The Measurements of Metacognitive Awareness SORS

28 passage easier. As suggested by Ahmadi et.al 2013, these three models of reading comprehension could help the students or readers to develop their ability in reading field and it also support first and second language learning cognitive process. For instance, Top-down model enables the readers to re-track their experience to help them decode the meaning within the text. Furthermore, Bottom-Up model also allow the readers to construct the meaning systematically such as word by word, then phrase stage and gradually move to sentences and linguistics stage. Eventually, interactive model that comes to be the combination between those both models give the readers the means to collaborate top-down and bottom-up models situationally. Specifically, those three models of reading comprehension will be discussed as below. 2.1.2.1.1 The Top –Down Model Smith 2004, p.232 defines top-down model as model that enables the readers determine how text will be approached and interpreted. This model suggests the readers to use prior knowledge or experience to understand the reading passage. In other words, the human’s prior knowledge and their expectations will guide the gains of information Treiman 2001, p.3. Furthermore, this model has a concept that background knowledge has significant role i n determining readers’ performance. It can be construed as that background knowledge links the old experience of readers and new information they are facing. “On the other hands, contexts themselves have no meaning in the top-down reading model but they are readers who construct the meaning of the texts by fitting them into hisher background knowledge” Ahmadi et.al 2013,p.239. 29 2.1.2.1.2 The Bottom-Up Model Different from top-down model, bottom-up model enables the readers to take a concern on the each part of reading features. It allows the readers to construct the meaning based on the analysis every part consisted on the reading passage. This model suggests that understanding first the part of reading such as letters, phrases, clauses, sentences and semantic features of the reading passage can solve the problems. “Bottom-up processes are those that take in stimuli from the outside world, letters and words, for reading and deal with that information with little recourse to higher- level knowledge” treiman 2001, p.3. Accordingly, proficient readers have great ability to integrate what is in mind and the reading passage. It means that they use their ability to decode the message as well as construct the meaning in the reading. Ahmadi et.al 2013 also argue that this model leads the readers to understand the letters, chunk, prefixes, suffixes and the authentic words quickly. 2.1.2.1.3 The Interactive Model The last model of reading comprehension could be interactive model. The conception of “interactive” refers to the way of readers in interacting with both phonics and written text. It is a combination between both models top-down and bottom- up model or it could be best described as “human” reading process Nagao 2002, p.3. Reading can be seen as an “interactive” process between a reader and a text which leads to automaticity or reading fluency. In this process, the reader interacts dynamically with the text as heshe tries to elicit the meaning and where various kinds of knowledge are being used: linguistic or systemic knowledge through bottom-up processing as well as schematic knowledge through top-down processing Alyousef 2006, p.63 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI