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d Self-denigration. It is the name of assessment when the speaker
judges himself negatively. Example
: “I forget about it. I think I‟m getting old” e
Assessing. The evaluation is directed neither speaker nor addressee.
For example: “Suzan is a very sexy and smart girl” 3
Expressive are ritualistic which speakers express civility and goodwill toward each other. The subclasses are:
a Emphaty. The speaker shows concern and empathies to the
addressee. Example: “I hope you will get better soon”
b Debt-incured. The speaker expresses his feelings toward debt,
which he was incurred. Example: “Sorry to trouble you”
Based on the explanation above, the researcher is interested to conduct a research based on Tsui‟s classifications of speech act. It is speech act of
compliments.
D. Direct and Indirect Speech Act
Direct and indirect speech act are concerned with the way the speaker uses various linguistic forms with certain functions.
a. Direct Speech Act Direct speech act occurs when there is a direct relationship between a
structure and a function. Hurford and Heasley 1996, p.256 state that the direct
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illocution of an utterance is the illocution most directly indicated by literal reading of grammatical form and vocabulary of the sentence uttered.
Example: a Did you eat the food? interrogative b Eat the food imperative
c You eat the food. declarative In a the speaker asks a question to the hearer, that is, whether or not the
speaker eat the food. In b the speaker request the hearer to eat the food. In c the speaker states that the hearer eats the food.
Thus, a declarative used to make statement, an interrogative used to make question and an imperative used to make a command are direct speech acts.
b. Indirect Speech Act An indirect speech act occurs when there is an indirect relationship
between a structure and a function. Thomas states that indirectness occurs when there is a mismatch between the expressed meaning by the words and the implied
meaning 1995: 119. For instance, a declarative and an interrogative used to make a request is an indirect speech act. In addition, Allan 1986 states that in
indirect speech acts, the speaker communicates to the hearer more than he she actually says. It means that the speaker expresses hisher intonation implicitly.
Example: a Move out the TV imperative b Do you have to stand in front of the TV? interrogative
c You are standing in front of the TV. declarative
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The sentences above have different structure imperative, interrogative, and declarative, but the different structure can be used to accomplish the same
basic function. Thus the function of all utterance above is a commandrequest, where the speaker wants the hearer not to stand in front of the TV. Based on the
basic example above, only imperative structure in a represents a direct speech act. The interrogative structure in b is not being used only as a question: hence it
is an indirect speech act of request. The declarative structure in c also represents an indirect request.
E. Ethnography of Speaking Ethnography of speaking or, more generally, the ethnography of
