International Conference on Environment and Health, 22-23 May 2013, Soegijapranata Catholic University, Indonesia
240
can only be precipitated in a long time since of utilizing sunshine and wind.
The environmental analysis made by The Environmental Impact Management Agency
of East Java Bapedal, Environmental and Mining Agency of Sidoarjo and Lapindo
BrantasEMP, stated that the mud has submerged 5 villages in Sidoarjo and contains
phenol concentration exceed the standard. Massive environmental degradation in Porong
and the surrounding areas leads to destruction action and open ecosystem extermination, and
even take effect to the surrounding areas if the handling of mudflow does not pay attention to
geo-ecology of the area. The mud that erupts in Porong is either hot or
containing poisonous materials B3 which exceed the threshold. The phenol of mud as
mentioned in
Government Regulation
Peraturan Pemerintah
No 8599
on replacement of Government Regulation No
181999 on Waste Management that B3 is chronic pollutants. Within 90 days Lapindo
mudflow has spurt more than 40 tons of phenol, 8 tons of iron Fe, 1.4 million tons of
suspended solids, 50 thousand tons of chloride compounds.
The Sidoarjo regency administration through the concerned agencies, officially sent the mud
sample in two drums to Laboratory of Soil Chemistry
to Faculty
of Agriculture,
Brawijaya University in Malang, this aimed to know the liability of land that has been
swamped with the mud for agriculture and settlement.
The conclusion is the land mixed with geological mud is not liable for agriculture.
Land with 10 ppm of Chlor is categorized high level, in addition the mud with 10 thousand
ppm. Likewise, high levels of Natrium will make the soil particle rupture, and difficult to
form into clumps that cause blockage of the air flow and water into soil, the plants will die as
a result of aluminum poisoning.
4.2 To the sea: Solving problem by creating disaster
Disposal to the sea has higher risk on social, economic and environmental disadvantages
than special treatment carried out in land. This means that the solution creates new problem
either in the scale of affected areas or time of settlement. Why? Ageung, dkk, 2006
Firstly, it needs to notice that the Lapindo hot mud neither contaminated with pollutants such
as phenol, Chlore, and others, nor suspended solids, which are fine article in great deal of
quantity, then, called hot mud. It burst from earth at least 1.8 m3 sec or a tank of 5000
liters per 2 seconds. Secondly, there are 2 key factors that affect the
process of mud sedimentation perfectly separation between mud and water, namely
velocity and particle diameter size. The larger diameter then faster in sedimentation and vice-
versa, of course this is closely related to velocity as media or the transporter of
particles. Thus, the separation of mud over water prior to disposal to sea is impossible in
International Conference on Environment and Health, 22-23 May 2013, Soegijapranata Catholic University, Indonesia
241
great deal of quantity. It means that the Lapindo mud will flow to the sea.
Thirdly, if it is seen in oceanographically context, generally the Indonesian water have
two primary seasons, west and east, as well as transition
season between
them. The
Indonesian water dynamic make the scoping limitating the affected areas difficult to do,
and it is surely neither affect the water around Sidoarjo nor will expand to other regions in
accordance with ongoing season. The fourth, there are at least 6 parameters
which affect quality and quantity of water resources, are: smell, brightness, turbidity,
suspended solids load TSS, total suspended solids, temperature, oil layers or other
contaminants heavy metals, etc.. The scenario of disposal into sea surely will affect
those parameters. The sediment particle in great number cause suspended solids in water
increased resulting the turbidity turn higher and the brightness become lower, meanwhile
at the same time produce unpleasant smell and significant temperature change. At the end, the
sunshine that takes important role in water photosynthesis related to water fertility
cannot reach the bottom of waters. Thus, it surely decreases waters productivity, while on
the other hand consuming fisheries products from this territory endanger people health.
5. ECONOMIC,
SOCIAL AND
CULTURAL IMPACTS 5.1 Economic, Social and Culture
The 60 degree Celsius heat mud bursts indiscriminately. This spread out fast and
swamped rice field, plantations, farms, homes, schools, and houses of worship, factories, and
other manufacturing industries. The people who are the most disadvantaged of the
Lapindo mudflow are thousands of lower class of farmers, labors, petty traders, as well as
low-income society who live and work around the area, they are forced to move.
The Lapindo Brantas was not indeed irresponsible, even took quick action though
without smart mitigation, lavish post as a shelter for the victims, they promised to bear
all the losses experienced by the surrounding community by providing suitable funds for the
victims that should be written on MoU which one of the points stated that the victims would
not make any claims against Lapindo Brantas either civil or criminal one.
There are 18.696 homes swamped by mud within a year, 5,675 kilometers length of
irrigation and 2.4 kilometers drinking water line damaged. In addition, 376.2 hectares of
rice field and sugarcane land 92.31 buried. Residents‟ activities neither annoyed nor
extinct. The 29 manufacturers which swamped by mud
employs more than 2,000 workforces have to stop their operation. Hundreds of leather
craftsmen stop working, particularly in Kedungbendo
and Renokenongo
village because of their equipment have sunk, in
International Conference on Environment and Health, 22-23 May 2013, Soegijapranata Catholic University, Indonesia
242
addition, their consumers are reluctant going to the product market in Tanggulangin. Not
only craftsmen but also the product showroom became deserted. Congestion on the road of
Porong resulting the distribution lines from the east disrupted Pasuruan and so on as well as
from Malang, consequently disrupt export distribution via Surabaya.
Surabaya-Gempol highway
was closed
repeatedly. If opened, the transportation run slowly. The explosion of the BP Migas
pipeline on November 22, 2006 cause the highway completely submerged by the mud
finally, even the bridge over the Porong was dismantled due to shift and crack. This aimed
to avoid possibility of collapse at any time to road users.
5.2 Children Rights Negligent
