36 teachinglearning activities. The teachinglearning activities were also develop
based on the subject content and related to the learning objectives, which had been listed in the planning step.
4. Preliminary Field Testing
In this step, the writer evaluated the listening materials by giving the questionnaires created in the Preliminary Form of Product. The questionnaires
were given to the lecturers of English Education Study Program and the English teachers of SMP Negeri 2 Yogyakarta. The lecturers and the English teachers
evaluated the listening materials which had been fully developed. The results of their evaluations were used to revise the designed listening materials.
5. Main Product Revision
The purpose of this step was to revise the listening materials based on the evaluation from the lecturers and the English teachers. This step was conducted
immediately after the writer obtained all of the data from the questionnaires. The listening materials were revised based on the lecturers’ and the English teachers’
suggestions, opinions, and comments.
B. Research Setting
This study was conducted in SMP Negeri 2 Yogyakarta where the writer did her teaching practice. The school is located at Jalan P. Senopati 28-30
Yogyakarta. The study was conducted from the end of May 2013 until the end of September 2013.
37
C. Research Participants
The participants were divided into two groups: the participants in the research and information collecting and the participants in the preliminary field
testing. The reason for dividing them into two groups was because the data were collected for two different purposes. The first purpose was for the research and
information collecting and the second purpose was for the preliminary field testing.
1. The Participants of Research and Information Collecting
The participants of the research and information collecting were the seventh grade students and the seventh grade English teachers of SMP Negeri 2
Yogyakarta. There are two seventh grade English teachers of SMP Negeri 2 Yogyakarta and 111 seventh grade students of SMP Negeri 2 Yogyakarta taken
from 7C, 7E, and 7F. The reason for choosing 7C, 7E, and 7F was because the observations for this study was conducted in those classes when the writer did her
teaching practice.
2. The Participants of Preliminary Field Testing
The participants of the preliminary field testing were two seventh grade English teachers of SMP Negeri 2 Yogyakarta and two English Education
lecturers of Sanata Dharma University. The seventh grade English teachers of SMP Negeri 2 Yogyakarta in this group and in the research and information
collecting were the same. It was because the writer expected a correlation between the needs analysis and the evaluation from those participants.
38
D. Research Instruments and Data Gathering Technique
In this study, the writer used two instruments: interview and questionnaire. In the research and information collecting the writer used questionnaires and
interviews. In the preliminary field testing the writer used questionnaires. The explanations of the instruments and the data gathering technique are presented
below.
1. Instruments and Data Gathering Technique for Research and
Information Collecting
In this group, the writer used questionnaires and interviews to collect the data
of the students’ characteristics. The questionnaires were given to the seventh grade students of SMP Negeri 2 Yogyakarta and the interviews were conducted
with the seventh grade English teachers of SMP Negeri 2 Yogyakarta. The questionnaires for the students were close-ended questionnaires consisting of 17
questions. They were 10 questions about the characteristics of the students and 7 questions about the listening materials they needed.
The questionnaires were distributed after the writer asked permission from the headmaster of SMP Negeri 2 Yogyakarta and the English teachers. Then, the
questionnaires were distributed before the class began. After distributing the questionnaires, the writer interviewed the English teachers using Indonesian. The
interview was conducted after the teachers had finished their teaching activities. According to Johnson Christensen 2012 interview is a data-collection method
in which an interviewer the researcher asks questions to an interviewee the participants.
39 The writer did not only record the interview but also took notes to avoid
the missing answers because of the unclear sounds. As stated by Patton 2002, “the note taking is taken as the backup in the even the recorder is malfunctioned
or erased inadvertently during transcription” p. 383. The use of recorded interview is stated by Bell 2010 that it is to allow eye contact with the
interviewee, to help the interviewee become
interested
and to make sure that what the interviewer writes is accurate.
2. Instruments and Data Gathering Technique for Preliminary Field Testing
The instrument in the preliminary field testing was questionnaires. The questionnaires were used to obtain the data about
the participants’ suggestions, opinions and comments. The questionnaires consisted of three parts. In the first
part, the participants were expected to write their identities. In the second part, the participants were expected to give their opinions by choosing one of the options
provided. This part consisted of 14 statements related to the designed listening materials. In the third part, the participants were expected to write the strengths
and the weaknesses of the design, their opinions and suggestions.
E. Data Analysis Techniques
After obtaining the data from the research and information collecting and the preliminary field testing, the writer started to analyze the data and used them
to develop the listening materials. The data of the interview were analyzed from the recorded interview and presented in a narrative description. Meanwhile, the
40 data of the questionnaires were analyzed in numerical data and also presented in a
narrative description. In order to present the results of the questionnaires, the writer used a table.
As stated by Best and Kahn 1986 , “Tables enable the reader to comprehend and
interpret the data rapidly and to get significant details and relationship at a glance” p. 327. Therefore, in order to present the results of the stud
ents’ questionnaires, the writer used a table and expressd them in the form of percentages. The use of a
percentage is stated by Best and Kahn 1986, “it is the simplest way to describe the opinion to indicate percentage responses for each individual statement” p.
181. The formula to calculate the result of the students’ questionnaire is
presented below. P=
P = percentage
N = the total number of the answer n
= number of the answer The questionnaires in the preliminary field testing were designed using
Likert Scale. Wiersma 1995 states , “Likert Scale is a scale with anumber of
points which represent a set of related responses” p. 318. In this study, the writer
used four points of agreement as presented below.
Table 3.1 Point of Agreement
Point of Agreement
Meaning 1
The participants strongly disagree with the statement 2
The participants disagree with the statement 3
The participants agree with the statement 4
The participants strongly agree with the statement
41 The reason for using four points of agreement was to avoid the participants
choosing the middle category or indefinite answer so that the writer could get the exact answer from the participants Sukardi, 2012. According to Ary, Jacobs, and
Razavieh 1990, in order to present the whole set of measurement, a researcher had to use a central tendency. The central tendency consisted of mean, median,
and mode. Mean was the average point that was counted by adding all points and divided by the number of the questions. Median was the middle point of the odd
ordered data from the smallest point into the biggest one. Mode was the point that frequently appeared in the data Ary, Jacobs, Razavieh, 1990.
In this study, the writer only used mean to measure the appropriateness of the design. It was because mean was the most useful one and it provided the base
from which other information was computed Best Kahn, 1986. Therefore, the interpretation for the central tendency was based on the result of mean.
Table 3.2 The Descriptive Statistic of Participants’ Opinions No.
Participants’ Opinion on...
Frequency of the Degree of Agreement
Central tendency 1
2 3
4 N
Mn
Note:
N = Number of Participants
Mn = Mean
The formulation of mean was as follows. =
= the mean
= the sum of = the total number of the participants
42 Besides the statistic
description of the participants’ opinions, the writer also presented the
background of the participants. The participants’ background was presented in table 3.3.
Table 3.3 The Description of the Participants
Group of Participants
N Sex
Educational Background
Teaching Experience in years
F M
S1 S2
S3 1-5
6-10 11-15
16-20
Teacher Lecturer
Total
Note :
N = total number of participants
F = female
M = male
F. Research Procedures
