Circumstances Found In Three Selected Tony Blair’s Speeches : A Systemic Functional Linguistic Analysis

CIRCUMSTANCES FOUND IN THREE SELECTED TONY BLAIR S SPEECHES : A SYSTEMIC FUNCTIONAL LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS

A THESIS

BY :

MUHAMMAD RIZKI

REG. STUDENT NO : 050705054

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF LETTERS

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Alhamdulilah, all prise to Allah SWT that has given me all the mercy and blessing. Without the blessing and the mercy, I will not finish my thesis. Selawat and Salam with our prophet Muhammad SAW let peace upon him who has guided us from the darkness to the enlightment in the world as well as in the next world.

I would like to thank to the dean of faculty of letters, Dr. Sahron,M.A, the head of English Department, Dr.H. Muhizar Muchtar,M.S, and the secretary of English Department, Dr. Nurlela,M.Hum. I would like to thank to my Academic Advisor, Dr. Edy Setia,M.Ed.TESP, and all lectures of English Department who given me valuable knowledge during the yer of my study.

Further, I would like to thank to my Supervisor, Dr.H. Muhizar Muchtar,M.S, who has given her valuable time to guide me in my thesis and my Co-Supervision, Dr.Hj. Masdiana Lubis,Mhum, for correcting my thesis.

My highest appreciation and greatest gratitude is dedicate to my beloved parents, H.Mhd. Syahril and Aida, who have supported me with love, care, prayer, advice and Finnancial during my study. I express my deep thanks to my beloved brother, Rudi Syaputra and of course to my beatifull sister Novriana, for their support and prayer. I also thank to all my families who has supported me.

Furthermore, I would like to thank my friends in stambuk 2005, Ai, Ayu, Sri emak, Wi2n, Desi, Pipi, Wa2n, Izal, Adly, Noni, Mama hindun, Nida, Yakub, Yu2 kebo, Li2, and the rest of you. Thanks for the years we have been through together.

Last but not least, for my juniors Hadi and bro Reza( thank you for the laptop), Kajol, Guy nardo, Ijal, Arif, Dinda, Ade, Yuda, Bayu, and yhe rest stambuk 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 thanks for the support. And for the Bang Am thank you so much.

At last, I really realize that my thesis is still far from being perfect so all the critics and suggestion hopefully can make the analysis better for the future.

My Allah SWT blesses all of us.

Medan, Maret 2011 The writer,

ABSTRAC

Skripsi in berjudul Circumstances faund In Three Selected Tony Blair s speeches: A Systemic Functional Linguistic Analysis. Skripsi ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan proses yang paling dominan diantara tipe-tipe circumstances yang terdapat dalam tiga pidato Tony Blair. Untuk mendapatkan proses yang paling dominan dipergunakan formula yang dikembangkan oleh Bungin yakni:

n =fxx 100 % dimana; n = persentase jenis

N fx= jumlah total dari jenis process N = jumlah total dari semua process

Dari analisis data yang diperoleh menunjukkanpenggunaan tipe manner lebih dominan dari pada tipe-tipe yang lainnya yakni sebesar 55 process (20,75%) dari 265 proses yang terdiri dari tipe Extent, Location, Cause, Contingency, Accompaniment, Role, Matter, dan Angle. Dalam menentukan tipe trsebut dipergunakan teori yang diambil dari M.A.K. Halliday.

ABSTRAC

Skripsi in berjudul Circumstances faund In Three Selected Tony Blair s speeches: A Systemic Functional Linguistic Analysis. Skripsi ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan proses yang paling dominan diantara tipe-tipe circumstances yang terdapat dalam tiga pidato Tony Blair. Untuk mendapatkan proses yang paling dominan dipergunakan formula yang dikembangkan oleh Bungin yakni:

n =fxx 100 % dimana; n = persentase jenis

N fx= jumlah total dari jenis process N = jumlah total dari semua process

Dari analisis data yang diperoleh menunjukkanpenggunaan tipe manner lebih dominan dari pada tipe-tipe yang lainnya yakni sebesar 55 process (20,75%) dari 265 proses yang terdiri dari tipe Extent, Location, Cause, Contingency, Accompaniment, Role, Matter, dan Angle. Dalam menentukan tipe trsebut dipergunakan teori yang diambil dari M.A.K. Halliday.

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1. Background

Human are part of social environment. They need to interact, to communicate or to express their idea to others. Speech is one way to communicate or express ideas. Therefore, human need a means to convey what they want. And, language is the best means to solve those problems.

According to Sapir (1921: 8), language is purely human and non instinctive method of communication ideas, emotions, and desires by means of system voluntary produces symbols. In addition, Mario Finochiaro (1974: 20 ) says, language is a of arbitrary, vocal symbols which permits all people in a given culture, or other people who have learned the system of that culture, to communicate or interact . From those definitions of language, we may conclude that speech is a part of language because it is a system of voluntary produces by symbols. Besides that, speech permits all people to communicate or interact.

Language is not only a means of communication but also a social phenomenon. Speech, for some cases, can be a social phenomenon. For example, a speech can motivate somebody or group of people to do something.

Language consists of three levels or strata i.e. phonology/graphology (sounding or writing), lexicogrammatical (saying or wording), and discourse/semantic. Halliday ( 1978 : 40 ) says, ., any text represent an actualization ( a path through the system ) at each level: the level of meaning, the level of saying ( or wording, to use the folk of linguistic term for the lexicogrammatical and discourse express the system of semiotic which consist of the level of

One level of language mentioned above is discourse. There are many writers who define the definition of discourse. Followings are some of the definitions:

1. Discourse is language above the sentence or above the clause ( Stubbs, 1983 : 10)

2. Discourse is a category that belongs to and drives from the social domain, and text is a category that belongs to and derives from the linguistics domain. ( Kress, 1985 : 27 ) 3. Discourse is a text which forms a fairly complete unit, which is usually restricted to the

successive utterances of a single speaker conveying a message. ( Hartman and Stork : 1972 )

From the definitions above, we can conclude that discourse is a study related to text and language. Therefore, written text or speech is a kind of discourse that involves context and text. This thesis concerns with one component of the discussion in Discourse Analysis that is circumstance, a component in the ideational meaning.

Ideational meaning consists of a system which is called transitivity. In the concept of transitivity (Halliday, 1994: 107), there are three components of what Halliday calls a transitivity process:

 The process itself (realized by a verbal group)

 Participants involved in the process (realized by a nominal group)

 Circumstance associated with the process (realized by adverbial group or prepositional phrase)

The analysis in this thesis is done by using Systemic Functional Language theory. Circumstantial relational process encode meanings about the circumstantial dimensions i.e. location, manner, cause, etc. circumstance, then, can be expressed in a clause either as a

circumstantial constituent in a material, mental, behavioral, or verbal process, or through a relational process.

Circumstantial elements may or may not occur in process, more than not they do occur. In an analysis of the transitivity system with respect to the circumstantial elements, an analysis of circumstantial elements can be done by identifying the types of circumstance associated with the various transitivity processes. Halliday (1994: 152-158) has identified that there are nine major types of circumstance in the English transitivity system, on which analysis can be based : 1.Extent, 2. Location, 3. Manner, 4. Cause, 5. Contingency, 6. Accompaniment, 7. Role, 8. Matter, and 9. Angel.

. Various circumstances are involved in the clauses and associated with the process which are going to be realized through transitivity system.

This thesis analyzes circumstances as one of the ideational meaning components in the clauses found in the three selected Tony Blair s speeches.

Tony Blair became the youngest British prime minister of the 20th century when he took office in 1997. Blair was born in Scotland but spent much of his childhood in Durham, England. He studied law at Oxford and then practiced law until 1983, when he was elected as member of Parliament from Sedgefield. Blair was a member of the Labour Party, which at the time was dominated politically by the Conservative Party of Margaret Thatcher. Blair was soon a rising star of what became known as the "new Labour" movement, with positions more centrist on fiscal affairs and social issues like crime. He became leader of the Labour Party in 1994, and three years later was named prime minister, replacing John Major, when Labour won a Parliamentary majority. Blair was 44, making him the youngest British prime minister since

who was 46 when he took office in 1993) Blair was re-elected in Parliamentary elections in 2001 and 2005. He stepped down as the prime minister on 27 June 2007 and was succeeded by the Chancellor of the Exchequer, Gordon Brown.

Tony Blair is a straight forward person and from his speech he has a power to control and influence his environment. These characteristics fulfill the uses of language i.e. to understand the environment and think the effect of the speech to others. Hence, I choose Tony Blair as my object of the analysis.

1.2 Problems of the Analysis

The problems of this analysis will be:

1. What types of circumstance are found in the three selected Tony Blair s speeches? 2. What is the dominant type of circumstance found in the three selected Tony Blair s

speeches?

1.3 Objectives of the Analysis The objectives of the analysis are:

1. To find out the types of circumstance occur in the three selected Tony Blair s speeches.

2. To find out the most dominant type of circumstance found in the three selected Tony Blair s speeches.

The results of the analysis are expected to benefit both theoretically and practically. At theoretical level, the results of the analysis are expected to enrich the references of discourse analysis study, particularly circumstantial study. On practical level, the results of this analysis are expected to contribute actual example of discourse analysis to understand about the application of transitivity in speeches. Also to find out what types of circumstance occur in the three selected Tony Blair s speeches.

1.5 Scope of the Analysis

The analysis merely focuses on the types of circumstance in the systems of transitivity on the three selected Tony Blair s speeches which consists of Extent, Location, Manner, Cause, Contingency, Accompaniment, Role, Matter, and Angle. The three selected Tony Blair s

speeches are Speech by Tony Blair at the new world, new capitalism conference in January 8th

, 2009; Tony Blair s speech to the National Prayer Breakfast in February 05th _{, 2009; Tony Blair}

and beyond sport working to show how sport can be replace enmity with friendship in march 26th

, 2009.

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 WHAT IS DISCOURSE ANALYSIS?

Concerning with discourse, there are many linguists and educators who have defined about discourse. Some of them are mentioned below:

1. Kress (1985: 27) says, Discourse is a category that belongs to and derives from the social domain, and text is a category that belongs to and derives from the linguistics domain . What Kress mean here is that discourse and text are different. When one discuss about discourse it is not a product of language is text.

2. Stubbs (1983: 10) says, Discourse is language above the sentence or above clause . From the definitions of discourse above, it may be concluded that discourse is a study related to text and language. The scope of discourse analysis is wide because discourse analyze units of languages not only in text but also in spoken for example speech, interview, conversation, etc. Listener and readers try to understand every single meaning of the word. In reaching these, the speaker or the writer will try to find the best way in choosing words to link them each other so that the reader or listener easy to understand.

According to McCarthy (1992: 12) discourse analysis is not only concerned with the description and analysis of spoken interaction. In addition to all our verbal encounters we daily consume hundreds of written and printed words: newspapers articles, letters, stories, recipes, instruction, notices, comics, billboards, leaflets pushed through the door, and so on. It is usually expected to be coherent and meaningful communications in which the words and/or sentences are linked to one another in a fashion that corresponds to conventional formula, just as it is with speech. Therefore discourse analysis are equally interested in organization of write interaction.

2.2. SYSTEMIC FUNCTIONAL LINGUISTIC THEORY (SFLT)

Systemic Functional Linguistic (SFL) is a theory about language as a resource for making meaning based on a context of situation and a context of culture. SFL was developed by Halliday (1985) a professor of linguistics from university of Sidney, Australia. This theory is based on Firth s system structure theory. Firth (1935) developed Malinowski s concepts of context of situation and context of culture. His works were subsequently developed by Halliday, whose theory of language-in- context is generally known as systemic functional linguistic (SFL). The interesting development of systemic functional linguistics theory in Malinowski and Firth s time was the attention paid to the study of the inter-relatedness of language and context in theory and practice. Modeling language-in- context theoretically, describing and applying the model in question in various areas of human activity have been the trademark of Systemic Functional Linguistics Theory (SFLT). Sinar (2007: 44-45)

SFLT works on language-in- context are available in a great variety of forms such as books and journals. It is also used to explore different ways of interpreting things theoretically such as text, cohesion, coherence, discourse, context, situation, culture and other phenomena. In General Systemic Functional Grammar Theory (GSFLT), the S for Systemic implies that the theory pays attention to the systemic relations and their probabilities in a system network of relations and choices starting from general to specific features which are paradigmatic in nature. It also implies that the system of meaning that are interrelated to the phenomena under study. The F for Functional implies that it is concerned with the functional realizations of the system in structures. It also implies the semiotic functions or meanings that operate in various semiotic

called Linguistics . It is a language-based on theory which is used to investigate the phenomena of language. Sinar (2007 :44-45).

SFLT can be used for analyzing text as a form of discourse. Halliday (1994) says, The aim has been to construct a grammar for purposes of text analysis: one that would make it possible to say sensible and useful things about any text, spoken and written in modern English The text that is analyzed, including literary, ethnographic, educational, pedagogical and so on.

It is obvious that when analyzed text, the grammar becomes prominent thing to describe how language works. Therefore, grammar and meaning are closely related. Grammar becomes a study of how meanings are built up through the use of words

when language acts are performed as the expression of meaning. The way how language works involves the idea that a language consists of a set of systems, each of which offers the speakers (or writer) a choice of ways expressing meanings because the forms of the language that is used by a speaker represents meanings.

In using language to express meaning, a speaker has a linguistic choice that allows him/her to change the order of groups of words or in other words, the speaker is given allowance to use many ways of language use, for example: when a speaker intents to know the time, she/he may use his/her own expressions the language offers such as:

1. What s the time? 2. What time is it, please?

3. Would you mind telling the time, please? 4. Tell me the time, please

Those are different form of expressions. The first and second one are interrogative forms, the third is requesting form. The fourth one is imperative form while the last one is declarative form.

Most of linguistics choices a speaker makes are unconscious. He/she never makes a conscious choice among the available language forms. He/she had chosen the best form to express or to convey the meaning.

It is clear that grammar and meaning (semantic) are related each other either in spoken or written language. SFLT believes that such a kind of relation is one of realization. Therefore, the linguistic analysis of texts can help us to find out why some texts are more effective than other texts at communicating information. Text analysis is advantageous in giving us a better understanding of the nature of language use in English in many fields.

SFLT puts a great interest in the relation between language and context. If a text can be understood by the speakers or writers, there is a great deal about the context in which the text occurs can be revealed. Therefore, SFLT has been described as a functional semantic approach to language which explores how people use language in different context, and how language is structured for use as a semiotic system.

2.2.1 M

Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) describes that language is functional. In general, metafunctions of language is major function of language to give the message which has good formulation. Metafunctions of language consist of three major functional components, they are :

The Ideational Function, The Interpersonal Function, and The Textual Function. Sinar (2007 : 55-57)

2.2.1.1 T I F

The ideational function relates to the inner and outer worlds of reality, it is language about something . According to Halliday (1978: 112), whenever one reflects on the external world of phenomena or the internal world of one s consciousness, the representation of that reflection would take the form of content . This form of content is called the experiential meaning.

. Ex M

Focusing the language on the clause level with respect to the notion of clause as representation. Clause as a representation means that one function of the clause is as representation of experience of both external realities (i.e. reality outside oneself) and internal reality (reality inside oneself). The experiential or representational function of language (clause) is realized by the transitivity system of language. The outer world of reality that is brought into the inner world of reality in one s consciousness, which is encoded in the transitivity system of language, is interpreted as a what-is-going-on process, which is related to material actions, events, states, and relations.

The what-is-going-on process falls into various processes. Halliday has identified the encoding processes of the realities under discussion, and he has also linguistically (grammatically) classified the various process types : (1) material, (2) mental, (3) relational, and

he classified other processes into three subsidiary process types : (1) behavioral, (2) verbal, and (3) existential (Halliday 1985).

2.2.1.2 T I ! "# F$ %&!

The interpersonal function is an interpretation of language in its function as an exchange, which is a doing function of language; it is concerned with language as an action. This meaning represents the speaker s meaning potential as an intruder that takes into account the interactive nature of relations between the addresser (speaker/writer) and the addressee (listener/reader).

At the grammatical level of interpretation with respect to the clause function, it is interpreted that the clause is also organized as an interactive event that involves speaker, writer, and audience (listener or reader). Clauses of the interpersonal function as clauses of exchange, which represent speech role relationship. As Halliday (1985d : 68-71) suggests, whenever two people use language to interact, one of the things they do with it is establishing a relationship between them. In this, he sets out two most fundamental types of speech role or function: (1) giving,and (2)demanding(Halliday, 1994: 68-69).

The interpersonal meaning of language (clause) in its function as an exchange, in which clauses of the interpersonal meaning that function as clauses of exchange representing the speech role relationship, is realized by the mood system of language (clause). The mood system of the clause is represented by the mood structured of the clause, which comprises two major elements: (1) mood and (2) residue. A mood element of an English clause typically consists of a subject and a finite, whereas a residue element of a predicator, one or more complement(s), and any number of different types of adjuncts.

An act of speaking is in interact, i.e. an exchange, in which there is something either given, which implies there is something received, or else demanded, which implies there is something given. If not, there is no interaction. In other words, in an interaction involving speaker and listener, the speaker is either giving something, which implies the listener is giving something in response. What is exchange (demanded/given or given/received) is a kind of commodity exchanged falls into two principle types: (1) good & services, and (2) information. These two variables or types of commodity exchanged defined the four primaries speech function of (1) offer, (2) command, (3) statement, and (4) question. For example:

1. May I help you? (offer) 2. Shut up! (command)

3. John can type 45 words per minute (statement) 4. When will he join the army? (question)

The interpersonal meaning of the clause can be observed on two levels. On the first level, the speaker/writer as the producer of the clause can speaker or write from a position carrying the authority of a discipline or an institution. In this, the way the interpersonal meaning is delivered is determined by the knowledge or power relationship exiting between the speaker/write and the listener/reader. On the other level, the speaker/writer may choose to communicate with the listener/reader from a positions as a person, with no authority of a discipline, an institution, or the like. For example: The lecturer says, Submit our homework next Wednesday! (first level)

My friend said to me, will you join with us tonight? 2.2.1.3 T' ( T(x)* +, F*-

.)/0-The textual function of language is an interpretation of language is its function as a message, which is text forming function of language. This is interpreted as a function that is intrinsic to language itself, but is it at the same time a function that is extrinsic to language, in the sense that it is linked with the situational (contextual) domain in which language (text) is embedded. At the clause level, the textual function is concerned with how inter-clausal elements are organized to form unified whole texts that make meanings. In this, the textual function indicates the way the text is organized or structured.

The textual function of language (clause) in its function as a message is realized by the theme of language (clause). The theme system of the clause is represented by the thematic structure of the clause, which comprises two major elements: (1) theme, and (2) rheme.

In an analysis of a thematic of a thematic structure of a thematic structure of a text, it is possible to examine language in terms of Halliday s three metafunctions; the textual, and the ideational.

For example:

Right Student Today we Learn

grammar T1x23 45 I6 217817 9:6 4 5 T:8 ; <4 5

T= 1>1 R= 1 >1

As the above clause represents, the theme choices is the language may be of three kinds: (1) textual, (2) interpersonal, and (3) topical. The topical theme creates the topic that the speaker (we) chooses to make the point of departure of the message. The interpersonal theme occurs at

example). The textual theme gives thematic prominence to the textual elements and has the function of linking one clause or clause element are related to each other as such that they form a unifwhole text within contexts (see right the example). The rheme is learn grammar, which is the part of the message to which the theme is developed.

2.3 TRANSITIVITY PROCESS

Transitivity system belongs to experiential metafunctions. When we look at the experiential metafunctions, we are looking at the grammar of the clause as representation. It is called so because the clause in its experiential function is a way of representing pattern of experience. Through the system of transitivity, we can explore the clause in its aspects such is:

Who = does = what = to = whom, when, where, why or how function

When people talk about what a word or sentence means, it is kind of meaning they have in mind. Meaning in this sense is related to content or idea. So, here the clause that functions as the representation of processes explores by transitivity system. Transitivity analysis offers a description of one of the structural strands of the clause. Transitivity specifies the different types of process that are recognized in the language, and the structures by which they are expressed.

There are three semantic categories which explain in general way. How phenomena of the real world are represented as linguistic structures. These are :

1. The process it self

2. Participants in the process

3. Circumstance associated with the process

We use term process and participant in analyzing what is represent through the use of language. Processes are central to transitivity. They center on the part of the clause which are realized by the verbal group. They are also regarded as what goings-on and suggest many different kinds of goings-on which necessarily involve different kinds of participant in varying circumstances. While participants and circumstances are incumbent upon the doings, happenings feeling and beings.

Processes can be subdivided into different types. There are six different process types identified by Halliday:

1. Material doing bodily, physically, materially

2. Mental sensing emotionally, intellectually, sensorilly 3. Relational being equal to, or some attribute of

4. Verbal saying lingually, signaling

5. Behavioral behaving physiologically and psychologically 6. Existential existing there exist

Those kinds of processes are realized by verbs. Traditionally, verbs have been defined as doing words . But, as the above list indicates, it is obvious that some verbs are not doing words at all, but rather express states of being or having the process types differentiate kinds goings-on., for example:

Ginagavesome blood (Material) Ginathroughshe should gave give blood (Mental) Ginasaidthat giving blood is easy (Verbal) Ginadreamtof giving blood (Behavioral)

Ginaisa blood donor (Relational)

The process type system is what underlies the differences between those kinds of paradigm. In addition, in analyzing transitivity structure in a clause, it has to be concerned with describing three aspects of the clause:

1. The selection of process: the process choice will be realized in the verbal group of the clause:

Last year Gina gave blood.

2. The selection or participants: participants will be realized in the nominal groups: Last year Gina gave blood.

3. The selection of circumstances: circumstantial meanings which are expressed through adverbial groupor prepositional phrase.

Last year Gina gave blood.

The transitivity of a clause is its process type. Each process type has associated with it certain functional participant roles. Any process type can have circumstantial elements in it.

2.3.1 R?@ABCDEA @ PFDG?H H

Relational process involves states of being, including having. Relational process is typically realized by he verb be or some verb of the same class (known as Copular verbs): for example, appear, become, seem or sometimes by verb such as have, own, process. Relational

process can be classified according to whether is being used to identify something or to assign quality to something.

Process which establish an identity is called Identifying Process while process which assign a quality is called Attributive Process. Each has its own characteristic participant roles. 1. II JK LM N OMK PQ RSTJU U

An identifying clause is not about ascribing or classifying, but defining. The meaning of an iudentifying intensive is that X serves to define the identity of Y . In this process, the participant roles are token and value.

You are the tallest one here

Token Identifying process Value

You is identified as the holder or occupant of the identity or laber of the tallest one. Grammatically, the defining involves two participants:

1. Token which stands for what is being defined. 2. Value which defines

All identifying clauses are reversible, they can form passives The tallest one here is you

The reversibility of identifying clauses raises the question of determining which side of the clause is the token, and which one is the value. This can be determined both semantically and grammatically.

Halliday (1985:115) points out that semantically, the token will be a sign . Name, form, holder or occupant of a value which gives the meaning referent, function, status or role of the token. While, the token is the nominal group which contains the name which gives the classification.

- Tokenwill always be subject in an active clause - Valuewill always be subject in a passive clause

2. AVVWXY ZV[\W]^[_ _

In the attributive sub-type, a quality, classification or descriptive ephitet (Attribute) is assigned to a participant (carrier) which is realized by a noun or nominal group. Attribute is a quality or epithet ascribed to the carrier (means that X carries the attribute a ) while carrier ( means X is a member of the class a ).

You Are very tall

Token identifying process value

I won t be a liar

She is a talkative person

Carrier attributive attribute

On the contrary to identifying clauses, the essential characteristic of the attributive clauses is that they are not reversible. In the other words, there is no passive form of the clause: the subject can never conflate with the role of attribute, but it will always conflate with the role of carrier.

Relational process can be further sub-classified according to whether they are: intensive (quality), possessive and circumstantial.

The option available of relational process can be shown as the following : R`abcdefb a Pgeh`i i : Attribute : carrier, attribute

Identifying : token, value Intensive

Possessive Circumstantial Examples:

Cytoplasm Is sort of a jelly like material

Carrier Attribute : intensive Attribute

Plants cells Have a cell well

The yolk Is Inside the albumen

Carrier Attribute : circumstantial Attribute

The nucleus is the brain of the cell

Token Identifying : intensive Value

The transducer Is Dr Buick s

Token Identifying : possessive Value

Tuesday Was the deadline

Token Identifying : circumstantial Value

2.3.2 Vjkl mn Pkopjqq

Verbal process is process of saying or of symbolically signaling. A verbal process typically three participants.

1. Sayer 2. Receiver 3. Verbiage

The sayer is the participant responsible for the verbal process, who encodes a signal source. Does not have to be a conscious participant (although it typically is). But anything capable of putting out signal.

The receiver is the one whom the verbal process is directed. Or the one to whom the verbalization is addressed.

The verbiage is nominalzed statement of the verbal process, a noun expressing some kind of verbal behaviour, a name for the verbalization itself.

(statement, answer, question, story).

I Asked my teacher a question

Sayer Verbal receiver verbiage

(Human participant)

She Told me a rude joke

sayer verbal receiver verbiage

(Human participant)

The sayer (signal source) needs not to be a conscious being. The sign says no smoking

Sayer Verbal

(Signal participant) The alarm clock screamed

Sayer Verbal

(Signal participant) 2.3.3 Brstuv wx ytz Pyw{r| |

Behavioral process is process of physiological and psychological behavioral, like breathing, dreaming, snoring, smiling, hiccupping, looking, listening, watching, and pondering.

Halliday describes the process semantically as a half way hour between mental and material process. It means that. The meanings they realized are midway between materials on the

one hand and metals on the other. They are in part about action that has to be experienced by conscious being.

There is one obligatory participant: the behaver, and is typically a conscious being (like a senser in the mental process clause). But, the process is one of doing, not sensing, such as:

She lives in a big city

Behaver behavioral Process Circumstance: Place

Behavioral process often occur with circumstantial elements, particularly of manner and clause.

He coughed loudly

Behaver behavioral Process Circumstance: manner

Behavioral process may contain a second participant that is called as behavior.

He smiled a broad smile

} ~ € ~‚ B~ €ƒ „‚€… } ~ €ƒ „‚

2.3.4 Exƒ† ‡~ˆ‡ƒ €… P‚„‰~††

Existential process is process of existence. It represents that something exists or happens. It also represent5 experience by positing that there is something .

There is a gateway in the garden

Existential Process Existent Circumstance: place

Existential process existent Circumstance : place

On the wall There hangs a picture of me

Circumstantial: place

existential process

existent

There Were two of us

Existential process existent

It is easy to identify a clause contains existential process, as the structure involves the use of the word there. There has no representational function, it clause merely because all English clauses require a subject. The word There is left unanalyzed for transitivity. Existential process typically employ the verb be or synonyms such as exist, arise, occur the only obligatory participant in an existential process is called the existent.

This participant which usually follows the there is/ there are sequence, may be a phenomenon of any kind and is often in fact an event (nominalized action). Circumstantial elements (particularly of location). Are common in existential process.

2.4 CIRCUMSTANTIAL ELEMENT

Circumstantial relational process encode meanings about the circumstantial dimensions i.e. location, manner, cause, etc. circumstance, then, can be expressed in a clause either as a

circumstantial constituent in a material, mental, behavioral, or verbal process, or through a relational process.

Circumstantial elements may or may not occur in process, more than not they do occur. In an analysis of the transitivity system with respect to the circumstantial elements, an analysis of circumstantial elements can be done by identifying the types of circumstance associated with the various transitivity processes. Halliday (1994: 152-158) has identified that there are nine major types of circumstance in the English transitivity system, on which analysis can be based:

1. Extent; Halliday (1994: 152) characterizes the circumstantial elements of Extent (including interval) as being eitherspatialortemporal. If it is spatial, it is expressed in term of distance, which is associated with some units of a measurement like yards, laps, rounds, years, and the like. If it is temporal, it is expressed in terms of duration, which is associated with time length. Here is the example:

The climbers have been walking for ten miles.

Actor Process: material Circumstance: Extent, spatial.

The students Repeat The sentence Several times Actor Process: material Circumstance:

Location, spatial.

Circumstance: extent, temporal

2. Location; Halliday (1994: 152) also characterizes the circumstantial element of location as being either spatial/temporal. In this, if it is spatial, it is expressed in term of place, i.e. a certain point in place. If it is temporal, it is expressed in terms of time, i.e. a certain point in time. Here is the example:

This approach Has been utilized In the language classroom

Goal Process: material Circumstance: Location, spatial.

Indonesians Get up at about 5 a.m.

Actor Process: material Circumstance: Location, temporal.

3. Manner; Halliday (1994: 154) categorizes the circumstantial element of manner into three subtypes: (1) means, (2) quality, (3) comparison. Means refers to the means whereby a process takes place, and it is typically expressed by a propositional phrase/group, with the prepositionby orwith. Qualityis typically expressed by an adverbial group, with lyadverb as Head. Comparison is typically expressed by a prepositional phrase/group, with like or unlike, or an adverbial group of similarity or difference. Here is the example:

The refugees Went to the ship on foot Actor Process: material Circumstance:

Location, spatial.

Circumstance: Manner, means The corrupt goverment Resisted Shamelessly.

Actor Process: material Circumstance: manner, quality.

4. C a u se; Halliday (1994: 154-155) categorizes the circumstantial element of cause into three subtypes: (1) reason, (2) purpose, and (3) behalf. The circumstantial element of reasonrefers to the reason for which a process takes place what causes it. It is typically expressed by a prepositional phrase/group, with through or a complex preposition such as because of. Purposetells purpose for which an action takes place the intention behind it. It is typically expressed by a prepositional phrase/group, withfor or with a complex preposition such asin the hope of. Behalfrefers to entity, typically a person on whose behalf or for whose sake the action undertaken who it is for. It is typically expressed by a prepositional phrase/group, with for or with a complex preposition such as for the sake. Here is the example to clarify this type of circumstance:

He Died Because of the heart attack

Actor Process: behavioral Circumstance: Cause, reason.

He Returned For the shake of revenge.

Actor Process: material Circumstance: Cause, purpose.

The doughter Worked Harder than before.

Actor Process: material Circumstance: manner, comparison.

5. Cont inge ncy; Halliday (1994:155-156) categorizes circumstantial element of contingency into three subtypes: (1) condition, (2) concession, and (3) default. The circumstantial element of condition refers to the condition on which a process takes place on what condition the process occurs. It is typically expressed by a prepositional phrase/group, with inor a complex preposition such as in case of. Concession tells the concession for which an action takes place. It is typically expressed by a prepositional phrase/group, with in or with a complex preposition such asin spite of. Default refers to the default for which an action takes place. It is typically expressed by a prepositional phrase/group, with inor with a complex preposition such asin the absence of.Here is the example:

In case of equilibration, Cognition

Develops Fro states of revolution and certainty. Circumstance:

Contingency, condition

Actor Process: Material

Circumstance: Location, spatial.

I Am speaking On behalf of my father.

Actor Process: verbal Circumstance: Cause, behalf.

The natural method

Brings Applied linguistic research

To classroom allegations

In spite of limitations. Actor Process:

material

Goal Circumstance: location, spatial

Circumstance: contingency, concessin In the absence

of certain elements

A teacher Will give The students The benefit of communicatives methods.

Circumstance: contingency, default

actor Process: material

Beneficiary: recipant

Goal

6. Accompaniment; Halliday (1994: 156) categorizes the circumstantial element of accompanimentinto two subtypes: (1) comitative, and (2) additive.Comitativerepresents the process as a single instance of a process, in which two entities may be conjoined as a single element. Additive on the other hand, represents the process as two instances, in which two entities share the same participant function, but one of them is presented circumstantially for purposes of contrast. Here is the example:

This book Came without its cover

Actor Process: material Circumstance: Comitative, negative

I Take out Other materisls As well as ESP materials Actor Process: material Goal. Circumstance:

additive, positive Instead of

transformation You Can use

Substitution drill. Circumstance:

additive, negative

Actor Process: material. Goal

7. Role; Halliday (1994: 157) categorizes the circumstantial element of roleinto two subtypes: (1) guise, and (product). Guise represents the meaning of be (attribute or identity). In the form of circumstance, and it corresponds to the interrogativewhat as? Productrepresents the meaning ofbecome, likewise as attribute or identity. Here is the example:

My students Presented a poem as a token of appreciation. Actor Process: material Goal Circumstance: Role, guise. Actor Process: material Circumstance: Comitative, positive

His character Changed Into a real terror.

Actor Process: material Circumstance: role, product

8. Matter; the circumstantial element of matter relates to verbal process, that is, it is the circumstantial equivalent of the Verbiage, that which is described, referred to, narrative, etc. Halliday (1994: 157-158). It can be probed by the interrogative what about?, and it is typically expressed by preposition such as about, with a complex preposition such as with reference to. Matter frequently occurs with both verbal and cognitive mental process. Here is the example:

The President Talks Of many controvertial things Sayer Process: Verbal Circumstance: Matter

9. Angle; the circumstantial element of anglealso relates to verbal process, not to the verbiage as in the case of Matter, but to the Sayer (Halliday, 1994: 158). The simple preposition expressing this function is to, but like Matter, it is frequently expressed by a complex preposition such asaccording to, in the view/opinion of.Here is the example:

According to Piaget, That critical stage of FLA and SLA

Appears

At puberty Circumstance:

Angle

Actor Process: Material

Circumstance: Location, temporal.

2.5 RŠ‹Œ ŠŽ RŠ‘’Š“ LŒ ’Š”‘’• ”Š

In writing this thesis, the writer consults some thesis and books to support my analysis based on the transitivity system in Tony Blair s Speeches. The followings are some books and thesis used to support my analysis.

Halliday (1994: 152-158) has identified that there are nine major types of circumstance in the English transitivity system, on which analysis can be based:

Ex’Š–’ : Tells how far? How long?

- Distance : it is spatial that tells how far?

E.g. : She has been walking for five miles. - Duration : it is temporal that tells how long

E.g. : She knocks the door several times. LŽ—‘’ŒŽ– : tells where and when?

- Time : tells when and is probed by when? How often? How long? E.g. : He goes to the church every Sunday morning.

- Place : tells where and is probed by where? How far? E.g. : He goes to the church every Sunday morning. M‘– –Š” : tellshow

- Means : tells bywhatmeans and is probed bywhat with? E.g.: She goes thereby bus

- Quality : tellshowand is probed byhow?

E.g.: She was jumping aroundlike a monkey on a zoo C˜™ š › :why

- Reason : tells what causes the process and is probedby why? how? E.g. : The sheep diedof thirst.

- Purpose : tells the purpose and is probed bywhat for E.g. : She want to the shopfor cigarettes. Cœ žŸ › ¡¢ : tells what under condition?

- Condition : refers to the condition on which a process takes place - on what condition the process occurs.

E.g. : In case of rain the party will be postponed. - Concession : tells the concessions for which and action takes place.

E.g. : He climbs Singgalang Mountain in spite of the bad weather. A¡¡œ£¤ ˜ Ÿ £› ž : tells with (out) who or what and is probed by who or what else?

E.g. : I left work without my briefcase. Rœ¥ › : tells what as and is probed byas what?

E.g.: He lived a quiet lifeas a beekeeper.

M˜žž›¦ : tells about what or with reference to what and is probed bywhat about?

E.g.: This movie is talkingabout friendship.

A ›¥ : relates to verbal process not to the verbiage as the case of matter, but

to sayer. It is expressed by preposition, such as according to and in the view/ opinion of. E.g. : According to Aris, France is so beautiful.

An introduction to Functional Grammar written by M.A.K Halliday (2004), this book tells about the motif of using a grammar to analyze text.

An Analysis of Transitivity Clause in Headline of The Jakarta Post A Systemic Functional Approach written by Indah Fahreni (1999). In her thesis, she analyzed the transitivity clause based on Systemic Functional Approach in the headlines of The Jakarta Post (edited on April 2003) to find the six types of process. In her research, she states that verbal process as the most favorite process used in the headlines of The Jakarta Post. Her analysis gave the contribution for me in doing the analysis because she used the same theory as mine.

An Analysis of Transitivity Process in Kangguru Radio English Script written by Rahma Mandasari (2005). In her thesis, she analyzed the English script of Kangguru radio to find the six types of transitivity process. She concluded that material process occured predominantly in the broadcasting scripts followed by relational process, material process, verbal process, existential process, and behavioural process as the lowest number of all process types. Her thesis contributes the valuable idea such as giving me a slight idea in analyzing my data and as the comparison to my thesis, so I can use it as my reference because her analysis is similar with this thesis.

Analysis of Material and Mental Process of Three Selected George W. Bush s Speeches written by Nurul Adi Susanto (2007). In this thesis, he explores the transitivity process which belong to material and mental process in George W. Bush s.

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

3.1 R§¨§©ª «¬ M§­¬ ®¯

In this thesis, library research is applied by collecting some theories and information about Transitivity process from books, thesis, internet, and other sources which support the writing.

3.2 D©­©°®±±§«­² ³ ´µ §­¬ ®¯

The data are collected by using purposive sample, Arikunto (2006: 139) says that sample bertujuan dilakukan dengan cara mengambil subjek bukan didasarkan atas strata, random, atau daerah tetapi didasarkan atas tujuan tertentu. (Purposive sampling is done by taking the subject, not based on strata, random, or the place otherwise based on specific purpose).

Three selected Tony Blair s speeches as the primary source of the analysis in this thesis. They are Speech by Tony Blair at the new world, new capitalism conference in January 8th _,

2009; Tony Blair s at the official opening of the Baptism Centre in Jordan in march 20th_{, 2009;}

Tony Blair and beyond sport working to show how sport can be replace enmity with friendship in march 26th_{, 2009.}

The data are analyzed by using descriptive qualitative method as proposed by Umar (2003: 36-37)says:

Penelitian kualitatif umumnya sulit diberi pembenarannya secara matematik, ia lebih kepada penyampaian perasaan atau wawasan yang datanya diambil berdasarkan sample. Walaupun demikian, penelitian kualitatif bisa menyediakan informasi penting yang kemudian bisa dijelajahi lebih lanjut melalui penelitian kuantitatif, penelitian kuantitatif menggunakan data yang bukan dalam bentuk skala rasio, tetapi dalam bentuk skala yang lebih rendah yaitu skala nominal, ordinal, ataupun interval yang kesemuaannya dapat dikategorikan, sehingga jelas apa yang akan disamakan dan akan dibedakan dari apa yang akan diperbandingkan dalam rangka menjawab permasalahan yang telah dirumuskan dalam penelitian .

(Qualitative research is commonly hard to examine mathematically, it is focused on presenting feeling or knowledge of data took based on the samples. Even so, qualitative research can provide important information which could explore further through quantitative, it uses unscale ratio, but in the lower ratio scale, they are: nominal scale, ordinal or all categorize interval, so it is absolutely clear what will be the same and what will be different from those that are compared in answering the problem being proposed in the research).

After I collecting the speeches from the internet, the analysis of the speeches based on several stages is made. Firstly, the writer divided the speeches into clauses then classified them into process.

The same power of sport we learnt about on the battlefields of France 95 years ago is visible in many conflict zones today.

This sentence consist of two clauses, they are:

1. we learnt about on the battlefields of France 95 years ago.

2. the same power of sport we learnt about on the battlefields of France 95 years ago is visible in many conflict zones today.

After I divided them into clauses, I elaborated classified those clauses into process. Example:

1. We learnt about the battlefields of France 95 years ago.

We learnt about the battlefields of France 95 years ago Actor Material

Process

Goal Circumstances: location, spatial

Circumstances: extent, temporal

2. The same power of sport we learnt about on the battlefields of France 95 years ago is visible in many conflict zones today.

The same power of sport we learnt about on the battlefields of France 95 years ago

Is visible in many conflict zone

today

Carier Relati

onal

atribute Circumstance: location, spatial

Circumstance: Extent, temporal Secondly, when the data have been classified, they are then selected as the dominant circumstances type in the three selected Tony Blair s speeches.

In order to get the dominated and the frequency using of the process, I used the following formula (Bungin, 2005: 171-172).

¸

=

¹º

x 100 %

N

where: n = percentage of types

fx = total types frequency of the sub-category N = total of all categories

CHAPTER IV

THE ANALYSIS OF THREE SELECTED TONY BLAIR S SPEECHES

4.1 T» ¼ A½ ¾¿ÀÁ ÂÁ

4.1.1 A½ ¾¿ÀÁ ÂÁÃÄ SÅ ¼¼Æ»1: T» ¼ÇN¼È WÃÉ¿Ê, N¼È C¾ Å Â˾ ¿ÂÁÌÇ Cà ½ Ä¼É ¼ ½Æ¼ I½ J¾ ½Í ¾ÉÀ

8ÎÏ

, 2009

In speech The `New World, New Capitalism` Conference In January 8th_{, 2009 , it is}

discovered that the circumstantial element of Extent gained 9 clauses, the circumstantial element of Location gained 13 clauses, the circumstantial element of Manner gained 27 clauses, the circumstantial element of Cause gained 19 clauses, the circumstantial element of Contingency gained 13 clauses, the circumstantial element of Accompaniment gained 10 clauses, the circumstantial element of Role gained 7 clauses, the circumstantial element of Matter gained 21 clauses, and the circumstantial element of Angle gained 1 clause. It can be seen in this following table:

No. Circumstantial Element Total

1. Extent 9

2. Location 13

4. Cause 19

5. Contingency 13

6. Accompaniment 10

7. Role 7

8. Matter 21

9. Angle 1

From the finding above, we can conclude this speech has the circumstantial element of manner as most dominant element, and then followed by element of matter, element of cause, element 0f contingency, element of location, element of accompaniment, element of extent, element of role, and the last one element of angle.

For more detail explanation, we can see the analysis of circumstance in the speech The `New World, New Capitalism` Conference In January 8th_{, 2009 below:}

A. ANALYSIS OF EXTENT 1. They are still in goverment

They Are Still In goverment

Carrier Relational process Cicumstance:

extent,temporal Cicumstance:location, spatial 2. I can commend but not to soon for either of them

I Can Commend But not to soon For eitherof them Token Relational

process Value Cicumstance:extent, temporal

Cicumstance: cause, purpose

What is

unavaidable In the longerterm Is A reasting Of the systemof international supervision Token Relational Value Cicumstance:

extent, temporal

Cicumstance: cause, purpose 4. Ther will be many major challenges confronting the new U.S President in less two

weeks time

There Will be Many major

challenges confronting the new U.S President

In lesstwo weeks time

Existential process Existsnt Cicumstance: extent, temporal 5. Not just this crisis but my experience of 10 years office at the highest level

Not just this crisis

but My Experience of 10 years office atthe highest level Cicumstance:

matter Actor Material process Cicumstance:extent, temporal 6. Take the awful events of the Congo, 6000 rebels is on one side, 6000 militia thugs on

the other

Take The awful

events Of the Congo 6000 rebels ison one side, 6000 militia thugs

On the other Actor Cicumstance:

locarion, spatial Cicumstance:extent, temporal

Cicumstance: manner, comparison 7. With even the limited mandate i have these past 18 month have been extraordinary

instruction With even the

limited mandate I Have These past 18month Have beenextraordinary intruction Cicumstance:

accompainment, comitative

Actor Material

process Cicumstance:extent, temporal

Cicumstance: manner, quality 8. In today s world, no nation s governance, not even the must powerful, can work

without a strong dimension of global governance

governance, not even the must powerful

dimension of global governance

Cicumstance:

extent, temporal Actor Material Cicumstance:Accompainment, comitative negative 9. We have 20th century international institutions a 21st century world

We Have 20th century International institutions goverming

a 21st century world

Carrier Relational

process Cicumstance:extent, spatial Attribute Cicumstance:role, product B. ANALYSIS OF LOCATION

1. They are still in govermens

They Are Still In govermens

Carrier Relational

process Cicumstance:extent, temporal Cicumstance:location, spatial 2. It is rudely educating us as to the integrated nature of the world we now live in

It Is Rudely Educatin

g Us As to theintegrated nature of the world

We now live in Acto

r Relational process

Cicumstanc e: manner, quality

Material

process Goal Cicumstance: location, guise

Cicumstanc e: location, temporal 3. The combination of all of this means we live in an era of every predictability

The

combination all of this means

We Live In an era Of every predictability Cicumstance:

matter Actor Materialprocess Cicumstance:location, temporal

Cicumstance: matter

4. The impact is now felt in the real economy

location, spatial 5. The only point i would make here

The only point I Would make Here

Goal Actor Material process Cicumstance: location,spatial 6. We don t live in the era of the 1930 s or the post war

We Don t Live In the era of the

1930 s or the post war

Carrier Relational

process Attribute Cicumstance:location, spatial 7. I would put the U.S strategic relationship with china

I Would put The U.S Strategic

relationship With cina Actor Material Cicumstance:

location, spatial

Goal Cicumstance: accompaniment, comitative 8. We need in place

We Need In place

Actor Material Cicumstance: location, spatial

9. Take the awful event of the Congo

Take The awful event Of the Congo

Actor Cicumstance: location, spatial

10. Here is aconflict whose supreme importance reaches a cross the world

Here Is A conflict Whose

supreme importance reaches

A cross the world Cicumstance:

location, spatial

Relational

process Carrier Attribute Cicumstance:cause, purpose 11. I am now in the fortunate position of being able to offer them brilliant insights

wise advice without the responsibility of carrying them out

fortunate fortunate position of being able them brilliant insights and wise advice responsibilityof carrying them out Carrie

r Relational process Cicumstance: location, temporal Cicumstance : contingency, condition Attribut

e Cicumstance:accompaniment , comitative negative 12. I would put the U.S strategic relationship with china, and the same applies to

us in urope I Woul

d put The U.S Strategicrelations hip

With china And the same applies to us

In europe Act

or Material proces s Cicumsta nce: location, spatial Goal Cicumstanc e: accompanim ent, comitative Cicumsta nce: cause, behalf Cicumsta nce: location, spatial 13. The sort term problem now is not too much credit or incautious lending but

too little and to coutious The sort

term problem

Now Is not Too much

credit or incautious lending

But too little and to coutious

Token Circumstance: location, spatial

Relational

process Value Circumstance:contingency, condition

C. ANALYSIS OF MANNER

1. This is an immensely timely confrerence

This Is An immensely

timely Conference Existantisl process Cicumstance: Existent

2. It is a luxury i can commend but not to soon for either of them It is a luxury I Can Commend But not to

soon For either ofthem Cicumstance:

manner, quality

Token Relational

process Value Cicumstance:extent, temporal

Cicumstance: cause,

purpose 3. This economic crisis is the biggest, most complex, most delicate economic challenge

of our life time This economic

crisis Is The biggest,most complex, most delicate

Economic

challange Of our life time Carrier Relational

process Cicumstance:manner, comparison

Attribute Cicumstance: matter

4. It is the most tricky intelectual challenge of my kind i have encountered

It Is The most tricky

intelectual challenge

Of mykind I have Token Relational

process Cicumstance:manner, comparison

Cicumstance:

role, guise Cicumstance:location, temporal 5. It is rudely educatung us as to the integrated nature of the world we now live in

It Is Rudely Educating Us As to the integrated nature of the world

We now live in

Actor Relational

process Cicumstance:manner, quality

Material

process Goal Cicumstance:role, huise Cicumstance:location, temporal 6. It is puting into contention what seemed previously unshakeable orthodoxy

It Is Putting Into contention

what seemed Previouslyunshakeable orthodoxy Carrier Relational

process Materialprocess Cicumstance:role, product Cicumstance:manner, quality 7. Conventional wisdow open not just complacementbut fundamentally in error

Conventional

wisdow open Not just Complacement Butfundamentally In error Token Relational Value Cicumstance: Cicumstance:

process manner, mean contingency, condition 8. Normally, as acrisis erupts, a leader will seek advice

Normally As a crisis

erupts A leader Will seek Advice Cicumstance:

manner, mean Cicumstance:role, guise Actor Material Goal 9. And the best and the most honest say: we don t know

And the best and the most

honest Say We don t know

Cicumstance: manner,

comparison Verbal process Sayer 10. Actually that division is largely gone

Actually that

division Is Largely Gone

Carrier Relational process Cicumstance:

manner, quality Attribute

11. They key is to do whatever it takes wether by hastening the proper writing down of asset values and recapitalisation of bank balance sheets

They Key Is To do Whatever it

takes Wether byhastening the proper writing down of asset values and recapitalisation of bank

balance sheets Actor Goal Relational

process Materialprocess Cicumstance:contingency, default

Cicumstance: manner, means 12. Be recentlessly fixed on the future

Be Recentlessly Fixed on the future

existential process Cicumstance: manner,

quality Existent

13. It can by investment, enable, empower and encourage

means 14. This economic relationship is one of the hardest thing of all

This economic Relationship Is One of the hardest thing of all

Carrier attribute Relational process Cicumstance: manner, comparison 15. We need a better system

We Need A better system

Actor Material process Cicumstance: manner, comparison

16. I want to make a larger poin

I Want to make A larger poin

Actor Material Cicumstance: manner,

comparison

17. Take the awful events of the Congo, 6000 rebel is on side, 6000 militia thugs on the other

Take The awful

events Of the Congo 6000 rebel is onside, 6000 militia thugs

On the other Material

process Actor Cicumstance:location, spatial Cicumstance:extent, temporal

Cicumstance: manner, comparison 18. Are we really that helpless

Are We Really That helpless

Relational process Carrier Cicumstance:

manner, quality Attribute 19. By his energy to which i have reffered before the Franch President got the sides

together

By his energy To which i have reffered before

The Franch

President Got The sidestogether Cicumstance:

cause, reason Cicumstance:matter Actor Material Cicumstance:manner, quality 20. It holds a deeper, brooder lesson for us

lesson

Actor Material process Cicumstance:

manner, comparison Cicumstance:cause, behalf 21. It is not simply on economic fact

It Is not Simply On economic fact

Carrier Relational process Cicumstance:

manner, quality Attribute 22. I say effectively, not just fairly

I Say Effectively, not just fairly

Sayer Verbal process Cicumstance: manner, quality

23. But what is absolutely apparent from the economic crisis is that it requires value to function effectively

But what is absolutely apparent

From the economic crisis

Is That it

requires value to function

Effectively Cicumstance:

manner, quality Carrier Relationalprocess Attribute Cicumstance:manner, quality 24. It must be about more than more speculation

It Must be About more than more

speculation

Carrier Relational process Cicumstance: manner comparison

25. The best bussines people i have met, have been first and foremost passionate about what they are creating rather than what they are accumulating

The best bussines people i have meet

Have been First and foremost passionate About what they are creating Rather than what they are accumulating Carrier Relational

process Attribute Cicumstance:matter Cicumstance:manner, comparison 26. It is driven by people

27. There is a myth that globalisation is of a policy driven by Goverments There is a myth

that globalisation Is Of a policy driven By Goverment Carrier Relational process Cicumstance:

cause, reason Circumstance:manner, means

D. ANALYSIS OF CAUSE

1. I congratulate president Sarkozy and my good friend Eric Benson for organising it I Congratulate President Sarkozy

and my good Eric Benson

For organising it Actor Material process Goal Circumstance:

cause, purpose 2. I can commend but not to soon for either of them

I Can commend But not to soon For either of them

Token Relational

process Value Circumstance:extent, temporal Circumstance:cause, purpose 3. It has bought home to us the other side of the consequences of globalisation with

dramatic effects

It Has Bough

t Home To us Theother side Of the consequenc es of globalisatio n With dramatic effects Act

or Relational process Materi al proces s Goal Circumstan ce: cause, behalf Verbia

ge Circumstance: role, product Circumstanc e: accompanim ent, comitative 4. This crisis poses unique problems to policy makers

This crisis Poses Unique problems To policy makers Existential process Existant Circumstance:

5. What type of capitalism do we want for our future What type of

capitalism do We Want For our future Phenomenon Actor Mental process Circumstance:

cause, purpose 6. It is sensible to target it

It Is Sensible To target it

Token Relational process Value Circumstance: cause, purpose 7. The long term solution is to regulate to ensure responsible practice

The long term

solution Is To regulate To ensureresponsible practice Actor Relational process Material process Circumstance:

cause, purpose 8. This causes a crisis of confidence, hot amongst those who lack the means to spend but

even amongst those who don t This cause a

crisis of Confidence Not amongstthose who lack the means

To spend But even amongst those Senser Mental

process Circumstance:cause, behalf Circumstance:cause,purpose Circumstance:contingency, concession 9. Because of the impact on the real economy, traditional demand side stimuli are

necessary Because of the impact on the real economy

Traditional demand

side stimuli Are Necessary Circumstance:

cause, reason Carrier Relational process Attribute 10. We should spend to build for the future

We should Spend To build For the future Actor Material process Goal Circumstance:

cause, purpose 11. There will have to be support and help for the victims of the crisis

cause,purpose 12. We will witnes, in time, a pragdigma shift in economic activity toward modern

unemplayment

We Will witness In time A paradigme shift in economic activity Towards modern unemplayment Actor Material

process Circumstance:contingency, condition

Circumstance:

matter Circumstance:cause, purpose 13. I would put the U.S strategic relationship with china and the some applies to us in

europe

I Would

put The U.S Strategicrelationsh ip

With china And the some applies to us

In europe Act

or Material Circumstance: location, spatial Goal Circumstance : accompanime nt, comitative Circumstan ce: cause, behalf Circumstan ce: location, spatial 14. 190 countries setting round a table trying to hammer out adeal

190 countries Setting Round a table Trying To hammer out adeal

Actor Material

process Goal Materialprocess Circumstance:cause, purpose 15. The Middle East, by luck, France has trying the presidency of the security council

The Middle

East By luck France Has Trying Thepresidenc y Of the security council Circumstanc e: location, spatial Circumstanc e: cause, reason Carrie

r Relational process Materi al process Actor Circumstanc e: matter

16. By his energy to which i have refferend before the French President got the sides together

By his energy To which i

before Circumstance:

cause, reason Circumstance:matter Actor Materialprocess Circumstance:manner, quality 17. Here is a conflict whose supreme importance reaches across the world

Here Is A conflict Whose

supreme importance reaches

Across the world

Circumstance:

location, spatial Relationalprocess Carrier Attribute Circumstance:cause , quality 18. It holds a deeper, broader lesson for us

It Holds A deeper, broader

lesson For us Actor Material process Circumstance:

manner, comparison Circumstance:cause, behalf 19. Look upon yhis crisis not as an occasion to regress in policy or attitude of mind

Look Upon this crisis Not as an occasion To regress in policy or attitude of mind Mental process Senser Circumstance: role,

guise Circumstance:cause, purpose

E. ANALYSIS OF CONTINGENCY

1. I am now in the fortunate resition of being able to offer them brilliant in sights and wise advice without the responsibility of carrying them out

I Am Now In the

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But Certain things Are Clear

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Thursday, Feb 05, 2009 in Office of Tony Blair, Faith Foundation

It is an honour to be here. A particular honour to be with you Mr. President. The world participated in the celebration of your election. Now the hard work begins. And now, also we should be as steadfast for you in the hard work as in the celebration. You don't need cheerleaders but partners; not spectators but supporters. The truest friends are those still around when the going is toughest. We offer you our friendship today. We will work with you to make your Presidency one that shapes our destiny to the credit of America and of the world. Mr President, we salute you and wish you well.

After 10 years as British Prime Minister, I decided to choose something easy. I became involved in the Middle East Peace Process.

There are many frustrations - that is evident. There is also one blessing. I spend much of my time in the Holy Land and in the Holy City. The other evening I climbed to the top of Notre Dame in Jerusalem. You look left and see the Garden of Gethsemane. You look right and see where the Last Supper was held. Straight ahead lies Golgotha. In the distance is where King David was crowned and still further where Abraham was laid to rest. And of course in the centre of Jerusalem is the Al Aqsa Mosque, where according to the Qur'an, the Prophet was transported to commune with the prophets of the past. Rich in conflict, it is also sublime in history. The other month in Jericho, I visited the Mount of

Temptation. I think they bring all the political leaders there. My guide - a Palestinian - was bemoaning the travails of his nation. Suddenly he stopped, looked heaven wards and said "Moses, Jesus, Mohammed: why did they all have to come here?"

It is a good place to reflect on religion: a source of so much inspiration; an excuse for so much evil. Today, religion is under attack from without and from within. From within, it is corroded by extremists who use their faith as a means of excluding the other. I am what I am in opposition to you. If you do not believe as I believe, you are a lesser human being.

From without, religious faith is assailed by an increasingly aggressive secularism, which derides faith as contrary to reason and defines faith by conflict. Thus do the extreme believers and the aggressive non-believers come together in unholy alliance.

And yet, faith will not be so easily cast. For billions of people, faith motivates, galvanises, compels and inspires, not to exclude but to embrace; not to provoke conflict but to try to do good. This is faith in action. You can see it in countless local communities where those from churches, mosques, synagogues and temples, tend the sick, care for the afflicted, work long hours in bad conditions to bring hope to the despairing and salvation to the lost. You can see it in the arousing of the world's conscience to the plight of Africa.

There are a million good deeds done every day by people of faith. These are those for whom, in the parable of the sower, the seed fell on good soil and yielded sixty or a hundredfold.

What inspires such people?

I remember my first spiritual awakening. I was ten years old. That day my father - at the young age of 40 - had suffered a serious stroke. His life hung in the balance. My mother, to keep some sense of normality in the crisis, sent me to school. My teacher knelt and prayed with me. Now my father was a militant atheist. Before we prayed, I thought I should confess this. "I'm afraid my father doesn't believe in God". I said. "That doesn't matter" my teacher replied "God believes in him. He loves him without demanding or needing love in return."

That is what inspires: the unconditional nature of God's love. A promise perpetually kept. A covenant never broken.

And in surrendering to God, we become instruments of that love.

Rabbi Hillel was once challenged by a pagan, who said: if you can recite the whole of the Torah standing on one leg, I will convert to being a Jew. Rabbi Hillel stood on one leg and said "That which is hateful to you, do it not unto your neighbour. That is the Torah. Everything else is commentary. Go and study it." As the Qur'an states: "if anyone saves a person it will be as if he has saved the whole of humanity". Faith is not discovered in acting according to ritual but acting according to God's will and God's will is love.

We might also talk of the Hindu "Living beyond the reach of I and mine" or the words of the Buddha "after practising enlightenment you must go back to practise compassion" or the Sikh scripture: "God's bounties are common to all. It is we who have created divisions."

Each faith has its beliefs. Each is different. Yet at a certain point each is in communion with the other. Examine the impact of globalisation. Forget for a moment its rights and wrongs. Just look at its effects. Its characteristic is that it pushes the world together. It is not only an economic force. The consequence is social, even cultural.

The global community - "it takes a village" as someone once coined it - is upon us. Into it steps religious faith. If faith becomes the property of extremists, it will originate discord. But if, by contrast, different faiths can reach out to and have knowledge of one another, then instead of being reactionary, religious faith can be a force for progress.

The Foundation which bears my name and which I began less than a year ago is dedicated to achieving understanding, action and reconciliation between the different faiths for the common good. It is not about the faith that looks inward; but the faith that resolutely turns us towards each other.

Bringing the faith communities together fulfils an objective important to all of us, believers and non-believers.

But as someone of faith, this is not enough. I believe restoring religious faith to its rightful place, as the guide to our world and its future, is itself of the essence. The 21st Century will be poorer in spirit, meaner in ambition, less disciplined in conscience, if it is not under the guardianship of faith in God.

I do not mean by this to blur the correct distinction between the realms of religious and political authority. In Britain we are especially mindful of this. I recall giving an address to the country at a time of crisis. I

wanted to end my words with "God bless the British people". This caused complete consternation. Emergency meetings were convened. The system was aghast. Finally, as I sat trying to defend my words, a senior civil servant said, with utter distain: "Really, Prime Minister, this is not America you know." Neither do I decry the work of humanists, who give gladly of themselves for others and who can often shame the avowedly religious. Those who do God's work are God's people.

I only say that there are limits to humanism and beyond those limits God and only God can work. The phrase "fear of God" conjures up the vengeful God of parts of the Old Testament. But "fear of God" means really obedience to God; humility before God; acceptance through God that there is something bigger, better and more important than you. It is that humbling of man's vanity, that stirring of conscience through God's prompting, that recognition of our limitations, that faith alone can bestow.

We can perform acts of mercy, but only God can lend them dignity. We can forgive, but only God forgives completely in the full knowledge of our sin.

And only through God comes grace; and it is God's grace that is unique.

John Newton, who had been that most obnoxious of things, a slave-trader, wrote the hymn "Amazing Grace".

"Twas Grace that taught my heart to fear. And Grace, my fears relieved."

It is through faith, by the Grace of God, that we have the courage to live as we should and die as we must. When I was Prime Minister I had cause often to reflect on leadership. Courage in leadership is not simply about having the nerve to take difficult decisions or even in doing the right thing since oftentimes God alone knows what the right thing is.

It is to be in our natural state - which is one of nagging doubt, imperfect knowledge, and uncertain prediction - and to be prepared nonetheless to put on the mantle of responsibility and to stand up in full view of the world, to step out when others step back, to assume the loneliness of the final decision-maker, not sure of success but unsure of it.

And it is in that "not knowing" that the courage lies.

And when in that state, our courage fails, our faith can support it, lift it up, keep it from stumbling. As you begin your leadership of this great country, Mr President, you are fortunate, as is your nation, that you have already shown in your life, courage in abundance. But should it ever be tested, I hope your faith can sustain you. And your family. The public eye is not always the most congenial.

I was reminded of this, as I waited in London in the snow to fly to America and made the mistake of reading a British newspaper. It was the very conservative Daily Telegraph. A few days ago I gave an interview in which I remarked how much cleverer my wife was than me. The Telegraph has a famous letters page. In it was a letter from a correspondent that read something like: "Dear Sir, with reference to your headline 'Blair admits wife more intelligent than him', I fail to see why this is news. Most of us have known this for a long time." As a PS perhaps: "the bar, however, has not been set high".

I finish where I began: in the Holy Land, at Mount Nebo in Jordan, where Moses gazed on the Promised Land. There is a chapel there, built by pilgrims in the 4th Century. The sermon was preached by an American, who spent his life as an airline pilot and then, after his wife's death, took holy orders. His words are the words of a Christian but they speak to all those of faith, who want God's grace to guide their life.

He said this:

"While here on earth, we need to make a vital decision ... whether to be mere spectators, or movers and shakers for the Kingdom of God... whether to stay among the curious, or take up a cross. And this means: no standing on the sidelines ... We're either in the game or we're not. I sometimes ask myself the question: If I were to die today, what would my life have stood for... The answer can't be an impulsive one, and we all need to count the cost before we give an answer. Because to be able to say yes to one thing, means to say no to many others. But we must also remember, that the greatest danger is not impulsiveness, but inaction."

It is fitting at this extraordinary moment in your country's history that we hear that call to action; and we pray that in acting we do God's work and follow God's will.

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Thursday, Mar 26, 2009 in Office of Tony Blair, Sports Foundation

We've all heard the story of the 1914 "Christmas Truce", when the humanity of a simple game of football between British and German soldiers replaced the horrors of the First World War trenches. I think the reason we remember this story is because it tells us so much about the spirit of Christmas and about the power of sport.

My views on the value of sport as a means of bringing communities together and conflict to a close are no secret. They have been reinforced in my role as Chairman of the Ambassadors of Beyond Sport. Beyond Sport finds and funds projects that use sport to reach out to the children of conflicts and begin the healing process.

The same power of sport we learnt about on the battlefields of France 95 years ago is visible in many conflict zones today. On the Ethiopia-Kenya border, children who were once used in tribal conflict against each other today play football with one another. Together they develop football skills and learn about teamwork. Instead of becoming lifelong enemies, they have the chance to become team-mates. One project is also bringing Israeli and Palestinian children together through, of all things, basketball. A sport that millions take for granted in Britain and America and one that President Obama plays to relax -is promoting understanding, developing leadership skills and transforming everything that these young Israelis and Palestinians thought about each other: from conflict to confidence; from the hostilities of the past towards friendships for the future. Work such as this goes largely unreported but 5,500 young people have passed through the basketball project, gaining a chance for understanding that they otherwise wouldn't have had. These projects are not a complete solution to the conflicts that overshadow them. But they start to draw children's attention away from their differences and towards their similarities, to dismantle generations of hatred and to re-shape their futures.

For me, the lessons here are pretty clear. As we think about how to begin to tackle regional and ethnic conflicts that with the passage of time seem only to become more deep-rooted and more insuperable, and how to stop future generations from being sucked into a spiralling conflict tragedy, sport has a role to play.

I am not suggesting that sport alone can bring this about. Of course not. Patient diplomacy, careful negotiation and detailed policy must move leaders together. Their leadership can be underpinned and encouraged if neighbouring peoples interact positively at a day-to-day, grassroots level. Then the desire for change has the chance to take root. Hope has a chance to thrive.

So, action at the human level becomes every bit as vital and valuable as at the governmental one. In places marked by conflict, sport can help to replace enmity, ignorance and mistrust with friendship and acceptance. That's what we mean by going "Beyond Sport".