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CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW
This chapter II covers some theories and references which are related to the research. The researcher takes compliment expression to carry out this
research. Thus, Pragmatics approach is needed as the way of analyzing the data.
The references related to pragmatics are necessary to guide the researcher to interpret and to dig up the meaning of data. The references which are discussed in
this chapter are Pragmatics, Context, Speech Act including the classification of speech acts and each of the examples, Components of Speech, Kinesics and its
repertoire, The Act of Complimenting including topics, functions, and responses to compliments, Theory of Film, and Review of Related Study.
A. Pragmatics
According to Leech 1983, pragmatics can be usefully defined as the study of how utterances have meanings in situations. It means that pragmatics is
concerned with the meaning of utterance, in which the meaning depends on the situation where the utterance occurs.
In addition, Yule defines pragmatics as the study of contextual meaning 1996:3. This type of study necessarily involves the interpretation of what the
speaker means in the particular context and how the context influences what is said. It also requires a consideration of how the speaker organizes what shehe
would like to say in accordance with to whom the speaker talks, where, when and
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under what circumstances the speech act takes place. Similarly Leech 1983, gives a definition that pragmatics can be usefully defined as the study of how
utterances have meaning of utterance, in which the meaning depends on the situation where the utterance occurs.
Based on definition above, it can be concluded that pragmatics is a study that discusses a meaning of language by regarding the relation between language
and context. It means that the interactions between the context and language become the main concern in pragmatics.
B. Context
Context plays an important role in understanding the meaning of utterances. The importance of context in language can be seen from the opinion of
Leech. He says that context is a relevant aspect of the physical or social setting of an utterance 1999:13. Context is a background knowledge which is shared by
the speaker and hearer in understanding their utterance. Meanwhile, Levinson points out the importance of context which is
included in the definition of pragmatics, as the study of the ability of language user to pair sentences with the context in which it would be appropriate 1986:24.
It means that the role of context in language is studied in pragmatics. It is necessary to pay attention to the context that is surrounding the happening of the
conversation. Malinowsky in Halliday Hasan, 1985:6 states that there are two
notions of context, namely context of situation and context of culture. Context of
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situation is the situation in which the text is uttered. Meanwhile, context of culture is the cultural background behind the participants.
From the statement above, it can be concluded that speech context of linguistics research is a context in all physical aspects or social background
related to the speech, time, place, social environment, political condition, etc.
C. Speech Act
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