Surface of utterance is related to the process by which interpreters convert strings of sounds or marks on paper into recognizable words, phrases, and sentences.
Meaning of utterance is related to how utterance represents the semantics and pragmatics aspects. Local coherence is used to see the coherence relation which
tie together the parts of a whole text. The text structure and point is to see the structure and point of a text.
3. Explanation The last stage is the explanation of the relationship between interaction
and social context. The objective of the stage of explanation is to portray a discourse as part of a social process, as a social practice, showing how it is
determined by social structure, and what reproductive effects discourses can cumulatively have on those structures, sustaining them or changing them. It
means that explanation is a matter of seeing a discourse as a part of process of social struggle, within a matrix of relation of power. In this stage, the result of
interpratation will be matched with the result of respondents’ interview about teacher profile to know their ideology.
4. The Nature of Speech Act
a. Definition of Speech Acts
According to Searle, to understand language one must understand the speaker’s intention. Since language is intentional behavior, it should be treated
like a form of action. Thus, Searle refers to statements as speech acts. The speech act is based unit of language used to express meaning, an utterance that expresses
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an intention Searle 1969. Speech acts are the underlying actions performed when someone speaks. Some examples are: inform command, promise, refuse, etc.
Recognizing the speech act that is being performed in the production of an utterance is important because it is the speech act that to some extent tells what
the speaker intends someone to do with the propositional content of what he says. It is suitable with the definition of speech acts given by Yule 2006: 118 who
defines speech acts as the action performed by a speaker with an utterance. Normally when a speaker produces an utterance, he expects that his
communicative intention will be recognized by the hearer. For example in the situation of a work where a boss has a great deal of power, says “you’re fired” to
his employee. The boss’s utterance of the expression is more than just a statement. The utterance can be used to perform the act of ending the employment.
Yule 1996: 48 says that the action performed by producing an utterance will consist of three related acts. They are a locutionary act, illocutionary act, and
perlucotionary act. Locutionary act is the basic act of utterance, or producing a meaningful linguistic expression. Illocutionary act is performed via the
communicative force of an utterance. Perlucotionary act is an utterance with a function without intending it to have an effect. Another expert, Leech 1983: 199
briefly defines them as:
locutionary act: performing an act of saying something illocutionary act: performing an act in saying something
perlocutionary act: performing an act by saying something
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Moreover he explains that locutionary act is the basic act of utterance, or producing meaningful linguistic expression. The locutionary act can be viewed as
a mere uttering of some words in certain language, while the illocutionary and perlocutionary acts convey a more complicated message for the hearer. An
illocutionary act communicates the speaker’s intentions behind the locution and a perlocutionary act reveals the effect the speaker wants to exercise over the hearer.
b. The Classification of Speech Acts
