describe educational system, process, and phenomena, to understand teachers’ and students’ needs, experiences, viewpoints, and goals which is useful as the basis of
designing appropriate educational programs to ultimately improve the quality of students learning. Moreover, etnographic research is one of the qualitative
research design involving verbal data, collected using human instrument, presented in a narrative story, and analyzed inductively using verbal analysis and
interpretation to discover salient patterns and theme.
C. Sources of The Data
The data resources used by the researcher here were: 1
Events Events as the source of the data in this research were in the form of teaching
learning process done in the classroom of English study Program STKIP Bangkalan, Madura.
2 Informants
The subject of this research was English teachers of STKIP Bangkalan, Madura. In this research, researcher chose four teachers as the informants.
They were selected based on the criteria such as gender, job position, length of work. The criteria determined by the researcher were referred to the
research needs. In this research the informants involved two female teachers and two male teachers. The teachers participated were anonymously in this
study.
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3 Documents
Documents were any written sources gotten from the institution such as lesson plan and learning contract, interview, observation including the
recording transcription and other fieldworks.
D. Techniques of Collecting Data
For the purpose of this study, the data was collected and analysed in form of observation field notes, researchers’ journals, transcripts from recorded
interview and students’ documents. There were three techniques which were used in collecting the data in this study, they were:
1. Interview Cresswell 2008: 225 states that a qualitative interview occurs when
reserchers ask one or more participants open-ended and general questions and record their answer. The interview that was conducted in this reserach is by using
open questions where the participants are given freely to express their opinion. The researcher interviewed four teachers. The objective of interview to teachers
was to know the teachers’ perception about the implementation on power in language done by a teacher in ELT classroom. Besides that, the researcher also
interviewed two students to know their responses toward teachers’ utterances that containing the power elements in language.
2. Observation Cresswell 2008: 221 defines observation as the process of gathering
open-ended, first hand information by observing people and places at a research
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site. In this study, the researcher was as a passive participant observer, where the researcher observed and recorded notes without being involved in the activities of
the participants, acted as a spectator of the scene under study and maintained a certain distance from it and never intervening. In this research, the researcher did
observation toward the interaction activities done by teachers and students in the classroom.
3. Document Analysis Cohen and Crabtree 2008 states that when studying a culture, social
setting or phenomenon collecting and analyzing the texts and artifacts produced and used by members can foster understanding. When analyzing texts and
artifacts, the researcher focused on how and for whom the artifacts are created, what was included and not included in the document, and how the document was
used. In this study, the documents used were learning contract, and teachers’ lesson plans.
E. Trustworthiness
