse the madness characters of Edgar Allan Poe’s three short stories entitled ‘Berenice’, ‘The Masque Of The Red Death’ and ‘

The Black Cat’

1.4 Scope of the Study

, and the main purpose is to find out the characteristics of madness characters reflected in Edgar Allan Poe’s three short stories.

About the title of this thesis, the writer restricted their analysis to focus on the characters, especially the behavior of the madness character figures contained in the three short stories written by Edgar Allan Poe. Madness characters will be analyzed based on the characterization of the characters in the short story itself. Because it is not possible for the author to discuss all the details.

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1.5 Significance of the Study

This thesis is made to gain more knowledge about the madness characters reflected in three poe’s short stories that can be found in Poe’s three short stories. The writer hope that this thesis will be useful for the readers who want to widen their knowledge and enrich their interpretation about madness characters shown in Poe’s three short stories.

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CHAPTER II

A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF LITERATURE

2.1 Short Story

Robert Diyanni (1990:23) said that, a short story is a brief work of usually written in the 17th century, the short story has grown to encompass a body of work so diverse as to defy easy characterization. At its most prototypical the short story features a small cast of named characters, and focuses on a self-contained incident with the intent of evoking a "single effect" or mood. In so doing, short stories make use of plot, resonance, and other dynamic components to a far greater degree than is typical of largely distinct from the novel, authors of both generally draw from a common pool of

Short stories have no set length, in terms of word count there is no official demarcation between an parameters are given by the rhetorical and practical context in which a given story is produced and considered, so that what constitutes a short story may differ between genres, countries, eras, and commentators. Like the novel, the short story's predominant shape reflects the demands of the available markets for publication, and the evolution of the form seems closely tied to the evolution of the publishing industry and the submission guidelines of its constituent houses.

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Short story in general is a form of fiction, and is the most widely published fiction such as science fiction, horror fiction, detective fiction, and others. The short story is now also include other forms of non-fiction such as travel notes, lyrics and prose post-modern variants as well as non-fiction such as fikto-critical or new journalism. Short stories tend to be less complex than novels. Short stories usually focus on one incident, has a single plot, a single setting, a limited number of characters, including a short period of time. In the forms of longer fiction, stories tend to contain certain core elements of dramatic structure: exposition (the introduction setting, situation and main characters); complications (events in the story that introduces the conflict); rising action, crisis (when decisive for the protagonist and their commitment to a step); climax (the point of highest interest in terms of the conflict and the point of the story with the most action); resolution (the story where the conflict is resolved), and

Because short, short stories can follow this pattern or may not. For example, modern short stories only occasionally contained exposition. Much more common is an abrupt beginning, with the story starting in the middle of the action. As in the stories that are longer, plots of short stories also contain a climax, or turning point. However, the endings of many short stories are abrupt and open and may (or may not) have a moral or practical lesson. As with any art form, the hallmark of a different short story by author. From

moral.

, short

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1. Intrinsic elements

Intrinsic elements are elements that build on the work itself. Intrinsic elements of stories include:

• A theme is the main idea of a story, which is believed to be the source and story.

• Background (setting) is the place, the time, the atmosphere contained in the story. A story should be clear that the course, when it happened and when the state of the atmosphere as well as the story progresses.

• Plot (plot) is the arrangement of the event or events that make up a story.

• characterization is to describe the nature or character of a person's character can be seen from three aspects, namely through: character dialogue, character description and depiction of physical character.

2. Extrinsic elements

Extrinsic elements are elements that are outside of literature, but it does not directly affect the structure or organism system literature. Extrinsic elements include:

• The values in the story (religious, cultural, political, economic).

• Background of life of the author.

• The social situation when the story was invented.

In analyzing a literary work, such as a short story, we need to apply some approaches to get the better ideas of understanding of how to analyze this literary work. These approaches can be applied to analyze a literary work itself. In this case, the writer applies intrinsic approach to analyze a short stories from the outside of its text. Three short stories by Edgar Allan Poe; ‘Berenice’, The Black Cat’, and ‘The

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Masque of The Red Death’ bringging madness characters as its main topic brings the analysis

The object of literature is human being. Both of this sciences study about human behavior or character and human development. Literature consists of the character who conducts a story while everything that relates to the characters such as attitude or behavior and morality are part of psychology. The writer usess his feeling and emotion in his works. It also happens on the readers, they will use their feeling and emotion in reading the literary works because the works are coming from the experience of the writer himself and the experience from other people (Wellek and Warren, 1956:81-93).

of the short stories to intrinsic approach. Because, human behaviors and mental processes are nothing less than the substance of our lives: our actions, our thoughts, our attitudes, our moods, even our hope and dreams.

This thesis discusses about the characters as the intrinsict elements, focusing on Madness and characteristic of madness itself, which is somehow developed the character’s personality. These reading materials like Theory of Literature by Rene Wellek and Austin Warren. Character is an important element because the actor is human, so the definition of character and madness characters will be explained in the next poin.

2.2 Character

Robert Diyanni (1990:35-38) said that, Indeed, if one reason we read stories is to find out what happens (to see how the plot works out), an equally compelling reason is to follow the fortunes of the characters. Plot and character in fact, are inseparable: we are often less concerned with “what happened, than with what

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happened to him or her. Although fictional characters cannot step out of the pages ogf their stories. We grant them a kind of reality equivalent to if not identical with our own. In doing so we make an implied contract with the writer to suspend our disbelief that his or her story is “just a story”. And instead take what happens as if it were real.

Character is very important in real-made creation of literary works such as novel,short story, drama or even some of poems. The nature of character presentation brings a positive impact for readers to find out what is going on and what it is for. In short, we approach fictional characters with the same concerns with which we approach people. We need to be alert for how we are to take them. For what we are to make of them, and we need to see how they may reflrct our own experience. We need to observe their actions. To listen to what they say and how they say it. to nonce how they relate to other characters and how other characters respond to them. Especially to what they say about each other.

Character in fiction can be conveniently classified as major and minor, static and dynamic. A major character is an important figure at the center of the story’s action or theme. Usually a character’s status as major or minor is clear. On occasion, however not one but two character’s may dominate a story.

The major character is sometimes called a protagonis whose conflict with an

antagonis may spark the story’s conflict. Supporting the major character are one or more secondary or minor characters whose function is partly to illuminate the major characters. Minor characters are often static or unchanging: they remain the same from the beginning of a work to the end. Dynamic characters, on the other hand, exhibit some kind of change of attitude, of purpose, of behavior of the story.

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E. M Forster (1990:73-80) said that, distinguishes two kinds of characters, those are: Flat character is constructed round a single idea or quality, unchanging and static, at the end of the short story he is essentially what he has been throughout, his response is predictable and Round character is a charcter portrayed in the round, profoundly altered by his experiences, he does not embody a single or quality but it much more complex, his responses take us by surprise.

Kennedy (1991:47) said that,

It has often been assumed that characters in a literary work can be judged from four levels of characterization. They are helpful for us to see the very basic description of characters. The four levels are :

character is an imagined person who exists in the story. Moreover, characters in short story have been especially created by the author. Characterization is the author’s way of describing his characters in a literary work or the author’s means of differentiating one character to another. Characters are closely related to plot because character means action, while action from the plot of literary work. An author may presents his characters in two general ways, they are: (1) directly, telling his readers the characters’ qualities and (2) through actions, showing the characters’ deeds by which his characters may be revealed.

a. Physical: physical level supplies such basic facts, as sex, age, and size. It is simplest level of characterization because it reveals external traits only.

b. Social: social level of characterization includes economic status, profession, religion, family and social relationships.

c. Psychological: this level reveals habitual responses, attitudes, desires, motivation, like and dislike-the inner working of the mind, both emotional and intellectual which lead to action. Since feeling, thought

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and behavior define a character more fully than physical and social traits and since a literary work usually arises from desires in conflict, the psychological level is the most essential parts of characterization.

d. Moral: moral decision more clearly differentiate character than any other level of characterization. The choices made by a character when he is faced with a moral crisis show whether he is selfish, a hypocrite, or he is the one who always acts according to his belief. A moral decision usually causes a character to examine his own motives and values, and in the process his true nature is revealed both to himself and to the readers.

A characters who stands as a representative of particular class or group of people is known as a type. Some types of characters are: Stereotyped characters do not represent individuals but a group of people, profession, etc they act according to a set of pattern; Stock characters appeared from dramatic situation such as triangle love affair; Allegorical characters are usually not given human names but they represent human attitudes and emotions and author uses names taken from the characters’ role representing their attitudes, behavior, etc; Full-dimension characters

usually described at greater length, more detail and capable of greater individuation.

From the above, that the allegorical character types found in the three short stories written by Edgar Allan Poe, where a character's name is not given human names and no clear origins and also overall emotional attitude of the characters are written by the author.

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2.3 Madness Of The Character

Madness of character is one of the Ghotic elements, which is almost always appears in Ghotic fiction. It is a change of the character’s attitude, which is influenced by evil thought, crime, superstition belief, and obsession and so on, usually the characters that get mad are male characters while the women are in distress. As an appeal to the pathos and sympathy of the reader, the female characters often face events that leave them fainting, terrified, screaming, suffering and destroyed by the madness that consumes the male character. In order to find out the madness of the character in this story, in this thesis, I will analyse it by focusing on the characterization of the characters of the stories.

Madness or insanity, has been recognized throughout history in every known society. Primitive cultures turned to witch doctors or shamans to apply magic, herbal mixtures, or folk medicine to rid deranged persons of evil spirits or bizarre behavior, for example; Archaeologists have unearthed skulls (at least 7000 years old) that have small round holes bored in them using flint tools. It has been conjectured that the subject may have been thought to have been possessed by devils which the holes would allow to escape. However, more recent research on the historical practice of trepanation supports the hypothesis that this procedure was medical in nature and intended as means of treating cranial trauma.

As been cited in An Introduction to Fiction, by X. J. Kennedy (1976 : 11, 12), every story hinges on the actions undertaken by its main character, or protagonist, a term drawn from ancient Greek tragedy that is more useful in discussions of fiction that such misleading terms as hero or heroine. Additionally, stories may contain an

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opposing character, or antagonist, with whom the protagonist is drawn into conflict. Development and motivation are also important in any consideration of a story’s characters. Characters can be termed either static or dynamic, depending on the degree to which they change in the course of the story. In some stories, writers may try to plug directly into a character’s thought by using interior monologue, a direct presentation of thought that is somewhat like a soliloquy in drama or stream-of-consciousness, an attempt to duplicate raw sensory data in the same disorder state that the mind receives it.

Description of characters also helps us to understand the writer inten. In real life we are told from an early age not to judge people by external appearance, but in fiction the opposite is more often the case: physical description is invariably a sign of what lurks beneath the surface. Given the brevity of most short stories, these physical details may be minimal but revailing in their lack of particulars.

The problematic characteristics of people with antisocial personality disorder are enduring in nature. That is their problems begin in childhood and continue throughout most of their adulthood. As children, many of them had serious problems with implus control, the ability to restrain the gratification of one’s immediate needs or desire, and were regarded as having a conduct disorder. Children with conduct disorder get in trouble at home, in school and in their neighborhood. The more frequent and diverse the childhood antisocial acts are, the more likely the individual is to have a life-long pattern of antisocial disorder.

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Barlow (1995:533-534) explain, that the causes of antisocial personality disorder are from biological dimension: genetic influences, family, twin, and adoption studies all suggest a genetic influence on both antisocial personality disorder and criminality. Derek Russell Davis in his book An introduction to psychopathology, explains that the causes of the disorder among others: external agents affecting the brain directly, e.g. alcohol, drug or violence producing injury; and events and circumstances outside the person which compose his experience.

In real life we are told from an early age not to judge people by outward appearance, but the opposite is more common fiction: a physical description is always a sign of what lurks beneath the surface. Due to the short story is the shortest, the physical details may be minimal but the lack of specific revailing

Criteria for Madness Personality Disorder

Some of the characteristics of the madness personality which quoted from sources: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madness/Sadistic_personality_disorder,

1. Is amused by, or takes pleasure in, the psychological or physical suffering of others (including animals).

they are:

2. Has lied for the purpose of harming or inflicting pain on others (not merely to achieve some other goal).

3. Gets other people to do what he or she wants by frightening them (through intimidation or even terror).

4. Restricts the autonomy of people with whom he or she has close relationship (e.g., will not let spouse leave the house unaccompanied or permit teenage daughter to attend social functions).

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2.4 Romanticism

Romanticism in literature, Romanticism found recurrent themes in the rise or criticism of the past, the cult of "sensibility" with its emphasis on women and children, the heroic isolation of the artist or narrator, and respect for a new, wild, loose and "pure" nature. Furthermore, several romantic authors, such as Edgar Allan Poe and Nathaniel Hawthorne, based their writings on the supernatural / occult and human psychology. Romanticism tended to think of satire as something not worth serious attention, prejudice is still influential today.

During the Age of Reason in the Seventeenth Century, Romantic unavoidable fell into increasing disrepute, so that it is found alongside with ‘bombastic’, ‘ridiculous’ and ‘childish’. Not long afterward, Romantic begins recover its status from a term of depreciation to a term that occurs in association with ‘fine’. Romantic could then mean captivating to the imagination.

The exact meaning of the term is matter of substantial debate. According to Brunetiere: Romantic is a movement to honor whatever classicism rejected. Classicism is the regularity of good sense, − prefection in moderation; Romanticism is disorder in the imagination─the rage of incorrectness. A bilnd wave of literary egotism, while Rousseau defines Romanticism is the return to the nature. Victor Hugo defines Romanticism as liberalism in literature. Mingling the grotesque with the tragic or sublime (forbidden by classicism) the complete truth of life and thought of the Middle Age.

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The word ‘romantic’ was caught by the influential German critics Friedrich and August Wilhem who gave it more a deeper and more specific group of meanings; and through out the nineteenth century the term became more widely used for the simple reason that nothing better appeared. The Schlegel brothers were interested in defining a contrast between the art and literature of the classical world and that of the Middle Ages and Renaissance (which they called ‘modern in antithesis to ‘ancient’). The ‘Romantic’ refuses to recognize restraint in subject matter or form and so is free to represent the abnormal grotesque and monstrous and to mingle standpoints, genres, mode of expression (such as philosophy and poetry) and events the separate arts in a single works.

The Gothic Novel, starting with Horace Walpole's The Castle of Otranto (1764), an important precursor of one strain of romanticism, with a fun horror and threat, and wonderfully exotic setting, suitable in the case of Walpole by his role in the early revival of Gothic architecture. Tristram Shandy, a novel by Laurence Sterne (1759-1767) introduced a weird version of the anti-rational public sentimental novels of English literature

Romanticism has very little to do with things popularly thought of as "romantic," although love may occasionally be the subject of Romantic art. Rather, it is an international artistic and philosophical movement that redefined the fundamental ways in which people in Western cultures thought about themselves and about their world. It is one of the curiosities of literary history that the strongholds of the Romantic Movement were England and Germany, not the countries of the romance languages themselves. Thus it is from the historians of English and German literature that we inherit the convenient set of terminal dates for the Romantic period,

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beginning in 1798, the year of the first edition of Lyrical Ballads by Wordsworth and Coleridge and of the composition of Hymns to the Night by Novalis, and ending in 1832, the year which marked the deaths of both Sir Walter Scott and Goethe.

 Some aspects of Romanticism

Some aspect of Romanticism, which quoted from sources:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ensiklopedia/Romanticism,.

• Imagination

they are:

The Romantics tended to define and to present the imagination as our ultimate "shaping" or creative power, the approximate human equivalent of the creative powers of nature or even deity. It is dynamic, an active, rather than passive power, with many functions. On a broader scale, it is also the faculty that helps humans to constitute reality, we not only perceive the world around us, but also in part create it.

• Nature

"Nature" meant many things to the Romantics. As suggested above, it was often presented as itself a work of art, constructed by a divine imagination, in emblematic language. At the same time, Romantics gave greater attention both to describing natural phenomena accurately and to capturing "sensuous nuance"--and this is as true of Romantic landscape painting as of Romantic nature poetry.

• Symbolism and Myth

Symbolism and myth were given great prominence in the Romantic conception of art. In the Romantic view, symbols were the human aesthetic correlatives of nature's emblematic language. They were valued too because they could

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simultaneously suggest many things, and were thus thought superior to the one-to-one communications of allegory. Partly, it may have been the desire to express the "inexpressible"--the infinite--through the available resources of language that led to symbol at one level and myth (as symbolic narrative) at another.

• The Individualism

The Individualism of this period is also reflected in the preference for individual and particular description. When their predecessors saw a man as a social animal, saw him in his daily relations with his fellows, the Romantics saw him essentially in solitary state, self –communing. Where the Augustan emphasized those features that men have in common, the interest that bring them together, the Romantics emphasized the special qualities of each individual’s mind, they exalted the atypical, even the bizarre, they honoured the hermit, the outcast, the rebel. In the others words, the Romantic period, the age of burgeoning free enterprise and revolutionary hope, was also an age of radical individualism, in which both the philosophers and poet put an immensely higher estimate, on human potentialities and powers.

• Supernatural and Strangeness

It is known that some Romantic poets escaped into a more beautiful past or future, while others into the realm of supernatural. Consequently, the ‘Ghotic’ stories focus much on the idea of the past and old world, for example A Ghotic building or an ancient house, old places, darkness and moonlight. Or it might center on the idea of in the form of he remote area, an escape from society, and alienation. Or it might deal with supernatural by depicting the presence of ghosts, demonic or Satanic characters and heavenly creatures.

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• Ghotic and Mysterious

Ghotic in the term of literature can be defined as a melodramatic mode of fiction in the late of eighteenth century and in the early nineteenth century. The word ‘ghotic’ had to mean ‘wild’ found it attractive to cultivate in reaction againts the sedate new classicism of earlier with century culture. In literature, the ‘ghotic novel’ is a tale of terror with melodramatic and supernatural elements. Often these tales are silly stories of violence and romantic love, set Oagaints the background of spooky ancient castle, supernatural appearance and bloody murders. The plots hanged on suspense and mystery, involving the fantastic and supernatural.

• Illogical /unacceptable

As the basic maning of the word ‘illogical’; is without or contrary to logic, the literary works of the Romanticism period much consists this elements, especially for the ghotic novels and others horror stories.

Other aspects of Romanticism were intertwined with the above three concepts. Emphasis on the activity of the imagination was accompanied by greater emphasis on the importance of intuition, instincts, and feelings, and Romantics generally called for greater attention to the emotions as a necessary supplement to purely logical reason.

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CHAPTER III

METODOLOGY OF RESEARCH

In this thesis, the writer applies the library research by searching and collecting references that contain and support the topic from the library for accomplishing this analysis. The writer collects some relevant information from different reference book. The writer applies the online research as well for she knows that the opinion of others might be useful to support his thesis.

In analyze the short stories, the writer uses

In doing this thesis, the writer uses some steps as follows :

the descriptive qualitative method in order to understand how something is happened. Qualitative research result the descriptive data and consist of the explanation about variable which examined by giving the explanation from other references. Then the writer continues with selecting data or takes some quotations from statements of the short stories. After that, the writer analyses the data by interpretating. The interpretation is described in order to find out the truth offered by the data. The writer also collects the data from books, journals, some information from the Internet,which relates to Edgar Allan Poe, and other written sources as the library research.

3.1. Data Collecting Procedure

Fristly, the writer did the collecting data. The writer read the short stories to get the information and to understand about the topic that will be analyzed in this thesis and to find out the madness characters in short stories by Edgar Allan Poe.

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3.2. Data Selecting Procedure

Secondly, the writer did the selecting data. All the information that had been collected were being selected and only the most significant or related data were left in order to be used in doing the analysis of the thesis.

3.3. Data Analyzing Procedure

Thirdly, the writer did the analysis of the data. In analyze this thesis, the writer uses descriptive qualitative methode in order to understanding how something is happend. This method is a method of analysis by describing and analyzing the data and then giving the interpretation and explanation.

The descriptive qualitative method is a method which describes facts which are followed by analysis. This method is not only to describe the facts, but also to give adequate understandings and explanations towards the facts (Ratna, 2004:53

Teori, Metode, dan Teknik Penalitian Sastra). According to John W. Best, Reserch in education third edition,prenfice – hall of Indian, 1977, In book Drs. Sanapiah Faisal and Drs. Mulyadi Guntur “ Penelitian deskriptif, tujuannya adalah untuk mendeskripsikan apa-apa yang saat ini didalamnya terdapat upaya deskripsi, pencatatan, analisis, dan menginterpretasikan kondisi-kondisi yang sekarang ini terjadi atau ada. Pada penelitian deskriptif ini, didalamnya termasuk berbagai tipe perbandingan, dan mungkin juga sampai pada usuaha menentukan hubungan yang terdapat di antara variabel-variabel: asalkan variabel-variabel itu tidak mengalami proses manipulasi sebagai yang dilakukan di penelitian eksperimental (metodologi penelitian pendidikan ). /page 42.”

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However, analysis has referred to the meaning not only to elaborate but also to provide an understanding and the clarification sufficiently. The writer analyzed all the selected data in order to achieve the aims that had been formulated in the objective of this thesis and finally the writer can design the conclusion for this thesis.

Based on the theory, the present analysis walks on particular theory composed by Wellek and Warren in Sapardi Djoko Damono’s Sosiologi Sastra which states that literary works in wide or narrow sight affects the readers of thase works and ultimately, those works give a significant influence toward social condition existing at the time. (Damono 1977:3-4)

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CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS AND FINDING

THE MADNESS CHARACTERS REFLECTED IN THREE POE’S SHORT STORIES

4.1 “ BERENICE “

The beginning of the story, opens with a melancholic character recognition Egæus, which seems alive with pessimistic, and alwaysuses negative ways and sad. It is also explained that the memory of his past happiness is misery for in his days. This is because during Egæus’s life, he has never felt the happiness. It can

“...,evil is a consequence of good, so, in fact, out of joy is sorrow born. Either the memory of past bliss is the anguish of to-day. Or the agonies which are, have their origin in the ecstasies which might have been.”

be seen in the quotation below:

(David Campbell Publisher Ltd., 1992 : 130)

We can see here that from the beginning the reason to marry Berenice Egæus very strange. Berenice way he expresses with a word mystery. From her confession, that he has never loved before Berenice. So this proves that Egæus have psychological disorders. It also c

“...,I living within my own heart, and addicted, body and soul, to the most intense and painful meditation – she, roaming carelessly through life, with no thought of the shadows in her path, or the silent flight of the raven−winged hours. ,,..During the brightest days of her unparalleled beauty, most surely I had never loved her.”

an be seen in the quotation below:

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Egæus through illness, he has a reason to harm or hurt Berenice, who will marry cousins. With a strange disease that affects Egæus, we can say that he does have the disorder is psychological and he was a strange person. It c

“...Disease – a fatal disease, fell like the simoon upon her frame; and even, while I gazed upon her, the spirit of change swept over her, pervading her mind, her habits, and her character, and in a manner the most subtle and terrible, disturbing even the identity of her person! Alas! the destroyer came and went! – and the victim – where is she? I knew her not – or knew her no longer as Berenice!”

an be seen in the quotation below:

(David Campbell Publisher Ltd., 1992 : 131)

A strange the disease "monomania" suffered by Egæus makes him being malicious personal. Due to the impact of the disease can make the Egæus lose himself. Symptoms may be difficult to explain, and this disease spontaneously make the Egæus turned into an evil character and mad about something, whatever it is. It c

“....In the meantime, my own disease – for I have been told that I should call it by no other appellation – my own disease, then, grew rapidly upon me, and assumed finally a monomaniac character of a novel and extraordinary form....,,−This monomania , if I must so term it, consisted in a morbid irritability of those properties of the mind in metaphysical science termed the attentive.”

an be seen in the quotation below:

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Madness character of Egæus starting to look obvious here, which is where his marriage to Berenice is imminent. Egæus began to plan things and act crazy to hurt even hurt Berenice.

“And at length the period of our nuptials was approaching, when, upon an afternoon in the winter of the year – one of those unseasonably warm, calm, and misty days which are the nurse of the beautiful Halcyon, − I sat (and sat, as I thought, alone) in the inner apatment of the library. But, uplifting my eyes, I saw that Berenice stood before me.”

Can be seen in the quotation below:

(David Campbell Publisher Ltd., 1992 : 134)

We can see more madness character of Egæus getting into. Even the A strange disease that had affected him and he suffered his mind as well, and that there are now only thinking Berenice teeth.

“I saw them now even more unequivocally than I beheld them then. The teeth! – the teeth! – they were here, and there, and everywhere, and visibly and palpably before me; long, narrow, and excessively white, with the pale lips writhing about them, as in the very moment of their first terrible development. Then came the full fury of my monomania, and I struggled in vain against its strange and irresistiblc influence.”

Can be seen in the quotation below:

(David Campbell Publisher Ltd., 1992 : 135)

Madness character of Egæus looks too where her reasons for marrying Berenice. That he wants to marry Bernice is not for love but he wants to analyze Berenice as the object of his heart satisfaction. With that purpose, he has become a person who does not have any feelings at all and make it as a cruel character. It c

“....−in the silence of my library at night, she had flitted by my eyes, and I had seen her ─ not as the living and breathing Berenice, but as the

an be seen in the quotation below:

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Berenice of a dream...─ not as a thing to admire, but to analyze ─ not as an object of love, but as the theme of the most abstruse although desultory speculation...”

(David Campbell Publisher Ltd., 1992 : 134)

Overall, three the madness had Egæus caused by her illness. the disease "monomania" obsessed him in all those sadistic and crazy, and make it drown in he imagination and do not think before doing something. But the highlight was when he showed his insanity obsessed Berenice teeth. Obsession that took control of him and make the him pull out the tooth courageous Berenice who has been dead, but he does not realize it. He said that he did it like a man walking in his sleep.

4.2 “The Black Cat”

Beginning of the story to tell about the character of “ I ” in the short story

‘The Black Cat’. He was a very gentle man and has a high sense of humanity towards animals and all kinds of living things. He lived in a nice and lovely family because he was taught to be a good person. She loves animals so the house is almost like a zoo, which consists of various types of animals. Then his attitude is being changed since he has affected by alcohol. So that he lost control and difficult to control his emotions. He was also more irritable, become abusive to his wife and dared to give physical violence against his wife.

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Changes widened his rude attitude worse and worse every day. He began to torturing animals like pet, torture them once they pass., And from his behavior he does not have a sense of regret after torturing animals pet

This is the starting point of madness character in this short story. In addition, the statement saying that he did this in an unconscious condition and maybe he is being controlled by an evil spirit. But he was embarrassed to admit insanity that has been made.

“Our friendship lasted, in this manner, for several years, during which my general temperament and character -- through the instrumentality of the Fiend Intemperance -- had (I blush to confess it) experienced a radical alteration for the worse....”

Can be seen in the quotation below:

(David Campbell Publisher Ltd., 1992 : 649)

His attitude is regarded as madness character is also seen from the way he tortured Pluto, black cats as pets as well for him and his wife. First, he tortured black cat with one prying eyes of the black cat. Second, he hung it to the limb of the tree near his home, of the statement that when he was killed and hung their pets, it showed of his madness to his pet animals.

“One morning. In cool blood, I slipped a noose about its neck and hung it to the limb of a tree; --hung it with the tears streaming from my eyes, and with the bitterest remorse at my heart; --hung it because I knew that it had loved me, and because I felt it had given me no reason of offence; --hung it because I knew that in so doing I was commiting a sin --a deadly si that would so jeopardize my immortal soul as to place it...— “. (David Campbell Publisher Ltd., 1992 : 650)

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A crime is basically because of hatred, jealousy or the other, but not with love. He kills and he knew he would do a great sin. He said he was a person who likes to collect sin in his life. And from this, he began to hate God by hurting and killing his lunacy.

His madness is increasingly becoming added by fear of the next reincarnation of a black cat he has killed. Black cat who always entertain but to torture him and make him go crazy and not be able to enjoy his life in peace and turn it into a good man who lost properties. He felt that he was haunted by a cat and her increasingly thinking about it, and make it crazy.

“Evil thoughts became my sole intimates –the darkest and most evil of thoughts. The moodiness of my usual temper increased to hatred of all things and of all mankind; while, from the sudden, frequent, and ungovernable outbursts of uncomplaining wife, alas! was the most usual and the most patient of sufferers.” (David Campbell Publisher Ltd., 1992 : 654)

Can be seen in the quotation below:

The next madness shown almost at the end of the story when he killed his wife with an ax head. A husband who had just killed his wife or anyone else should feel sad, scared, or run as far as possible. He does not plan to run away but he was thinking how to hide her body. Finally he cut his wife's corpse and hid it in a box and buried it behind the wall.

“....At one period I thought of cutting the corpse into minute fragments, and destroying them by fire. At another, I resolved to dig a grave for it in the floor of the cellar. Again, I deliberated about casting it in the well in the yard – about packing it in box, as if merchandise, with the usual arrangements, and so getting a porter to take it from the house.”

Can be seen in the quotation below:

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After he was killed, cut up her body, and then put into a cardboard box and buried behind the wall, he felt satisfaction with the job. He was not in vain and too proud of the result of the hard work was very good. From the way he thinks, a criminal act that proves that he has no morals and he's really very crazy character figure.

“...When I had finished, I felt satisfed that all was right. The wall did not present the slightest appearence of having been disturbed. The rubbish on the floor was picked up with the minutest care. I looked around triumphantly, and said to myself: ‘Here at least, then, my labor has not been in vain.’... “ (David Campbell Publisher Ltd., 1992 : 655) Can be seen in the quotation below:

The last is madness when he attracted the attention of the police to come to his house and showed new wall he created, stored body wall where the wife. He also does not know why he could did that crazy thing. But for us as readers, it is an act totally crazy if done in front of the police. Because then could reveal who the perpetrators of these terrible murders. That she herself, her husband.

“...─’I may say an excellenty well constracted house. These walls – are you going, gentlement? –these walls are solidly put together”; and here, through the mere frenzy of bravado, I rapped heavily, with a cane which I held in my hand, upon that very portion of the brick-work behind which stood the corpse of the wife of my bosom....”

Can be seen in the quotation below:

(David Campbell Publisher Ltd., 1992 : 655)

Overall madness of the characters in the short story "Black Cat" character found in "I", especially if we compare before and after the terrible event. Emotion and brutality make it do something evil and acts like a madman. He even did not feel scared or sorry about the crimes he committed to his wife and pets.

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4.3 “The Masque Of The Red Death”

In this short story the character is very strong madness in his obsession with the 'Red Death' with a death, where all the people killed in this story by the 'Red

Death'. Social insecurity was also received from the short story, in which Prince Prospero and his people who live and work in the area feel very great fear of the 'Red

Death'. In fact, although the prince prspero and people locked themselves in a castle high and wide, but in the end they all will be slain by the madness of the 'Red Death

Beginning of madness character with the sudden presence of the figure that had been their fear and avoid them. Red Death finally appeared before them in a way that a sudden and not disanggka-thought. Because, they are that the 'Red Death' will never be able to enter the territory prince Prospero, but it's all wrong. And now the

'Red Death' comes in between them with a form of a very horrible and disgusting.

“...And the revel went whirlingly on, until at length there commenced the sounding of midnight upon the clock. And then the music ceased, as I have told; and the evolution of the waltzers were quieted;...─And thus too, it happened, perhaps, that before the last chime had utterly sunk into silence..,,─or murmur. Expressiveof disapprobation and ─then, finally, of terror, of horror, and of disgust.”

Can be seen in the quotation below:

(David Campbell Publisher Ltd., 1992 : 607)

With the advent of the 'Red Death' in the middle of a masquerade party that made Prince Prospero, it is clear that the purpose of the 'Red Death' coming is to kill all the people present at the party with its deadly disease. From the way she dressed, the physical picture is told that the 'Red Death' is including a sadistic personality. Can be seen in the quotation below:

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“...−and shrouded from head to foot in the habiliments of the grave. The mask which concealed the visage was made so nearly to resemble the countenance of a stiffened corpse that the closest scrutiny must have had difficulty in detecting the cheat. But the mummer had gone so far as to assume the type of the ‘Red Death’. His vesture was dabbled in blood – and his broad brow, with all the features of the face, was besprinkled with the scarlet horror.” (David Campbell Publisher Ltd., 1992 : 608)

Prospero in the frenzy of fear 'Red Death' increasingly obvious. That Prospero was scared to death at the hands of the 'Red Death'.

“Who dares” he cried. “Take him! Seize him! Pull of his masks so that we may know who we must hang at sunrise ! “(David Campbell Publisher Ltd., 1992 : 608)

Can be seen in the quotation below:

Then again, we can see the true character of insanity contained at the end of this story where the 'Red Death' pursuit of Prospero tryingd to escape and in the end the 'Red Death' can be found. Without thinking of the 'Red Death' finish the job that is killing Prospero by sticking a knife into the body of the prince.

“It was then,,,─Princes Prospero.., rushed hurriedly through the six chambers, while none followed him on account of a deadly terror that had seized upon all. He bore aloft a drawn dagger, and had approached, turned suddenly and,..—There was a sharp cry ─ and the dag ger dropped gleaming upon the sable carpet, upon which, instantly afterward, fell prostrate in death the Prince Prospero....” “(David Campbell Publisher Ltd., 1992 : 609)

Can be seen in the quotation below:

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Finally, the madness made the 'Red Death' to be a threat, and this craziness happens repeatedly. The 'Red Death' will always be present in the evening, where life still exist.

“And now acknowledged the presence of the Red Death. He had come like a thief in the night. And one by one dropped the revellers in the blood-bedewed halls of their revel,,.─And Darkness and Decay and the Red Death held illimitable dominion over all.”

Can be seen in the quotation below:

“(David Campbell Publisher Ltd., 1992 : 609)

Overall can be seen madness character of the "Red Death" is cruel, she makes the people who are innocent feel the madness of it. No matter who the person is, the "Red Death" will continue to madness by killing one by one the people who are not guilty of it, until she felt a satisfaction in itself.

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1 CONCLUSION

Having analyzed the short stories from the beginning to the end, I conclude that the madness of the caracter can be found clearly in Edgar Allan Poe’s short stories, “Berenice”, “The Black Cat“ and “The Masque of The Red Death” are full of madness the character. These short stories have contributed towards American Literature, since Edgar Allan Poe is a master of modren Gothic writer.

The Madness of character in the short story "Berenice”,can be seen from the way Egaues think about life, himself and Berenice. He is proud of his family but is asshamed to admit that he is the member of the family. He always thinks about death when he daydreams of his disease and Berenice’s disease. Berenice was very beautiful and attractive girl when she was healty but he did not love her. The reason he wants to marry her is also very strange, which is only because he wants her to become an object to analyze, not because of love.

The Madness of character in the short story “The Black Cat”, we can see of character “ I “ attitude, especially if we compare it before and after the first incident. His emotion and his cruelity make him becomes evil and do something like crazy. He does not even feel fear or sorry about the crime toward his wife. He still can sleep well in the night after the crime just because the black cat is not exist anymore.

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The Madness of character in the short story “The Masque of The Red Death”, is in the cast of "Red Death". where in this short story all the scary stuff, the sadistic and crazy things done by the Red Death, ranging from killing, transmit deadly diseases and others. poe makes madness characters on red death, because of the name alone we can know that the "Red Death" is a daunting one.

And overall madness of the three characters in the short story written by Edgar Allan Poe's madness all have properties such as: murder, sadistic, bizarre, and like to do things to harm the physical and non-physical, such as: terrorizing. So naturally the 18-19 century, many writers still use his imagination literary essays are poorly understood by reason and logic, so no lasting from imagination as told in the short story.

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5.2 Suggestion

To understand the madness of three short stories that are in the 18-19 century, should read the book gothic theory that it will also include the Baironic hero, which focuses on things especially on figures madness. And

I also expect that the readers will be interested in reading the other literary works of Edgar Allan Poe, and even analyzed them so that the readers will get something about his literary works, his life or even his mind. In other words, reading literary works can enrich the horizon of thinking of the readers about all things in human life.

I hope that the readers can understand what I have analyzed and get knowledge after reading this thesis. As my analysis focuses on Ghotic elements, one of the Ghotic elements is madness of the charcater that can be found in Edgar Allan Poe’s three short stories. I wish the reader can take the clear picture of Ghotic elements that was so popular in the era of Poe.

Finally, I realized that this thesis is far from being perfect. Since I belive that there are so many elements of Ghotic which are presented by Edgar Allan Poe. They can not be explained all by me, so I wish that the students of English literature may analyzed them further.

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REFERENCES

”Edgar Allan Poe,” Ensiklopedi Indonesia, hal 2728.

Holman, C. Hugh. Press Ltd. 1986. A Hand Book of Literature. London: Macmillan University

Jabrohim, Drs. Widia. 2001. Metodologi Penelitian Sastra. Yogyakarta: Hanindita Graha

John W. 1977. Best Reserch

Kennedy. X. J. 1976 : 11, 12. An Introduction to Fiction. New York.

in education third edition, preupice – hall of India, in book Drs, sanapiah Faisal dan Drs. Mulyadi Guntur Waseso. Metode penelitian pendidikan./page 42.

Nurgiyantoro, Burhan, Drs. M.Pd. 1995. Teori Pengkajian FIKSI. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press.

Ratna, 2004:53. Teori, Metode, DanTeknikPenalitian

Richard Taylor, 1981:1. Introduction of Literature. British Library. Sastra.

Robert Diyanni. 1990. Literature : Reading Fiction, Poetry and The Essay. New York : Mc Graw-Hill. Pub.com.

Seelye, John. 1992. Edgar Allan Poe The Complete Stories. London: British Library.

Ward, Geoft. 1989. A Guide to Romantic Literature. London: Bloomsbury Publishing Ltd.

Wellek, Rene and Warren, Austin. Theory of Literature. 1971, New York: Harcourt and Brace Inc.

____________________. Ghotic Literature and fiction. Retrieved from

____________________. Life Edgar Allan Poe. Retrieved from

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_____________________. Short Stories. Retrieved from

____________________. Romanticism. Retrieved from

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Finally, the madness made the 'Red Death' to be a threat, and this craziness happens repeatedly. The 'Red Death' will always be present in the evening, where life still exist.

Can be seen in the quotation below:

“(David Campbell Publisher Ltd., 1992 : 609)

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1 CONCLUSION

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The Madness of character in the short story “The Masque of The Red

Death”, is in the cast of "Red Death". where in this short story all the scary stuff, the

sadistic and crazy things done by the Red Death, ranging from killing, transmit deadly diseases and others. poe makes madness characters on red death, because of the name alone we can know that the "Red Death" is a daunting one.

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5.2 Suggestion

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REFERENCES

”Edgar Allan Poe,” Ensiklopedi Indonesia, hal 2728.

Holman, C. Hugh. Press Ltd. 1986. A Hand Book of Literature. London: Macmillan University

Jabrohim, Drs. Widia. 2001. Metodologi Penelitian Sastra. Yogyakarta: Hanindita Graha

John W. 1977. Best Reserch

Kennedy. X. J. 1976 : 11, 12. An Introduction to Fiction. New York.

in education third edition, preupice – hall of India, in book Drs, sanapiah Faisal dan Drs. Mulyadi Guntur Waseso. Metode penelitian pendidikan./page 42.

Nurgiyantoro, Burhan, Drs. M.Pd. 1995. Teori Pengkajian FIKSI. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press.

Ratna, 2004:53. Teori, Metode, DanTeknikPenalitian

Richard Taylor, 1981:1. Introduction of Literature. British Library. Sastra.

Robert Diyanni. 1990. Literature : Reading Fiction, Poetry and The Essay. New York : Mc Graw-Hill. Pub.com.

Seelye, John. 1992. Edgar Allan Poe The Complete Stories. London: British Library.

Ward, Geoft. 1989. A Guide to Romantic Literature. London: Bloomsbury Publishing Ltd.

Wellek, Rene and Warren, Austin. Theory of Literature. 1971, New York: Harcourt and Brace Inc.

____________________. Ghotic Literature and fiction. Retrieved from

____________________. Life Edgar Allan Poe. Retrieved from

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_____________________. Short Stories. Retrieved from

____________________. Romanticism. Retrieved from

The Madness Characters Reflected In Poe’s Three Short Stories

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The Madness Characters Reflected In Poe’s Three Short Stories

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