Research Participants Research Instruments

42 Figure 3.1 R D cycle and Kemp’s instructional model

B. Research Participants

In this research, the researcher chose participants who were needed in each step of R D cycle, such as participants in research and information collecting, and participants in preliminary field testing. 1. Participants in Research and Information Collecting In order to obtain the data about the learners’ characteristics and needs, the researcher distributed questionnaires to the students and conducted an interview 1. Research and information Collecting a. Learners’ characteristics b. Goals, General Purposes, Topics 2. Planning 3. Preliminary Product Developing 4. Preliminary Testing 5. Product revision Evaluation Learning Objectives a. Subject Contents b. TeachingLearning Activities and Resources PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 43 with one of the English teachers of SMA N 1 Kasihan. Therefore, the participants in this step were the English teacher and tenth grade students of SMA 1 Kasihan. Distributing questionnaires to the students was important to know students’ characteristics. Interviewing the English teacher was also needed because the teacher knew about the students’ characteristics and students’ need. 2. Participants in Preliminary Field Testing In order to obtain the feedback and evaluation for the designed learning activities, the researcher gave questionnaires to the English teacher in SMA 1 Kasihan and some PBI lecturers of Sanata Dharma University who were proficient in teaching grammar. The reason why the researcher chose the English teacher was the teacher knew whether the design was suitable for the students or not. For the PBI lecturers, they were chosen because they were expert in English grammar and they had experiences in teaching English structure class.

C. Research Instruments

The instruments used in this research were questionnaires and interview. According to Seliger and Shohamy 1986:166, an interview is conducted to obtain information by actually talking to the subject. There was also another opinion about interview. Ary 2002: 434 stated, “Interview provides insight on participants’ perspectives, the meaning of events for the people involved, information about the site, and perhaps information on unanticipated issues. It allows immediate follow-up and clarification of participants’ responses. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 44 While for the questionnaire, Seliger and Shohamy 1989:172 stated that questionnaire was a printed list for the data collection, which contained questions or statement for the subject to respond. From those statements, it could be concluded that questionnaire and interview were instruments used to collect the data. 1. Instruments for Research and Information Collecting In order to obtain the data and information of need analysis, the researcher distributed questionnaire to the students and conducted interview with the English teacher. Questionnaire was used to know the students’ characteristics, such as the activity which students like, students’ understanding about tenses, and students’ difficulties in learning tenses. The questionnaires were in the form of closed and open questions. In addition, the interview was conducted by asking some questions to the English teacher about the learners’ characteristics, the learners’ need, method and technique used by the teacher, and students’ motivation and participation in learning English. The reason why the researcher conducted an interview was because the teacher was the source of information about the students. The teacher knew about the students’ characteristics and the condition of the classroom. 2. Instruments for Preliminary Field Testing The instrument for preliminary field-testing was questionnaires which were in the form of open questions. The questionnaires were used to obtain some suggestions and feedback from one of the English teachers in SMA N 1 Kasihan and two PBI lecturers of Sanata Dharma University on the designed learning PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 45 activities. The suggestions and feedback were used as the source to revise the design of learning activities.

D. Data Gathering Technique