UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA SCHOOL OF CHEM
UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA
SCHOOL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
EKC 107 - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
EXPERINMENT 3
SAPONIFICATION
NAME
MUHAMMAD NUR RAMADHAN BIN ABDUL RAZAK
THAYASREE A/P KALIAPPAN
LAB INSTRUCTOR
DR. MASRINA MOHD NADZIR
NO. MATRIC
125150
125185
UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA
SCHOOL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
EKC 107 - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
LABORATORY COURSE
Name of student : MUHAMMAD NUR RAMADHAN BIN ABDUL RAZAK
Matrix number : 125150
Instructor : DR.DERECK CHAN
INTRODUCTION
The preparation of soap from fat and lye has been, historically, a
household task. Only in the last century has the making of soap become a
commercial undertaking. Our ancestors made soap by boiling animal fats
with the lye obtained from leaching wood ashes. In this experiment, we
will make soap by the same process, called saponification, but will use
modern ingredients.
In the process of making soap, animal fat, which is a triglyceride, is
hydrolyzed by the action of a strong base, such as sodium hydroxide, and
heat. The resulting products are soap and glycerol
A process by which lipid (triglycerides) are reacted with sodium or
potassium hydroxide to produce glycerol and a fatty acid salt, called
‘soap’.
Lipids that contain fatty acid ester linkages can undergo hydrolysis. This
reaction is catalyzed by a strong acid or base. Saponification is the
alkaline hydrolysis of the fatty acid esters. An example of the reaction is:
Fatty acids are the components of fats and oils that are used in making
soap. They are weak carboxylic acids composed of two parts:
A carboxylic acid group consisting of one hydrogen (H) atom, two oxygen
(O) atoms, and one carbon (O) atoms, plus the hydrocarbon chain
attached to the carboxylic acid group. Generally, it is made up of a long
straight chain of carbon (O) atoms each carrying two hydrogen (H) atoms.
An alkali is a soluble salt of an alkali metal like sodium or potassium.
Originally, the alkalis used in soap making were obtained from the ashes
of plants, but they are now made commercially. Today, the term alkali
describes a substance that chemically is a base (the opposite of an acid)
and that reacts with and neutralizes an acid. The common alkalis used in
soap making are sodium hydroxide (NaOH), also called caustic soda; and
potassium hydroxide (KOH), also called caustic potash.
Saponification of fats and oils is the most widely used soap making
process. This method involves heating fats and oils and reacting them
with a liquid alkali to produce soap and water (neat soap) plus glycerine
as shown below:
SCHOOL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
EKC 107 - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
EXPERINMENT 3
SAPONIFICATION
NAME
MUHAMMAD NUR RAMADHAN BIN ABDUL RAZAK
THAYASREE A/P KALIAPPAN
LAB INSTRUCTOR
DR. MASRINA MOHD NADZIR
NO. MATRIC
125150
125185
UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA
SCHOOL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
EKC 107 - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
LABORATORY COURSE
Name of student : MUHAMMAD NUR RAMADHAN BIN ABDUL RAZAK
Matrix number : 125150
Instructor : DR.DERECK CHAN
INTRODUCTION
The preparation of soap from fat and lye has been, historically, a
household task. Only in the last century has the making of soap become a
commercial undertaking. Our ancestors made soap by boiling animal fats
with the lye obtained from leaching wood ashes. In this experiment, we
will make soap by the same process, called saponification, but will use
modern ingredients.
In the process of making soap, animal fat, which is a triglyceride, is
hydrolyzed by the action of a strong base, such as sodium hydroxide, and
heat. The resulting products are soap and glycerol
A process by which lipid (triglycerides) are reacted with sodium or
potassium hydroxide to produce glycerol and a fatty acid salt, called
‘soap’.
Lipids that contain fatty acid ester linkages can undergo hydrolysis. This
reaction is catalyzed by a strong acid or base. Saponification is the
alkaline hydrolysis of the fatty acid esters. An example of the reaction is:
Fatty acids are the components of fats and oils that are used in making
soap. They are weak carboxylic acids composed of two parts:
A carboxylic acid group consisting of one hydrogen (H) atom, two oxygen
(O) atoms, and one carbon (O) atoms, plus the hydrocarbon chain
attached to the carboxylic acid group. Generally, it is made up of a long
straight chain of carbon (O) atoms each carrying two hydrogen (H) atoms.
An alkali is a soluble salt of an alkali metal like sodium or potassium.
Originally, the alkalis used in soap making were obtained from the ashes
of plants, but they are now made commercially. Today, the term alkali
describes a substance that chemically is a base (the opposite of an acid)
and that reacts with and neutralizes an acid. The common alkalis used in
soap making are sodium hydroxide (NaOH), also called caustic soda; and
potassium hydroxide (KOH), also called caustic potash.
Saponification of fats and oils is the most widely used soap making
process. This method involves heating fats and oils and reacting them
with a liquid alkali to produce soap and water (neat soap) plus glycerine
as shown below: