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interested in the given instance. Reference is potentially cohesive relation because the thing that serves as the source of the interpretation may be an element of text.
McCarthy 1991:35 argues that the most common reference item in English and large number of other languages including pronoun, demonstrative, and articles.
Baker 1992:181 reports that reference is a device, which allows the reader or hearer to trace participant, entities, events, etc, in the text.
2.3.2.2 Substitution
McCarthy 1993:44 comments that substitution is the replacement of a word group or sentence segments by a “dummy” word and is similar with ellipsis
it operates either at nominal, verbal, or clausal level. It is the replacement of one item by another. According to Jackson 1986:96-97, there are three types of
substitutions, nominal substitution, verbal substitution, and clausal substitution. Nominal substitution involves the substitution of a noun as head of a noun phrase
one or ones, or the substitution of the whole of noun phrase by the same. Verbal substitution is expressed by the word do and it substitute for the lexical verbs.
Clausal substitution is expressed by the word so, for a positive clause and not, for a negative one.
2.3.2.3 Ellipsis
McCarthy 1993:25 states that ellipsis is the omission of elements normally required by the grammar which the speaker or writer assumes are
obvious from the context and therefore need not be raised. Ellipsis may be in one of the three types, nominal, verbal, or clausal.
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2.3.2.4 Conjunction
According to McCarthy 1993:48, conjunction is defined as a relationship, which indicates how the sub segment sentence or clause should be
linked to the preceding or the following parts of the sentence. Conjunction is usually used to form a connection between two sentences or events where the
occurrence of conjunctive element does not change the semantic context. There are four types of conjunction considered as the most types used.
They are additive, adversative, clausal, and temporal. Additive conjunction functions to give additional information to the sentence related, where the whole
sentences are considered as one complex. Examples of this category are and, and also, and…. too. The second type adversative conjunction; include those
which signal that the information following conjunction is contrary expectation. The examples are but, yet, though, however, etc. The third is causal conjunction. It
signals the information in the preceding clause refers to the cause of the content of the clause following the conjunction. The examples are so, thus, hence, therefore,
etc. The last type is temporal which relates to a sequence in time, where the one is subsequent to the other. The example of this category is when.
2.4 The Teaching of Genre-Based Writing
