something about a per son’s past life, the author shows the clue about the past
event that affect the character. The past life can be shown through the character ’s
thought, narration, or conversation with the other. Fifth is conversation with others .The conversation of other people and the things that other characters tell about
himher give a clue to the reader about the character’s characteristics. Sixth is reaction. The author can give a clue about the characteristic through the action of
the character when they face problem or event. Seventh is direct comments. It is when the author describes the characteristic directly. Eighth is c
haracter’s t
hinking. The author gives the clues through the character’s think about himself or another character. Ninth is mannerism. The author gives the clue about
characteristic of the character through the manner of the character.
2. Theory of Psychoanalysis
According to Freud in Barry’s book Beginning Theory An Introduction to Literary and Cultural Theory, psychoanalysis
is “A form of therapy which aims to cure mental disorders by investigating the interaction of conscious and
unconscious element in the mind” Barry, 2002:96. In psychoanalysis by Freud, the focus is
on the character’s mind. The character’s mind can be divided into ego, id, and super-ego. Freudian focuses on unconscious mind rather than the
conscious. Dream Work is the condition when desire or will in reality is transcribed into our dream images. Dream Works includes displacement and
condensation. Displacement is the condition when one person or event is linked to another. It can be caused by the similarity of sound, word, or symbolic
representation. Condensation is the condition when a number of people, events or
something reality is combined into one images in a dream. The purpose of displacement and condensation as Freudian has said are:
Firstly, as we said, they disguise the repressed fears and wishes contained in the dream so that they can get past the censor which normally prevents
their surfacing into unconscious mind. Secondly, they fashion this material into something which can be represented in a dream, that is, into
images, symbols, and metaphors Barry, 2002: 99.
And what Freudian psychoanalysis does are: First, they focus on the distention between unconscious and conscious mind. Second, they pay attention to the
unconscious mind of the author or the character. Third, they demonstrate the presence in the literary work of classic psychoanalysis symptoms, condition, or
phrases . Fourth, they identify a ‘psychic’ context for the literary work.
According to Freud there are three levels of mind. First is conscious which is the first level of human mind, when everything that people do is based on our
will. Second is preconscious. It is the second level of human mind when everything that we do is not really we aware. Third is unconscious. It is considered
to be the last level of human mind. Everything we do is completely out of mind and we are not aware of it.
Defense mechanism is one way of protection of mind from stress. People ’s
mind will activate their defense mechanism unconsciously when it is in danger. We use defense mechanisms to protect ourselves from feelings of anxiety
or guilt, which arise because we feel threatened, or because our id or superego becomes too demanding. They are not under our conscious
control, and are non-voluntaristic. With the ego, our unconscious will use one or more to protect us when we come up against a stressful situation in
life. When they get out of proportion, neuroses develop, such as anxiety
states, phobias,
obsessions, or
hysteria McLeod,
2009,http:www.simplypsychology.org
, July 11, 2015
.
Defense mechanisms will provide defending systems in people’s mind in order to keep it from harm. According to Freud in Jess Feist and Gregory J. Feist
’s book Theories of Personality there are eight kinds of defense mechanism. First is
repression. Repression is an unconscious mechanism that represses the ego to be conscious. Second is displacement. Displacement is an act that satisfies
himherself with substitute object. Third is reaction formation. Reaction Formation is the condition when someone disguises what they really feel. Fourth is fixation.
Fixation is the condition when someone is trapped in one of stage of development. Fifth is regression. Regression is the condition when someone only acts when they
feel it is safe for them. Sixth is projection. Projection is the condition when someone projects their desire toward other people. Seventh is introjection.
Introjectio n is the condition when someone tries to mimic other people’s positive
behavior. Eighth is sublimation. Sublimation is the condition when someone does something positive in order to let out their desire Feist and Feist, 2006: 34-38.
3. Theory of Trauma
