20 p. The Future in the Past Perfect Continuous Tense
The examples of the sentences of the future in the past perfect continuous tense are as follows:
• They told me that by the end of the year they would have been working together for twelve years.
• She decided to retire that winter. By that time she would have been teaching in the university for 30 years.
4. Learning Activity
According to Conole and Fill 2005 learning activities consist of three elements. First, learning activity must have context in which the activity occurs,
including the subject, level of difficulty, the intended outcomes and the environment in which the activity takes place. Second, it must adapt or adopt the
learning and teaching approach. Finally, it must specify the tasks undertaken which include the type of task, the technique applied, tools and resources used, the
interaction and roles of who are involved, and the assessments associated with the learning activity.
When we deal with learning context, Conole and Fill 2005 mention more about the aspects which are involved in. They are: aimsgoals, learning outcomes,
skills, subject, environment, time, and difficulty level. They also explain that the essence of learning activity is that it must have one or more learning outcomes
which are associated with it. This learning outcome which reflects the aimsgoals of the learning activity itself is defined as what the learners should know or be
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
21 able to do after completing the learning activity; e.g. identify, demonstrate,
produce, etc.
5. Speaking Skill
Speaking is one of four language skills. Speaking and writing are classified as productive skills, meanwhile reading and listening are classified as
receptive skills. According to Nunan 2003, speaking in a new language is harder than reading, writing and listening. The reasons are first, unlike reading or
writing, speaking happens in real time: usually the person we are talking to is waiting for us to speak right then; second, when we speak, we cannot edit and
revise what we wish to say, as we can if we are writing. According to Luoma 2004, speaking skill is considered as oral language
that differ with reading and writing, which commonly called as written language. A major difference among two kinds of language is that oral language consists of
idea units, which are shorter in phrases and clauses compared to written language. Furthermore, speaking skill applies its own grammar which is commonly called as
spoken grammar. The grammar in oral language is simpler than that of the written language with its long sentences and dependent as well as subordinates clauses
since oral language happens in real time, as they are being spoken.
6. Writing Skill
