26 future. In contrary, a child brought up in the authoritative atmosphere tend to be
quet, well-behaved, shy, and socially unassertive.
4. Theory of Motivation
Motivation is the study of why people think and behave as they do. According to Stephen Worchel Worchel and Shebilske, 1989: 373-374,
psychologists have used the term motive to describe the condition that energizes and directs the behaviour of organism. There are two kinds of motives, primary
motives and social motives. Primary motives concern our biological needs, usually unlearned, common to all animals, and vital for the survival of the
organism or the species. Meanwhile, social motives come from learning and social interaction. They include the needs for affiliation.
Stephen Worchel Worchel and Shebilske, 1989: 411 stated that the basic theories of motivation are instinct theory, drive theory, incentive theory, and
cognition theory. Instinct theory argues that behavior is preprogrammed and guided by internal forces. Drive theory suggests that needs result when
homeostasis is upset and that behavior is directed toward restoring homeostasis. Incentive theory suggests that behavior is determined by external conditions such
as reinforcement. Cognitive theory emphasizes the role of thinking, judging, and information processing.
According to Bernard Weiner, motivation has a relation with personal construct theory which deals with how individual organizes the perceived world
Weiner, 1980. The way how they organize their world can be seen from their behavior. The behavior is completely determined by the preceding thought process
27 or the manner where the experience is understood. There are some fundamental
postulate and behavior concept in human motivation. The first one is fundamental postulate where someone is anticipating events. The person uses his senses and
analyzes his psychosocial to predict the future events. The second is individual corollary which means that persons differ from each other in their construction of
events. It has the relation to the respond of objective stimulus situation that is given to them. Although some people will get the same objective stimulus, their
respond will be different. It is based on the different manner of the stimulus which came to them. That is why one motivation and others can be different although the
stimulus is the same. The third one is dichotomy corollary. This situation is where a person is considered as honest and sincere or dishonest and insincere because all
constructs are bipolar or dichotomous. The range corollary is the condition where a construction is not appropriate to all events. The focus of convenience refers to
the area in which the construct is maximally useful. The last is experience corollary. This is the phase where a person’s construction system varies as he
successfully construes the replication of events. A construct is akin to a hypothesis and the confirmation or disconfirmation may result in changing the constructs.
Human nature is the intrinsic aspect of humanity which is influenced by biological factor as the major determinants and followed by the social and cultural
factors that exist Jung, 1978, p. 52. There are some human needs which affect the motivation:
a. Attachment
It is necessary that human infants receive sufficient attention from parents. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
28 A child would always follow and duplicate his parents’ behavior, especially his
mother. Later, as long as they come to the high dependency period, children will form a bond with their mother or caretaker and it may influence their social
responsibility. When separation occurs; whether it is temporary or permanent, it may
cause depression to the children because they will lose the presence of their caretaker and it is understandable. During the separation survival, there will be
anxiety because children will feel insecure to many things they face. There also will be a stranger anxiety which means the fear to meet strangers when their
mother is absent.
b. Emotional expression
There is possibility that emotional expression served to communicate intentions and emotional states survived through natural selection. However,
threat or glare at rivals is the expression of communication of threat and may have been adequate to insure the group.
c. Language
Language is species-specific behavior in communication. Here, in human language, there are rules of expressing relationships among words and it involves
syntax which is not merely vocabulary or sets of labels representing objects.
d. Phobias
Phobias involve associations that are often learned in one trial but are extremely resistant to elimination or extinction. There are strong fears that
probably involve stimuli related to situations or object associated with threats to PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
29 survival such as strangers, darkness, and uncertainty. Phobias are probably fears
of stimuli for which our biological make-up predisposes us.
e. Social bonds
Bonding is the species-specific tendency that has survival value in hunting societies and this is the consequence of evolution in human society, bonding is the
tendency to feel safe in the group.
5. Theory of Needs
According to McLeod 2007, in 1943 Abraham Maslow stated that people are motivated to achieve certain needs. When one need is fulfilled, people seek to
fulfill the next one, and so on. The earliest and most widespread version of Maslow’s 1943, 1954 hierarchy of needs includes five motivational needs which
is often depicted as hierarchical levels within a pyramid. This five-stage model can be divided into five basic needs such as biological and physiological needs,
safety needs, love and belongingness needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization needs. These basic needs are said to motivate people to fulfill them before they
move to the higher stages of needs. Maslow posited that human needs are arranged in a hierarchy Maslow, 1943: 375:
‘It is quite true that man lives by bread alone – when there is no bread. But what happens to man’s desires when there is plenty of
bread and when his belly is chronically filled? At once other and “higher” beeds emerge ad these, rather than physiological hungers,
dominate the organism. And when these in turn are satisfied, again new and still “higher” needs emerge and so on. This is what we
mean by saying that the basic human needs are organized into a hierarch
y of relatice prepotency” According to McLeod, every person is capable and has the desire to move
up the hierarchy toward a level of self-actualization. However, not all people PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
30 successfully achieve self-actualization needs. The progress is often disrupted by a
failure to meet lower level needs. Life experiences, including divorce and loss of a job may cause an individual to fluctuate between levels of the hierarchy.
Therefore, not everyone will move through the hierarchy in a uni-directional manner but may move back and forth between the different types of needs.
Maslow as cited in McLeod, 2007 noted that only one in a hundred people become fully self-actualized because our society rewards motivation primarily
based on esteem, love and other social needs. In 1970, Maslow’s five stage model has been expanded to include
cognitive and aesthetic needs and later transcedence needs. Maslow’s eight-stage model hierarchy of needs includes biological and physiological needs, safety
needs, love and belongingness needs, cognitive needs, aesthetic needs, self- actualization needs, and transcendence needs. People will seek to fulfill their
biological and physiological needs in order to move to the higher level of needs. Biological and physiological needs are the lowest basic needs includes the needs
of air, food, drink, shelter, warmth, sex, sleep, and many other else. After fulfilling their biological and physiological needs, people will seek to fulfil their
safety needs. In this world, people also need to feel safe. They need protection from elements, security, order, law, and stability. If this needs are unmet, people
will go back and forth between biological and safety needs. When people have been successfully met their safety needs, they will seek
to fulfil their esteem needs. It includes the self-esteem, achievement, mastery, independence, status, dominance, prestige, responsibility, and many other else. In
