Transitivity Analysis on Two Short Stories in Nancy Chang Ing‘s „The Chinese Pen‟

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TRANSITIVITY ANALYSIS ON TWO SHORT STORIES IN NANCY CHANG ING’S ‘THE CHINESE PEN’

A THESIS

SULAIMAN RAMBE REG. NO. 120721011

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH

FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2014

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TRANSITIVITY ANALYSIS ON TWO SHORT STORIES IN NANCY CHANG ING’S

‘THE CHINESE PEN’

A THESIS

BY:

SULAIMAN RAMBE REG. NO.120721011

Supervisor, Co-Supervisor,

Dr. Hj. Masdiana Lubis, M.Hum Dr. Hj. Nurlela, M.Hum

NIP. 19570626 198303 2 001 NIP.19590419 198102 2 001

Submitted to the Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara Medan in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from English Department

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH

FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2014

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Approved by Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara (USU) Medan as thesis for The Sarjana Sastra Examination

Head, Secretary,

Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, MS Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, MA. Ph.D

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Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara, Medan.

The examination is held in Department of English Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara on Saturday, 23 August 2014.

The Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara

Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, M.A NIP.19511013 197603 1 001

Board of Examiners

Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, MS ---

Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, MA. Ph.D ---

Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, M.A ---

Dr.Hj. Masdiana Lubis, M.Hum ---

Drs. Umar Mono, Dipl. Trans. M.Hum --- Drs. H. Chairul Husni, M.Ed. TESOL ---

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AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I, SULAIMAN RAMBE, declare that I am the sole author of this thesis except where reference is made in the text of this thesis. This thesis contains no material published elsewhere or extracted in whole or in part from a paper by which I have qualified for or awarded another degree.

No other person‘s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the main text of the thesis. This thesis has not been submitted for the award of another degree in any tertiary education.

Signed :

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COPYRIGHT DECLARATION

Name : SULAIMAN RAMBE

Thesis title : Transitivity Analysis on Two Short Stories in Nancy Chang Ing‘s „The Chinese Pen‟

Qualification : S1/ Sarjana Sastra

Department : English

I am willing that my thesis should be available for reproduction at the discretion of the Librarian of English Department, Faculty of Cultural Studies, University of Sumatera Utara, on the understanding that the users are made aware of their obligation under law of the Republic of Indonesia.

Signed :

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I would like to thank to Allah SWT that has given me all of the blessing, mercy, talent and time, so that I can finish my thesis entitled‖ Transitivity Analysis on Two Short Stories in Nancy Chang Ing‘s „The Chinese Pen‟

I would like to thank to the Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies, Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, M.A also Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, MS as the head and Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, MA. Ph.D as the Secretary of English Department.

I would like to express my best and sincere thanks to my supervisor, Dr. Hj.Masdiana Lubis, M.Hum and my co-supervisor Dr. Hj. Nurlela, M.Hum for having shared their valuable ideas, times, guidance and patience. My gratitude is also expressed to all of my lectures in English Department who taught me much and contributed the knowledge during the academic years.

My lovely thanks are due to my beloved father, H. Korbe Rambe (Alm) and My beloved Mother, Erlina Nasution. Thanks for giving me the fee all my academic years also the good and hard times so I can stand here as myself today. Special thanks to all of my brother and sister or called as Rambe‘s Family, Hafsyah, S.Pd, Irpan, Serma Irwansyah, Halimatussaddiah, Ali Supri, Ali kohar, Nurhaidah and Intan Mutia, AMKeb. Thanks a million for the support and advice until I get my title now. I give all I have to you. Also thanks to my sister in law, Masdawiyah Siregar, Maimunah Hasibuan, S.E, Ade Herawati, Minah Pohan,S.Pd, and Taufik Ahmadi Siregar as my brother in law, thanks for the pray. Also thanks to my cousins and nephew, Irma, Kisna, Putra Ardiansyah (un), Dirga, Dewa, Dini, Ihsanul Fikri, Faiz Zidan and Aldi Satya Siregar.

Big thanks to those friends who have been giving me the joy, laughter, many other things, Sunarti, Yuni Borutulang, Dira Wulandari, Farah Bella Alliza, Lawiyah Harahap, Wulan Sari, Syamsuddin Siregar, Halimah Dalimunthe, Joko Mariono, A.Md, Baktiar Rambe, SE, Reza Hasibuan, S.H, Zizah Hasibuan, Chandri Maskhuri Siregar, Nur Asnah Siregar, Aderia Khadijah, Siska Pintasari Lingga, Ramson Salmando Silalahi, Hasan Basri Hasibuan, Usman HR,

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Darholan, Yuni Alfisyahri Siregar, Kholija Hasibuan, Ramli Nst, Fani Gumanti, Lintar Aswat Lubis, Muda Lubis, Binurin, Salik Siregar, Rapi Lubis, Rapi Hrp, Mulia Hrp and Aspan Nasution, thanks for the nice friendship all my day.

And of course I will never forget to say thanks so much for all of my friend in Teater‘O‘ Bambang Riyanto, Joko Saputra, Ihsanuddin Nst, Dira Wulandari, Firman, Mail, Novi, Suryana, Riki Nst, Aseng, and Rendi for the friendship and support during my academic years.

Last but not least, for all of my friends and people who know me. I am truly sorry for cannot mention your names one by one, but I hope that you always know that all of you are everything for me. Thanks a billion.

Medan, August 2014 Writer

Sulaiman Rambe 120721011

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ABSTRAK

Dalam skripsi yang berjudul ―Transitivity Analysis on Two Short Stories in Nancy Chang Ing‘s ‗The ChinesePen‗ ini, penulis menganalisis proses transitivitas berdasarkan teori Halliday. Sistemik Fungsional Linguistik. Data dalam penelitian ini berupa simple clausa yang terdapat dalam dua cerita pendek ‗Earth God Shrine‘ yang ditulis oleh Chuang Hua-t‘ang dan ‗A Chip off the Old Block‘ yang ditulis oleh Cheng Ming-Li. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah metode analisis isi dari Leedy dan Ormrod. Hasil dari analisis atas kedua cerita pendek tersebut ditemukan enam jenis proses yaitu proses material, proses mental, proses relational, proses verbal, proses behavioral dan proses existensial.

Elemen-elemen pembentuk proses transitivitas dari kedua cerita tersebut adalah sama yaitu terdiri atas proses, partisipan dan sirkumstan. Pembeda antara kedua cerita tersebut hanyalah tipe dari setiap elemen proses transitivitas. Proses yang dominan dalam kedua cerita adalah material process. Cerita pertama (Earth God Shrine), material process (0,57%), relational process

(0,22%), mental process (0,10%), verbal process (0.07%), existential process (0.03%), dan behavioral process (0,01%). Cerita kedua (A Chip off the Old Block), material process

(0,46%), relational process (0,25%), mental process (0,19%), verbal process (0,07%), behavioral process (0,02%), dan existential process (0,01%).

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ABSTRACT

In thesis entitled "Transitivity Analysis on Two Short Stories in Nancy Chang Ing‘s ‗The Chinese Pen', the writer analyzes the transitivity process based on the theory of Halliday, Systemic Functional Linguistics. The data in this research are simple clauses contained in two short stories ‗Earth God Shrine‘ written by Chuang Hua-t'ang and ‗A Chip off the Old Block‘ written by Cheng Ming-Li. The analysis method used in this research is content analysis method of Leedy and Ormrod. The results of the analysis of two short stories, they are six types of processes, namely material process, mental processes, relational processes, verbal processes, behavioral processes, and existential process.

The elements that form the transitivity process from the two short stories are the same namely process, participants, and circumstance. The difference between the two short stories is the element type of each transitivity process. The most dominant from the two short stories is material process. In the first short story (Earth God Shrine), material process (0,57%), relational process (0,22%), mental process (0,10%), verbal process (0.07%), existential process (0.03%), and behavioral process (0,01%). The second short story (A Chip off the Old Block), material process (0,46%), relational process (0,25%), mental process (0,19%), verbal process (0,07%), behavioral process (0,02%), and existential process (0,01%).

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TABLE OF CONTENT

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ………i

COPYRIGHT DECLARATION……….ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……….iii

ABSTRAK………..v

ABSTRACT………...vi

TABLE OF CONTENT………vii

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study………1

1.2 Problem of the Study………..8

1.3 Objectives of the Study………..8

1.4 Scope of the Study………..9

1.5 Significance of the Study ………..9

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1 Theoretical Framework………..10

2.2 Metafunction of Language……….11

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2.2.2 Interpersonal Function ………...13

2.2.3 Textual Function ……….14

2.3 Transitivity System………15

2.4 The Elements of Transitivity Process………..29

2.4.1 Process Type………...30

2.4.2 Participants……….31

2.4.3 Circumstance………..32

2.5 Relevant Studies ………...34

CHAPTER III METHOD OF RESEARCH 3.1 Research of Method ………....38

3.2 Data and Data Source……….38

3.3 Data Collecting Method………..38

3.4 Data Analysis Method ………39

CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS 4.1 Analysis………41

4.11 Analysis of Earth God Shrine………..41

4.1.2 Analysis of A Chip off the Old Block …..55

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CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

5.1 Conclusions………..86 5.2 Suggestions………...87

REFERENCES APPENDIX

Appendix 1: Transitivity Process on Earth God Shrine and A Chip off the Old Block Appendix 2: The two short stories of ‘The Chinese Pen’

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ABSTRAK

(0,22%), mental process (0,10%), verbal process (0.07%), existential process (0.03%), dan behavioral process (0,01%). Cerita kedua (A Chip off the Old Block), material process

(0,46%), relational process (0,25%), mental process (0,19%), verbal process (0,07%), behavioral process (0,02%), dan existential process (0,01%).

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ABSTRACT

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

The transitivity system of language has been widely used nowadays to analyze the language of speakers and writers. It studies the structure of sentences, which is represented by processes (realized by types of verbs), the participants involved in these processes (which are part of the nominal group), and the circumstances in which they (participants and processes) are involved (realized by the adverbial and prepositional phrase).

Halliday (1985:53, 60) states that transitivity generally refers to how meaning is represented in the clause. It plays a role in showing how speakers encode in language their mental picture of reality and how they account for their experience of the world around them. Since transitivity is concerned with the transmission of ideas, it is considered to fall within the realm of the ideational function of language. Further, linguistically, he said that transitivity is concerned with prepositional meanings and functions of syntactic elements. The representations that can be attested within a transitivity model are said to signal bias, manipulation and ideology in discourse.

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Halliday (1985: 55) states that transitivity is part of the ideational function of language and is a fundamental and powerful semantic concept, an essential tool in the analysis of representation. Kress (2009: 124) says that transitivity is the representation in processes of language, the participants therein, and the circumstantial features associated with them. Whereas Simpson (2002: 54) asserts that transitivity refers generally to how meaning is represented in the clause. Transitivity shows how speakers encode in language their mental picture of reality and how they account for their experience of the world around them.

The term transitivity has a broader and narrower meaning. The narrower meaning (found in traditional grammatical description and the one with which most readers are probably familiar) involves the verb‘s relationship to dependent elements of structure. Transitive verbs take a direct object and intransitive verbs do not. Stated differently, the action of the verb extends to another entity in a transitive clause, but not in an intransitive clause. For example, the difference between ―The tiger (Actor) pounced (Process)‖ and ―The tiger (Actor) ate (Process) the deer (Goal)‖ is that the action ―eat‖ extends to ―the deer.‖ In the broader meaning (as proposed by Halliday and assumed in the OpenText.org annotation), the system of transitivity consists of the various types of processes together with the structures that realize these processes.

When people speak or write, they produce text, the term ‗text‘ refers to any instance of language. Human in society need language to interact, to communicate or to show the ideas to the other. Every language has some rank scale of phonological constituents, but with considerable variation in how constituency is organized (Halliday, 2004:3, 5). Language encodes our experience and thereby plays a crucial role in our involvement with other people, animal life in general and inanimate matter (Bloor and Bloor, 1995:107).

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From those statements, it is known that language plays a vital role and it also has many advantages over many various aspect of human‘s life. Human has to stay along with language because human cannot interrelate without using language. By using language, human is able to interact and communicate with each other in doing activities.

We need a model of language that helps us understand how text works to make meaning. Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) can do this. Systemic functional linguistics is one of theories relating to language and its context. The idea of context firstly was found by Malinowski, continued by Firth and developed by Firth‘s students called Neo-Firthian. One of his students is M.A.K Halliday. Systemic functional linguistics was developed by M.A.K Halliday, a professor of linguistics from Sydney University, Australia. In this theory, the texts are analyzed based on language and its context (www.ijllalw.org).

SFL works on language and its context. ‗S‘ for Systemic implies systemic relations and their probabilities in systemic networks. The probabilities are started from general to specific features. Next, it also implies that the systems of meaning involve interrelation relating to investigating phenomena. The ‗F‘ for functional implies that it is concerned with the functional realizations of the systems in structures. It also implies the semiotic functions or meaning that operate in various semiotic levels and dimensions. The ―L‖ for ―Linguistics‖ implies that the theory derives from a discipline called ―Linguistics‖. It is a language based on theory which is used to investigate the phenomena of language.

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Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) describes that language is functional. Language is unique and can be explored. Halliday (1978: 60) states that language has three functions which are known as metafunction of language. They are ideational, interpersonal and textual meaning. Language is used to describe, which is known as ideational meaning. It is classified into two sub functions, the experiential meaning and the logical meaning. The experiential meaning of language is realized by the transitivity system of language (clause). Transitivity system refers to a system for describing the whole clause, rather than just the verb and its object. The outer world of reality that is brought into the inner world of reality in one‘s consciousness, which is encoded in the transitivity systems of language, is interpreted as a what-is-going-on process, which is related to material actions, events, states and relations.

While, the logical meaning of language is realized by the clause complexity system of language, which is concerned with the logic-semantic and interdependency relations. The logical meaning works above the experiential. It organizes our reasoning on the basis of our experience. It is the potential of the language to construe logical links between figures; for example, ―this happened after that happened‖ or, with more experience, ―this happens every time that happens‖. The logic semantic and interdependency relations between clauses are measured in terms of the degree and types of interdependency relations in the system. The interdependency system is concerned with the paratactic and hypotactic relations. In a paratactic interdependency relation, the relationship of the clauses are equal in status.

Next, Language is used to exchange, which is known as interpersonal meaning. The interpersonal meaning is the use of language to establish and maintain social relations. The interpersonal meaning of language is realized by the mood system of language (clause). The mood system of clause is represented by the mood structure of the clause, which comprises two major elements, mood and residue. A mood element typically consist of a subject and a

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finite, while residue element consist of a predicator, one or more complement (s), and any number of different types of adjuncts.

Further, the other function of language is the textual meaning. The textual meaning is the use of language to signify discourse or textual meaning refers to the use of language to relate what is said or written to the rest of the text and to other linguistic event. Here, language becomes text, is related to itself and to its contexts of use, including the preceding and following text, and the context of situation. The textual can be classified into two structures, they are: thematic structure (theme and rheme) and Information structure (new and given). Theme is the starting point of the message, while rheme is the part of the message in which the theme is developed.

As a fundamental of communication, language is used to convey or share ideas and express thoughts, human‘s need, wishes, intentions and desires. A writer uses language to describe his or her surrounding, environment or even the message in his or her writing. Then, to realize the meaning, idea, suggestion and message, only the transitivity processes are able to do it.

The clause is interpreted as a process configuration. There are three components involved in this configurations, they are the process, participants and circumstances associated with the process. Halliday (1985: 14) says that there are six types of Experiential Function that are not strange to be known. They are, material function is process of doing, mental function is process of sensing, verbal function is process of saying, behavioral function is process of behaving, existential function is process of existing and relational function is process of being.

The transitivity process is really interesting to be analyzed by applying the systemic functional linguistic theory of M.A.K Halliday as the bases of the analysis appears in social

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situation, either spoken or written. It focuses on the purpose and the use of language. This theory also claims that language is functional, language is unique and can be explored. Besides, the concept of transitivity in Halliday‘s grammatical system is a powerful tool in the analysis of the meaning expressed in clauses. In this case, the clause is the most significant grammatical unit, because clause has function as a representation of the process.

The book that the writer wants to analyze based on transitivity process entitles ‗The Chinese Pen‘ written by Nancy Chang Ing. This book consists of seventy seven pages and four short stories written by different author. They are Earth God Shrine by Chuang Hua-t‘ang, A Chip off the Old Block by Cheng Ming-li, The Four Seasons by Hsiang Yang and the last is Empress Wu and The Feng –Hsien Cave- Tempel by Yen Chuan-Ying. The writer is interested in analyzing that short story because it is really interesting and unique. It is interesting to be analyzed because the language used in this short story is easy to understand. It uses the simple sentences also the plot is predictable. It is unique because the story contains a moral value as well the language inserted in it contains elements of humor.

In this study, the writer only chooses two short stories, namely, Earth God Shrine by Chuang Hua-t‘ang and A Chip off the Old Block by Cheng Ming-li because the two short stories are really different from the others, in which the first short story (Earth God Shrine) contains a positive moral value that can motivate the reader to be stronger in facing this life without despair and eventually the writer hopes that the readers are able to apply the value contained in the short story in their own life.

This story tells about a farmer whose name is Ah K‘un. He is really poor. Every day, he and his wife always go to the rice fields early in the morning and come home late. So poor they are, they only eat rice at least once in a day. In facing the situation like this, he and his wife must work hard to fulfill his family‘s needs. One day, their paddy in the rice fields

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turning yellow. At that time, his wife was in pregnant. His wife watched the golden waves of rice swaying in the breeze. She prayed devoutly to the Earth God for a good winter and a boy to carry on the family name. In return, she promised to donate incense money and get the villagers to build a shrine. Months later, they reaped an abundant harvest, and, in the middle of June, his wife gave birth to Loyalty. But in those days, the family was poor. There was not even enough rice for three meals a day. The family was hard-pressed then, money was not the only problem. But, they did not give up so easily, they kept working hard. As time goes by, he and his wife reached for their dreams. He could give a better life on his family. In the end of the story, they celebrated their triumph by lit the firecrackers in front of the Earth God Shrine because the Earth God has helped them in protecting the paddy in the paddy fields.

While the second short story (A Chip off the Old Block) contains humorous elements that can give the entertainment for the reader. This story tells about a child who has the greatest resemblance to his Dad. Even his temperament is very much like his Dad. For example, he is sensitive, prone to being emotional, soft-hearted, easily persuaded and has a problem in remembering people or place. One day, he moved to Taipei to go to college, but he only remembered the two bus routes that he took every day. After graduation, he taught at First Taipei Girls‘ high school for eight years. Once he had an appointment with someone at the Kuomingtang Party Headquarters, which is right next to the high school, and he asked him where his office was! Over the past ten years or so. He has been to many places in the city. Still, every time he goes to a place other than my office, he has to pull out a map, find the location, and figure out how to get there.

Furthermore, once, when he was in high school, he saw one of his classmates under an arcade. He ran over and slapped her hard on the back. It was only when she turned around that he realized he had slapped the wrong person. After that, he stopped taking the initiative in greeting people on the street so as to avoid making mistakes. Besides, once, he was

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walking quickly down hoping East Road when he sensed a woman was looking his way. he responded with a smile. Then he realized she was actually stopped in the middle of the street, staring at him the way a biologist examines viruses under a microscope. He was deeply touched by her attention and thought she must be some friend or relative whom he had not seen for many years. Just when he smiled at her, and was about to speak, she looked away, turned around, and walked off.

1.2 Problem of the Study

Based on the background above, there are three problems that appeared in it, they are: 1. What types of transitivity processes are used in two short stories in Nancy Chang Ing‘s ‗The Chinese Pen‘?

2. Are the elements of transitivity process in each short story same or different?

3. What is the most dominant type of process used in two short stories in Nancy Chang Ing‘s ‗The Chinese Pen‘?

1.3 Objective of the Study

The objectives of this analysis are:

1. To find out the types of transitivity process in two short stories in Nancy Chang Ing‘s ‗The Chinese Pen‘.

2. To find out whether the elements of transitivity process in each story is the same or different.

3. To find out the most dominant process used in two short stories in Nancy Chang Ing‘s ‗The Chinese Pen‘

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Based on the background above, in this analysis, the writer only focuses on transitivity process found in two short stories in ‗The Chinese Pen‘ book, they are Earth God Shrine written by Chuang Hua-t‘ang and A Chip off the Old Wall written by Cheng Ming-li.

1.5 Significance of the Study

This thesis is expected to add the new insight in analysis of literary text by using systemic functional linguistics theory. Theoretically, it will give information about transitivity process in a text and how the text work as they do. At last, practically, it will be useful for other researchers and English Department students who are interested in the field of study transitivity process, so that they can use this thesis as a reference for their research on transitivity processes.

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Theoretical Framework

2.1.1 An Overview of Discourse Analysis

Enggin (2004:23) states that text is used in linguistics to refer to any passage, spoken and written, of whatever, that does a form a unified whole. Written text can be found in the articles, letters, stories, comics, instruction and in other form. While spoken text can be found in the speech, interview, conversation, interruption, etc. in this thesis, the writer will analyze written text in the form of clauses becoming object of the analysis.

The theory in seeing language phenomenon that can be applied in this analysis is Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL). Systemic Functional Linguistics is a theory to linguistics that considers language as a social semiotic system. It was developed by Halliday who took the notions of system from his teacher, J.R Firth. Whereas Firth considered systems that refer to possibilities subordinated to structure. Halliday, in a certain sense‖liberated‖ the dimension of choice from structure and made it the central organizing dimension of this theory. In other words, whereas many approaches to linguistic description place structure and the syntagmatic axis in the foreground, Hallidean systemic functional theory adopts the paradigmatic axis as its point of departure. The term systemic accordingly foregrounds Saussure‘s ―paradigmatic axis‖ in understanding how language works. For Halliday, a central theoretical principle is then that any act of communication involves choices. Language is a

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system, and the choices avalaible in any language variety are mapped using the representation tool of the system network.

In addition, Halliday says that systemic functional linguistic is also functional, because it considers language to have evolved under the pressure of the particular functions that the language system has to serve. Functions are therefore taken to have left their mark on the structure and organization of language at all levels, which is said to be achieved via metafunctions. The term metafunction is particular to systemic functional linguistics. The organization of the functional framework around systems, i.e., choices, is a significant difference from other ―functional‖ approaches, such as, Dik‘s functional grammar (FG, or as now often termed, functional discourse grammar) and lexical function grammar. Thus, it is important to use the full designation-systemic functional linguistics-rather than just functional grammar or functional linguistics.

Halliday (1985:44) states that all languages involve three generalized functions, or metafunctions: one contrues experience (meaning about the outer and inner worlds); one enacts social relations (meanings concerned with interpersonal relations), and one weaves together of these two functions to create text (the wording), because these functions are considered to come into being simultaneously-viz, one cannot mean about the world without having either a real or virtual audience-language must also be able to bring these meanings together: this is the role of structural organization, be that grammatical, semantic or contextual.

2.2 Metafunction of Language

Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) describes that language is functional or called by metafunction. Metafunction of language means that it is not about functions of language but it is about fundamental concepts of someone in using language. There are three functional

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of metafunction in language, they are ideational function, interpersonal function and textual function.

2.2.1 Ideational Function

Halliday (1985: 203) states that all adult language is organized around a small number of ―functional components‖ which correspond to metafunctions as the purpose which underlie all language use and that these metafunctions have a systemic relationship with the lexicogrammar of the language. The ideational metafunction consists of two sub functions, the experiential and the logical. The experiential metafunction is concerned with content or ideas, while the logical metafunction is concerned with the relationship between ideas. In other words, the ideational function is language concerned with building and maintaining a theory of experience.

The experiential function is realized by transitivity system and the logical system is realized by the taxis system. The experiential function strand of meaning will involve one major system, that of transitivity (processes type), with the choice of processes implicating associated participant roles and configurations. Transitivity choices will be related to the dimension of field, with the choice of processes types and participant roles seen as realizing interactants‘ encoding of their experiential reality: the world of actions, relations, participants and circumtances that give content to their talk. In summary, meaning of this kind are most centrally by the field of discourse. Field itself is considered as the topic of clause or text. It refers to what is going on, including activity focus and object focus (subject matter).

2.2.2. Interpersonal Function

Interpersonal function is one of the three metafunctions (the others being ideational and textual). It concerns the interactional aspect of language, the speaker-hearer dimension: typified by mood system, modality (expressions of degree of certainty, commitment, etc).

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Interpersonal function represents the importance of language which is used to enable us to participate in communicative acts with other people, to take on roles and to express and understand feelings, attitudes and judgements. Halliday (1985:234) states that the interpersonal function serves to establish and maintain social relations, including a speaker‘s assessment of the probability and relevance of a message.

In understanding a text, we are able to reconstruct the context of situation because there is a systematic relationship between context and text. Moreover, the wordings of texts simultaneously encode three types of meaning; they are ideational meaning, interpersonal meaning and textual meaning. The interpersonal function refers to the grammatical choices that enable speakers to enact their complex and diverse interpersonal relations. This tenet of systemic functional linguistics is based on the claim that a speaker not only talks about something, but is always talking to and with others. Language not only construes experience, but simultaneously act out ―the intrepersonal encounters that are essential to our survival.

Halliday (1985:22) states that the interpersonal component represents the speaker's meaning potential as an intruder. It is the participatory function of language. It is through language that the speaker intrudes himself into the context of situation. He expresses his own attitudes and judgements and seeks to influence the attitudes and behaviour of others. The interpersonal function expresses the role relationships associated with the situation. We gain much of our sense of identity, of who and what we are, from our relationships both with animate and inanimate things, and language is an essential part of that personalizing process. We could say that rather than bringing the world into being, this function is concerned with the way we bring ourselves into being linguistically. According to Halliday, the sentence is not only a representation of reality, but also an interaction between speaker and hearer. The two halves of the sentence have a different function. The first half is a request and the second

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half is an offer. Here, I am considering the sentence from the point of view of its function in the process of social interaction.

2.2.3 Textual Function

The textual function is one of the three functional diversifications (metafunctions) which enables the speaker or writer to construct texts. It deals with establishing coherence and cohesion in texts. The textual meaning of language is an interpretation of language in its function as a message. A message comes from somewhere and leads to somewhere. This is interpreted as a function that is extrinsic to language itself and a function that is extrinsic to language as it is related with the situational (context) in which language (text) is embedded.

At the clause level, the textual meaning is concerned with how intra-clausal elements are organized to make meanings. At the text level, it deals with how inter-clausal elements are organized to form a unified whole text that makes meanings. The textual meaning of language (clause) in its function as a message is realized by the theme system of language (clause). Theme of the clause relates the text to its contexts.

In English, the theme can be identified as that element(s) first in the clause. It represents the point of departure of this message from the previous one. While the rest of the clause is called the Rheme. New information is typically contained in the Rheme. Theme Is what the clause is going on to be about. It represents ―This is what I am talking about‖. In terms of looking at a clause as a message, the theme looks backwards, it relates the current message to what has gone before. Halliday (1985:38, 1994:38) defines theme as follows:

―The theme is one element in a particular structural configuration which, taken as a whole, organizes the clause as a message; this configuration of Theme + Rheme. A message

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consists of a theme combined with a Rheme. Within that configuration, the theme is starting point for the message; it is the ground from which the clause is taking off‖.

2.3 Transitivity System

The concept of transitivity in Halliday‘s grammatical system is a powerful tool in the analysis of the meanings expressed in clauses. The term transitivity has a broader and narrower meaning. The narrower meaning (found in traditional grammatical description and the one with which most readers are probably familiar) involves the verb‘s relationship to dependent elements of structure. Transitive verbs take a direct object and intransitive verbs do not. Stated differently, the action of the verb extends to another entity in a transitive clause, but not in an intransitive clause. For example, the difference between ―The tiger (Actor) pounced (Process)‖ and The tiger (Actor) ate (Process) the deer (Goal)‖ is that the action ―eat‖ extends to ―the deer‖. In the broader meaning (as proposed by Halliday and assumed in the OpenText.org annotation), the system of transitivity consists of the various types of processes together with the structures that realize these process.

There are three basic elements to all process structure-the process itself, the participants in the process, and the circumstances associated with the process. In the SFL model, a representation of experience consists of:

1. Processes: what kind of event/state is being described.

2. Participants: the entities involved in the process, e.g., actor, sayer, senser, etc. 3. Circumstances: specifying the when, where, why and how of the process. Example: The dog bit the postman yesterday

The dog bit the postman yesterday Participants Process participants Circumstance

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Halliday distinguishes six process types. They are: 1. Material Process

Material process is process of doing, that some entity does something and undertakes some action which may be done to some other entity. Clauses with a material process obligatory have a doing (process) and a doer (participant). Actions involve actors or participants.

The dog barked Participant Process

The fuel ignites Participant Process

The entity who or which does something is the Actor.

There is an entity to which the process is extended or directed. This entity which may be done is the Goal. Because some processes also have a second participant.

For example:

The dog barked the stranger

Participant Process Participant

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The Police arrested the robber

Participant Process Participant

As an Actor as a Goal

The term ―Goal‖ implies meaning of ―directed at‖. Goal is that participant at whom the process is directed or to whom the action is extended. Another term that has been used for this function is patient which means one that suffers or undergoes the process. Nevertheless, the writer will keep familiar term goal in the present analysis. The goal is most like the traditional direct object which is known as transitive verb may take.

There are two variables of material process:

1. Creative (a ‗bringing about‘)

2. Dispositive (a ‗doing to‘)

In the creative type of material process, the goal is brought about by the process:

Frederick Douglas wrote a narrative story Actor Material process Goal

In dispositive type, we have doing and happening.

He dismissed the secretary Actor Material process Goal

Material process reflects a ‗doing to‘ action.

The gun discharged Actor Material

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2. Mental Process

Mental process is a type of transitivity process that relates to sense, feelings, thought or perception. Some processes involve not material action but phenomena described as states of mind or psychological events. People are not always talking about concrete process of doing. They very often talk not about what they are doing, but about what they think or feel. Halliday calls processes which encode meanings of thinking or feeling as mental processes. These processes tend to be realized through the use of verbs like think, believe, understand, know, feel, smell, hear, see, want, like, please, admire, repel, enjoy, fear, and frighten.

There are three types of mental process:

1. Affective or reactive (feeling) which is recognized through the use of verbs liking and fearing.

2. Cognitive (thinking) which is recognized through the use of verbs like thinking, knowing and understanding.

3. Perceptive (perceiving through the five senses) which is recognized through the use of verbs like seeing and hearing.

Mental process is mental, covert kinds of goings-on, and the participant involves within it, is not so much acting or acting upon in a doing sense, as sensing-having feelings, perceiving or thinking. We can recognize that mental process is different from material process because it no longer makes sense to ask ―What did X do to Y?‖

I hate injections

What did you do to the injection? I hate it She believes her excuses

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What did she do to his excuses? She believed them

With these clauses, it makes more sense to ask: ―What do you think or feel or know about X?‖

- What do you think about injections? I hate them.

- What did she think about her excuses? She believed them.

What makes mental process looks different from material one is that we probe them differently. That when we probe, we find we are not asking about an action or doing in a tangible, physical sense; but it is about mental reaction; related to a thought, feeling or perception.

The participants role in mental process are‘ senser‘ and ‗phenomena‘ associated with any mental process. Even if one participant is apparently absent, it will need to be retrieved from the context for the clause to make sense.

She believed always implies she believed something or someone. One participant in mental process clause must be a conscious human participant, because only a conscious human being can perform a mental process. This participant is called senser. The senser who feels, thinks or perceives, must either be human or an anthropomorphized non human. It must be a conscious being:

She believed her excuses Senser Mental process

I hate injections Senser Mental process

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It is important to consider what label has to apply to the second participant in a mental process clause. Halliday labels the second participant as the phenomenon. The phenomenon is that which is sensed: felt, thought or seen by the conscious senser.

She believed her excuses Senser Mental process Phenomenon

do you Want more soup? Senser Mental process Phenomenon

Halliday also identifies two types of embedded phenomena: acts and facts.

1. Phenomenon: Acts

Acts occur with mental process of perception: seeing, hearing, noticing, etc. An act is realized by an imperfective non-finite clause acting as if it were a simple noun.

I Saw the operation taking place Senser Mental process Phenomenon: act

2. Phenomenon: Facts

A fact is an embedded clause is usually finite and usually introduced by a‘ that‘, functioning as if it were a simple noun.

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Senser Mental process Phenomenon: Fact

3. Relational Processes

Relational processes involves states of being, including having. Relational process is typically realized by the verb be or some verb of the same class (known as Copular Verbs), for example, appear, become, seem or sometimes by verbs such as have, own, and posses. Relational process can be classified according to whether it is being used to identify something or to assign quality to something. Process which establishes an identity is called identifying process. While process which assigns a quality is called attributive process. Each has its own characteristic participant roles.

1. Identifying Process

An identifying clause is not about describing or classifying, but defining. The meaning of an identifying intensive is that ‗X serves to define the identity of Y‘. In this process, the participant roles are tokens and value.

You Are the tallest one here Token Identifying process Value

You are identified as the ‗holder‘ or ‗occupant‘ of the identity or label of the tallest one.

Grammatically, the defining involves two participants:

a. Token which stands for what is being defined

b. Value which defines

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The tallest one is you Value Identifying Token

The reversibility of identifying clauses raises the question of determining which ‗side‘ of the clause is the token and which one is the value. This can be determined both semantically and grammatically.

Halliday (1985:115) points out that semantically, the token will be a ‗sign‘, name, form, holder or occupant of a value which gives the ‗meaning, referent, function, status or role‘ of the token. While, the token is the nominal group which contains the ‗name‘ which gives the classification.

- Token will always be the subject in an active clause - Value will always be subject in a passive clause

2. Attributive Process

In the attributive sub-type, a quality, classification or descriptive epithet (Attribute) is assigned to a participant (carrier) which is realized by a noun or nominal group. Attribute is a quality or epithet ascribed to the carrier (means that ‗X carries the attribute a‘) while carrier (means ‗X is a member of the class a‘)

You are very tall Carrier Attributive Attribute

I won‘t be a liar

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On the contrary to identifying clauses, the essential characteristic of the attributive clauses is that they are not reversible. In the other words, there is no passive form of the clause; the subject can never conflate with the role of attribute, but it will always conflate with the role of carrier.

Relational process can be further sub-classified according to whether they are intensive (quality), possessive and circumstantial. The option available to relational process can be shown as presented:

Attributive : Carrier, Attribute

RELATIONAL Identifying: Token, Value

PROCESSES Intensive

Possessive

Circumstantial

4. Verbal Processes

Verbal process is a process of saying or of symbolically signaling. A verbal process typically contains three participants:

- Sayer - Receiver - Verbiage

The sayer is the participant responsible for the verbal process, who encodes a signal source. Does not have to be a conscious participant (although it typically is), but anything capable of putting out a signal. The receiver is the one to whom the verbal process is

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directed, or the one to whom the verbalization is addressed. The verbiage is a nominalized statement of the verbal process, a noun expressing some kind of verbal behaviour, a name for the verbalization itself (statement, answer, question, or story).

I asked my teacher a question Sayer Verbal Receiver Verbiage

(Human Participant)

The sayer (signal source) needs not to be a conscious being. The sign says ―no smoking‖

Sayer Verbal Verbiage

(Signal Participant) The alarm clock screamed

Sayer Verbal (Signal Participant)

Here are some examples of verbal processes in the list below. Some of them are used only for reporting and others for both reporting and quoting.

Reporting Quoting

Hypothesize, deny, insinuate say, tell, remark, observe, point out, report, ask Remind, claim, make out announce, shout, cry, demand, reply, interrupt

She told me a rude joke Sayer Verbal Receiver Verbiage

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Pretend explain, protest, warm, insist, inquire

Direct/ quoted speech

I said ―can you avoid the scar tissue?‖ Sayer Verbal

Indirect/ reported speech

I asked them to avoid the scar tissue Sayer Verbal Receiver

Direct/ quoted speech

He said/ commanded ―carry the bag‖ Sayer Verbal

Indirect/ reported

He said/ commanded Her to carry the bag Sayer Verbal Receiver

5. Behavioral Processes

Behavioral Processes is process of physiological and psychological behavior, like breathing, dreaming, snoring, smiling, hiccupping, looking, listening, watching, and pondering. Halliday describes this process semantically as a ―half-way house‖ between mental and material process. It means that the meanings they realized are midway between materials on the one hand and mental on the other. They are in part about action that has to be experienced by a conscious being.

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There is one obligatory participant: the behaver and it is typically a conscious being (like a senser in the mental process clause). But, the process is one of doing, not sensing, such as

She lives in a big city

Behaver Behavioural process Circumstances: place

Behavioural process often occur with circumstantial elements, particularly of manner and cause.

He coughed loudly

Behaver Behavioural process Circumstance: manner

Behavioural process may contain a second participant that is called as behavior.

He laughed at me

He laughed at me Behaver Behavioural process Behavior

6. Existential Processes

Existential process is process of existence. It represents that something exist or happens. It also represents experience by positing that ―There was/ is something.‖

There Is a gateway in the garden Existential process Existent Circ: place

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There was snow on the roof Existential process Existent Circ: place

on the wall there hung a picture of me Circ: place Existential process Behavior

there were two of us Existential process Existent

It is easy to identify the clause contains existential process, as the structure involves the use of the word There. ―There‖ has no representational function, it has no representational meaning: it does not refer to a location.

There is only one reason

There is only one reason Pr: Existential Existent

There is a woman in front my house

There is a woman in front of my house Pr: Existential Existent Circ.loc: place

2.4 The Elements of Transitivity Processes

Transitivity system refers to a system for describing the whole clause, rather than just the verb and its object. The outer world of reality that is brought into the inner world of

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reality in one‘s consciousness, which is encoded in the transitivity systems of language, is interpreted as a what-is-going-on process, which is related to material actions, events, states and relations. In other word, the system of transitivity in language is concerned with representing patterns of experience, ―of goings on‖ and ―happenings‖ in the world. It construes the world into a manageable set of process types and of participants. (Halliday, https:// transitivity system of halliday.net)

Further, Halliday purported that the experiential metafunction was one of the three main metafunctions. He later includes it within the ideational metafunction. Alongside the logical metafunction of relationships between clauses and clause-complexing. It also called clause as representation, the clause represents the ‗content‘ of our experiences, answering the question ‗Who does what to whom‘. This metafunction uses the grammatical system of transitivity.

In Halliday's conception in his Introduction to Functional Grammar (1985:22), he states that whether a verb takes or does not take a direct object is not a prime consideration. There are three components of what he calls a ―transitivity process‖, namely, the process itself, participants in the process; and circumstances associated with the process.

2.4.1 Process Type

We use term process and participant in analyzing what is represented through the use of language. Processes are central to transitivity. The center on the part of the clause which are realized by the verbal group. They are also regarded as what ―going-on‖ and suggest many different kinds of goings-on which necessarily involve different kinds of participants in

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varying circumstances, while participants and circumstances are incumbent upon the doings, happenings, feelings and beings. Halliday divides the system of transitivity or process types into six processes.

1. Material doing bodily, physically, materially

2. Mental sensing emotionally, intellectually, sensorily

3. Relational being equal to, or some attribute of

4. Verbal saying lingually, signaling

5. Behavioral behaving physiologically and psychologically

6. Existential existing there exist

2.4.2 Participants

The basic principle is that participants are realized by nominal groups and circumstances are realized by prepositional phrases of adverbial groups. For instance, we had breakfast with Tiffany in the afternoon, the participants are we (Actor), breakfast (Range); and the circumstances are with Tiffany (Accompaniment), in the afternoon (Locative-time). However, the basic principle may be departed from under certain conditions:

a. Participants that are marked theme or late news in the clause are marked by a preposition: Agent (in a receptive ['passive'] clause): by (sometimes with), medium(in a receptive clause): by, recipient: to, client : for, range: at, up, over. For instance: jumped the fence: jumped clumsily over the fence; baked her cake: baked cake for her; She gave him the book: gave the book to him; She played tennis with him: and She played him at tennis.

b. Participants in relational clauses may be adverbial groups as well as prepositional phrases: (identifying) on the twelfth

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c. Participants can serve as subject, but circumstances cannot. For instance: She drove there by car, He was driven there by car; but not car was driven there by, there was driven by car. Departures from this principle include the attribute of a relational clause cannot serve as subject (it is not a prototypical participant in any case), certain circumstances can serve as subject (in middle clauses in particular; for instance: this hall has always been danced in on Saturday.

d. Participants are interrogated by means of who, what, which; circumstances by means of when, where, why, how (plus prepositional phrases such as with whom/ who ... with, since when/ since ... when, and for whom/ who ... for).

2.4.3. Circumstance

Circumstances of location may be realized by nominal groups when they are related to the time of speaking as 'last', 'next', or 'this'. For example: They went to the desert [Location: time:] last Friday; Let's go to the desert [Location: time:] this Friday. But: They went to the desert [Location: time:] the following Friday. Similarly with Extent: they worked [for] five hours – including frequency: the shot at him five times. Each type of circumstance is realized by a particular set of prepositional phrases and/ or adverbial groups; prepositions include:

a. Location: at, by, on, in, to, towards, from, onto, into, out of, through; above, below, in front of, behind, over, under; after, before, since, and ago ['post-position': ten years ago]

b. Manner: by, with; like, unlike, as; in [a ... way/manner/fashion] (Note that certain prepositional phrases which appear to be locative serve as Manner: how did he walk? –He walked on all fours. How did he leave? –He left in a huff.)

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d. Cause: for, for the sake of, on behalf of; through, of, because of, as a result of, thanks to, and for want of

e. Matter: about, on, of, regarding, and concerning

f. Accompaniment: with, without; as well as, besides, instead of, and except [for]

g. Role: as, by way of, and in the role/ shape/ guise/ form of

Many prepositions have two or more uses – for instance with (Accompaniment, Manner-means), on (Location, Matter), by (Locative, Manner-means), for (Extent, Cause-purpose/ behalf), and as (Role, Manner-comparison). These can be probed by paraphrasing by means of another preposition in the case of accompaniment, coordination.

While, Gerot and Wignell (1994:52) states that transitivity system belongs to the experiential metafunction. Experiential metafunction focuses on the grammar of the clause as repsentation, because experiential metafunction has function to represent pattern of experience through the clause. Through the transitivity, we can explore some aspects such as who=does=what=to=whom=, who/what=is=what/who, when, where, why, or how function!

Further, they state that there are, in fact, three semantic categories which explain in a general way how phenomena of the real world are represented as linguistic structures. They are circumstances, process and participants. Circumstances answer such questions as when, where, why, how, how many and as what. They realize meanings about time (temporal), place (spatial), manner, cause, accompaniment, matter, and role.

Time (temporal) tells when and is probed by when, how often, and how long. Place (spatial) tells where and is probed by where and how far. Manner tells how. It is divided into three elements, they are Means, it tells by what means and probed by what with. Quality, it tells how and is probed by how and comparisons, tells like what and is probed by what like.

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Cause, it tells why. It is divided into three elements, namely reason, tells what causes the Process and is probed by why or how. Purpose, tells the purpose and is probed by what for and behalf, tells for whose sake and is probed by for whom. Further, Accompaniment tells with (out) who or what and is probed by who or what else. Matter tells about what or with reference to what and is probed by what about and the last is Role. It tells what as and is probed by as what.

These are illustrated in the following made-up text:

Last Saturday night (circ: time) the local council held a fancy dress ball for charity (circ: cause) in the Town Hall (circ: place). The Lord Mayor, who came with his current lady (circ: accompaniment), was dressed as Old King Cole (circ: manner), and then made a politically correct speech about the homeless (circ: matter)

Next, Processes are central to transitivity. The process suggest many different kind of what is going on which necessarily involved the different type of participants and circumstances are incumbent upon the doing, happening, feeling, and being. Processes are realized by verbs. Traditionally verbs have been defined as ‗doing words‘ but, some verbs are not doing words at all, but rather than express states of being or having.

2.5 Relevant Studies

Ade Rahmadiana (2011) in her thesis “An Analysis of Transitivity Process of Inauguration Speeches of Two Prime Ministers of Australia John Howard And Julia Gillard”. She analyzed the transitivity process of inauguration speeches of two prime ministers of Australia. She found that Relational Process is the most dominant (42,1%), followed by Material Process (36,9%), Mental Process (13,8%), Verbal process (9,6%), Behavioral Process (2,7%), and Existential Process (1,7%). Further, she said that Relational

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Process become the most dominant due to the relationship of carrier and attributive participants that found through some verbs in the Inauguration Speech of Prime Ministers Of Autralia, Julia Gillard and John Howard. While the Material processes are predominant due to action verbs found in some verbs in those texts of inauguration speeches.

Amy C. Neale (2002) in her thesis ―More Delicate Transitivity: Extending the process type system networks for English to include full semantic classifications. She analyzed the transitivity, extending the process type system networks for English full semantic classifications, she said that her research has three main aims, they are to make it possible to generate a very wide range of types of Process for a large computational grammar. This is achieved by greatly extending the system networks for process type in English. These allow us to model the paradigmatic relations between verb senses, to contribute to the theory of language known as Systemic Functional Linguistics. The notions of ‗Process‘, ‗system network‘ and ‗delicacy‘ adopted in this thesis are Systemic Functional concepts. This research builds on these ideas to extend the semantic classification of verb senses in such a way as to greatly extend the system network for transitivity, and at last, to base the system networks on data obtained from large corpora. For this purpose a new methodology has been developed which makes ‗second level‘ use of corpora. This allows the researcher to store and access detailed information about large quantities of data.

Frismatiladanis (2009) in her thesis ―Transitivity Process and The Structure of Narrative Genre in Selected Indonesian Folk Tales”. She analyzed the Transitivity Process and the structure of narrative genre in selected Indonesian folk tales. The folk tales come from the different places in Indonesia. She found that the most dominant type of transitivity is Material Process (57, 97%) and there are complete element of narrative genre in some folk tales except Timun Mas (Central Java) and The Anoa and The Girl (Sulawesi).

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Indah Fahreni (1999), in her thesis, ―An Analysis of Transitivity Clause Types in the Headlines of ―The Jakarta Post‖ A Systemic Functional Approach‖. Fahreni‘s carried out a research investigating the headlines‘ clauses of The Jakarta Post (edited on April 2003) to find the 6 types of process as the clause representation which includes material process, relational process, mental process, verbal process, behavioral process, and existential process.

Indra (2005) in his thesis “An Analysis of Narrative Structure and Transitivity Process of Some Short Stories in Anida, A moslem Magazine”. In his thesis, he analyzes the narrative structure and transitivity process of some short stories in Anida Magazine. He found some short stories with the different writer and different in using the components of narrative structure. He finds that not all the narrative structure and transitivity process is found in some short stories in Anida Magazine.

The five studies have a big contribution in this thesis. Ade Rahmadiana‘s, Ame C. Neale‘s, Frismatiladanis‘, Indah Fahreni‘s and Indra‘s thesis help the writer to see the transitivity process in two short stories and its relation to the topic of the story. In this thesis, the writer analyzed the transitivity process on two short stories with different author and topic. Then the writer analyzed the relation between the topics of the short stories and the transitivity system. Because of that, the five studies are very appropriate to be the relevant studies of this thesis.

Frismatiladani‘s and Ade Rahmadiana‘s thesis helps the writer to find out the other kinds of subject matter in analyzing the transitivity process beside folktales and speech. In this thesis, the writer analyzes the transitivity system on short story. While, Ami‘s thesis helps the writer in doing the method of research. This allows the researcher to store and access detailed information about large quantities of data. Although the five relevant studies above are equally discusses the process of transitivity, but the object of this study is different

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both in terms of titles and topics. This thesis also look for the similarities and differences of elements in six types of process.

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CHAPTER III

METHOD OF RESEARCH

3.1 Research Method

Method is needed in this analysis in order to get the research qualified. In this thesis, the writer applies qualitative research method. Qualitative research is a research which is faced with qualitative data, usually in the form of words rather than numbers. The data are a source of well grounded text, rich description and explanation (Miles and Huberman, 1994:1)

3.2 Data and Data Source

The data of this research are simple clauses found in two short stories in Chinese Pen book as the source of data. The first short story is Earth God Shrine written by Chuang Hua-t‘ang and the second one is A Chip off the Old Block written by Cheng Ming Li. This book consists of 77 pages and 4 short stories written by the different author. But, in this research, the writer only chose two short stories. This book was published in 1992 by international pen publisher, Taiwan.

3.3 Data Collecting Method

Arikunto (1998:18) states that there are six types of methods in collecting data, i.e. test, questionnaire, observation, interview, upgraded scale, and documentation method. Based on this statement, the writer chooses one of the data collecting methods to be applied in this thesis that is documentation method, in which the writer collects the data based on document.

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In addition, to support the perfection of this thesis, the writer uses internet, other thesis and some books which are relevant to the topics discussed.

3.4 Data Analysis Method

In analyzing the data, the writer uses content analysis method. Leedy and Ormrod (2001:155) define this method as a detailed and systematic examination of the contents of a particular body of materials for the purpose of identifying patterns, themes, or biases. Content analysis review forms of human communication including books, newspapers, and films as well as other forms in order to identify patterns, themes, or biases. The method is designed to identify specific characteristics from the content in the human communications.

The procedural process for the content analysis study is designed to achieve the highest objective analysis possible and involves identifying the body of material to be studied and defining the characteristics or qualities to be examined (Leedy & Ormrod, 2001:156). First, the researcher must analyze the materials and put them in a frequency table as each characteristic or quality is mentioned. Second, the researcher must conduct a statistical analysis so that the results are reported in a quantitative format.

The systematic procedures in conducting the analysis are as follow:

1. Reading the two short stories

2. Dividing the data into simple clauses 3. Identifying the data

4. Identifying the elements of transitivity process in the data

5. Tabulating the data

6. Recapitulating the most dominant of the process types 7. Taking the conclusion of all

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For example:

When Dad was ready to start a family, the government was encouraging people to have large families in order to help develop our country.

The text can be divided into five simple clauses, as the following:

1. When Dad was ready

when Dad was ready Carrier Relational Process Attributive 2. to start a family

3. The government was encouraging people The government was encouraging people Actor Material Process Goal 4. to have large families

to have large families Relational Process Attributive

5. in order to better help develop our country

In order to better help develop our country Circ: Purpose Material Process Goal

The data display of this analysis is in table. In chapter IV (analysis), the writer chose some clauses only from each text which are considered important to be explained more deeply to be the sample of each process in transitivity system.

to start a family Material Process Goal

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several villagers, Uncle Ah K‘un climbed slowly to the top of the shrine. The noon sun was

hot and shone directly on the Earth God‘s shiny face like a heavenly light. The Tiger Guard had an easier time. He was sheltered by stone slabs, not worried about getting a sunburn, nor did he covet the incense offerings. His only duty was to guard the Earth God.

At first, Uncle Ah K‘un had suggested that a statue of Earth Goddess be made to keep the Earth God company. He thought the Earth God must be lonely, living in the shrine all by himself; it would be nice to find him a wife. Long ago, at Three Point Spring, he had seen a statue of the Earth Goddess in an Earth God Shrine. So, his suggestion was not groundless. But the villagers had different opinions, and, after much deliberation, they decided to drop

the idea. The main reason that Uncle Ah K‘un did not press the issue was because everyone

called his wife ―Earth Goddess‖ behind her back. Often, as he watched her, fat as she was,

move around in the fields, he had to agree that there was indeed some resemblance. So, to avoid the connection, he did not insist on a statue of the Earth Goddess.

―Uncle Ah K‘un, it‘s time,‖ exclaimed Auntie Fortune. ―Get ready to raise the ridge pole.‖

Long Legged Lin raised a thick steel girder and passed it to Loyalty standing next to him. Staggering, he then carried it to the top of the shrine. Whit bent knees, Uncle Ah K‘un took it from his hands and than stood up straight with some effort. Then, he pointed one end to the sky, steadied the other end of the bar, and placed it horizontally across the ridge of the

shrine‘s roof. All the children clapped their hands. All smiles, Uncle Ah K‘un waved to the folks down below. With his thumb up, Prosperity exclaimed to kidness and Purity: ―Grandpa is the greatest! See, Grandpa is the greatest!‖ Loyalty hugged his son and grinned at Uncle Ah K‘un.

Uncle Ah K‘un proclaimed loudly: ―Firecrackers, now!‖ More than ten strings of firecrackers were tied together and arranged along the two sides of the square; like two arms, they embraced the paddy fields in front of the shrine. Suddenly, the sky darkened. A few dark clouds covered the blazing sun.

As the firecrackers were lit and started to explode, the women and children all covered their ears with their hands. The firecrackers lasted for a long time. Torn pieces of paper swirled around, then floated down gracefully onto the fields, descending like blessings

from the Earth God. Or they were like hundreds of Buddha‘s boats floating in the water,

coming to ferry the people to salvation on the other shore. The green rice sprouts seemed more lively as they swayed in the breeze, dancing with the celebrating villagers.

Lost in the festivities before his eyes, Uncle Ah K‘un forgot the wish he had made

many years ago. All of a sudden, it grew dark. He lifted his head to look at the sky. The sound of the firecrackers was followed by a peal of thunder. Based on his experience as a

farmer, he knew that soon the ―northwest rain‖ would fall. Just as he expected, as soon as he

hurriedly climbed down off the roof and told everybody to run and hide, big drops of rain fell, like thousands of arrows hitting the sacrificial tables and pavement. Then nature began to

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play a symphony. The women busily put the sacrificial foods back into the baskets. There was no time to burn the golden paper ingots. Soaking wet, everyone ran home in the pouring rain.

Uncle Ah K‘un made sure that Loyalty kept the three children under the eaves of the

shrine, while he stood in the middle of the square to enjoy the benediction of the Earth God. He was soaked to the bone, his testicles visible under his cotton pants. The rain ran from the top of his head through his underpants to the ground.

―Ah K‘un! ‖ At the other end of the field Auntie Ah K‘un stood with a big black umbrella waving at him: ―Come back. You are crazy!‖

Seeing her ludicrous expression, Uncle Ah K‘un couldn‘t help laughing. Auntie Ah

K‘un was worried that the old man might have really gone mad: ―Loyalty, go check on your father.‖ Loyalty took a few steps forward, but Uncle Ah K‘un stopped him with a wave of his

hand. Sensing there was something wrong. Auntie Ah K‘un approached him with her black umbrella.

The rain clouds had completely covered the sun. Rain drops fell on his hair, the tip of his nose, his thighs, the arms he was waving at his wife, and on the primeval, robust rice sprouts. Overweight, Auntie Ah K‘un trudged forward. Suddenly, a gust of wind blew away her black umbrella. As she turned around to retrieve it she slipped and fell on the ground with a big splash. Loyalty, Prosperity, Kindness, and Purity all rushed to her side despite the rain.

Though he was taken aback at first, Uncle Ah K‘un did not budge from where he stood. In the misty rain, Uncle Ah K‘un thought he saw the image of the Earth Goddess sitting in his

paddy fields. It reminded him of the time before Loyalty set fire to Long Legged Lin‘s haystacks, when she, too, sat in the middle of the fields, refusing to let Long Legged Lin set

foot on their land…He looked across the dark fields. The wide skirt she was wearing spread

out in a full circle around her, her floral blouse now completely soaked by the rain so that her heavy breasts showed through. He waved at his wife, who waved back at him with both arms.

There, in the midst of the gusty wind and pouring rain, Uncle Ah K‘un watched the millions

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Short story 2

A Chip off the Old Block

Cheng Ming-Li

When dad was ready to start a family, the government was encouraging people to have large families in order to better help develop our country like any good, law-abiding citizen Dad followed the policy and the size of our family kept growing until it reached a full dozen I was the fourth child but since my eldest brother and second –eldest sister passed away when they were young I have become the second in the family of the ten children, I bear the greatest resemblance to dad When we were little every time we went out with dad I

was singled out by friends as ―Old Cheng‘s Little Girl!‖ to use Mom‘s words I was the

spitting image of Dad.

As I grew up I began to realize that even my temperament was very much like Dad‘s

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Unfortunately, I did not inherit many of Dad‘s strong points but, instead, have all of his shortcoming.

For instance, Dad has problems remembering people and places. I am the same way in the early days, he seldom went out alone when he did, he never rode his bike very far and never ventured beyond familiar territory. Now that he is getting on in years and we have moved to Taipei Where the traffic is heavy and dangerous, Mom does not let him ride a bike anymore. Nowadays, whenever he goes out, He must call a taxi as long as he gets where he wants to go. He does not care what route the driver takes Once Mom suggested to him. There

is a bus stop right in front of our apartment. Why don‘t you take the bus for short distances So that you won‘t get into trouble with some nasty taxi driver‖

Being good student that he was, two days later when he was coming home from Kung-kuan, He asked someone which bus would take him to the extension campus of the

National Normal University. The man replied: ―Well, quite a few go there. Just take any of the routes from here.‖ so. Dad gladly got on bus 208, which crossed the Fu-ho bridge and went all the way to the suburb of Yung-ho. He had been told to ride the bus to the next stop, But he did not see the extension campus. As it turned out, he had to take a taxi home.

Ever since Dad retired, Mom accompanies him everywhere as his body guard. In

private, Dad complains: ―No matter where or when we go,We have to take the bus. The buses are always so crowded and exhausting!‖

Like Dad, I have to sense of direction. I moved to Taipei to go to college, But I only remembered the two bus routes that I took every day. After graduation, I taught at first Taipei girls; high school for eight years. Once, I had an appointment with someone at the Kuomingtang Party Headquarters, which is right next to the high school, and I asked him where his office was! Over the past ten years or so, I have been to many places in the city. Still every time I go to a place other than my office, I have to pull out a map, find the location, and figure out how to get there. My biggest fear is going to some small lane in some little-known alley. I suffer from the double anxiety of getting lost and being late. And, no matter how much trouble I go through to find a place, once I have been there and left, I forget all about it.

Dad is also notorious for not remembering faces, especially in recent years. We ten

children all say that if we run into Dad on the street and don‘t call out to him, He will not

recognize us. In the last ten years or so, his grand children have come one after another. He is

beginning to feel the pressures of ―overpopulation‖- For he often calls them by the wrong names. My sisters, on the other hand, love to plan family reunions. Every weekend, our little living room is turned upside down, but Dad always dozes off in the midst of the clamor.

I believe that mistaking a person‘s identity is a ―talent‖. I have inherited this talent.

Once, when I was in high school, I saw one of my classmates under an arcade. I ran over and slapped her hard on the back. It was only when she turned around that I realized I had slapped the wrong person. After that, I stopped taking the initiative in greeting people on the street so

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to me first, I just assumed I didn‘t know them. Little did I know what in this modern age, human relations are highly westernized. Like steaks, some acquaintances are ―rare‖ some

―medium,‖ some ―well-done,‖ And it is important to give them their due. Those who are good at this know how much to nod their heads. But when I walk on the street, I pay little attention to people. I only recognize those I know really well; with other people, I just have a vague sense of having seen them somewhere before. But my friends know me, So they slap

me first and blurt out: ―Are you blind or what?‖ Those who do not know me well pass me by and comment: ―What an arrogant woman!‖

After many such lessons, I decided to improve my technique. Now, when I walk down the street if I notice someone looking at me out of the corner of my eyes, I smile vaguely so that it seems I am smiling at them. This way, if it turns out to be an acquaintances, I will not be accused of being rude. If it is not an acquaintances, I will not make a complete fool of myself, either!

Once I was walking quickly down Hoping East Road when I sensed a woman was looking my way. I responded with a smile. Then I realized she was actually stopped in the middle of the street, staring at me the way a biologist examines viruses under a microscope. I was deeply touched by her attention and thought she must be some friend or relative whom I had not seen for many years. Just when I smiled at her and was about to speak , she looked

away, turned around, and walked off….Well, as a poet said: ―I will give my heart to the bright moon, but the moon turned to shine on the gutter!‖

My good friends rationalize my problem by saying: ―You are deep in your thoughts

even when you walk on the street. So naturally, you pay no attention to other people!‖ Little

do they know that this is something I inherited from my father.

Also like Dad, I cannot tell rice from rye. Since he retired, he is especially caring toward Mom and always accompanies her to the market. In private, Mom confides in us

about her dilemma. For Dad would buy a piece of fat at the meat shop thinking it was a pig‘s

large intestines. Once, he carefully selected a bag of lemons at a fruit stand. After dinner that

evening, he took out two and handed them to my second younger brother: ―Here, I bought some guava just for you.‖

I learned how to cook from books. But most cookbooks do not have pictures, so often I have difficulty matching my creations with a recipe. Dad and I are not cut out for old-fashioned markets. When it comes to squatting on the ground to pick out snow-peas, we have

neither the patience nor the ability to judge the quality of an item. What‘s more, we both

dread haggling over prices. We are better suited to wander around a supermarket.

This is also an indication that Dad and I are not good with money. We both believe

that no property is ―proper‖ and real estate is a ―real‖ burden. Therefore, though we both

work hard, we have the philosophy of life that you don‘t need money to be happy.

Because Dad is not good at remembering people and places, he usually stays on familiar territory, such as the home or the office. His only leisure activity is mahjong. Behind

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the wall of thirteen mahjong tiles, he suddenly possesses superior memory and judgement. He

remembers the history of each player‘s strategy, the setup of all previous games, and how a

tile was dealt and passed. At the end of the game, he can also give a detailed analysis of the outcome of all the games over the last few days.

In contrast I spend my leisure time with books. Although I cannot remember the people I have met in real life, I have no difficulty remembering their counterparts in fiction. Thus, I have long formed the habit of making friends with fictional characters, which is

another way of proving my philosophy of life that you don‘t need money to be happy.

I have not inherited Dad‘s strong points. He is a wonderful host and loves company.

When we were young, he often brought his colleagues home from work for dinner, which would send Mom into the kitchen all flustered. Dad is kindhearted and open minded, never scheming. In hi old age, he has few desires and not a care in the world. He is an enlightened man who eats well and sleeps well. As for me, I love to be alone, dread socializing, worry too much, have a bad temper, and suffer from insomnia.

In the prime of his life, Dad was inflicted with a chronic illness, and for a long time, our family was sad. Ten years later, after he recovered and went back to work, his health improved each day. Now he is the healthiest member of the family. This leads me to believe that a carefree mind contributes to robust health. Now he is in his seventies but his health is envied by everyone. As I look back, I have to shake my head at my declining health and feel ashamed. As the child who resembles Dad the most, I have not succeeded in emulating his greatest strength.

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A Chip off the Old Block

Cheng Ming-Li

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Transitivity Analysis on Two Short Stories in Nancy Chang Ing‘s „The Chinese Pen‟

Short story 2

A Chip off the Old Block

Cheng Ming-Li

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