is supported by Huckin et al., 2012 who say that Critical Discourse Analysis is useful to investigate the relationships between the teaching, learning and
curriculum, and school and community role as well as ideologies and power basic factor for educational policies and their impacts on the classroom process and
teaching – learning activity. Kristina 2013: 23 says Critical Discourse Analysis explores the unequal or hierarchical power among participants in a spoken and
written interaction. Likewise, Critical Discourse Analysis focuses on revealing explicit and implicit socio-political domination, which includes social change,
power abuse, ideological imposition, and social injustice by critically analyzing language as social action. From the definitions above, it can be concluded that
critical discourse analysis is a type of discourse analytical research that primarily studies about the the way of social power abuse, dominance, and inequality are
enacted, reproduced, and resisted by text and talk in the educational, social and political context.
b. The Approaches of Critical Discourse Analysis
There are several approaches to critical discourse analysis with different components and framework. Van Dijk 1998 puts a stronger emphasis on the
study of relationship between discourse, power, dominance and social inequality. The second approcah is deliverd by Ruth Wodak. Wodak 1996 focuses her study
on the issues of racism, sexims, and anti-semitism by explicating critically at the historical dimension of discourse. Wodak and Meyer 2001 cover three steps in
critical discourse analysis, namely:
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1. Describing the content or specific topic of a discourse.
2. Investigating discursive and argumentative strategies used.
3. Analyzing the realizations of particular written linguistics meanings in a
specific context. Next approach is explained by Norman Fairclough. Fairclough 1989: 20
views language as a form of social practice and proposes a multi-dimensional framework for exploring discourse by employing three separates form of analysis,
namely analysis of discourse description phase, analysis of discourse practice process of text production, distribution and consumption which is commonly
referred to as interpretation phase and analysis of discursive events as instance of socio-cultural practice explanation phase. Fairclough 1995: 11 adds that
analysis of discourse practice includes analysis of social structure will of course do badly on Schegloffs criteria for analytical relevance, including social class,
power in a social structural rather than a situational sense and ideology. In this research, the researcher will focus on the critical discourse analysis
from the Norman fairclough. Fairclough 1998 argues that Critical Discourse Analysis has offered educational researchers ways of investigating language use
within social contexts. By questioning the taken-for-grantedness of language and enabling explorations of how texts represent the world in particular ways
according to particular interests, Critical Discourse Analysis provides
opportunities to consider the relationships between discourse and society, between text and context, and between language and power Fairclough, 2001.
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As mentioned above, Fairclough developed the approach of critical discourse analysis as the the development of critical language study in Langauge
and Power in 1989. Fairclough says that as the goal of critical analysis, discourse can be seen from three dimensions of discourse. They are: 1 Text in the form of
oral and written. 2 discourse practice; the process of producing and interpreting the text. 3 Sociocultural practice; the context of society, institution and culture
that determine the meaning and form of a discourse. Briefly, those three dimensions can be seen in the figure below.
Figure 1. The Picture of CDA Dimension page 98 From the figure above it can be seen that the first dimension is the description
analysis step to identify how power is manifested in text. The second dimension is the link to correlate the text and sociocultural practice. Interpretation is done to
the text in discourse practice. Next, the explanation about the reason how power is implemented by linking the analysis with sociocultural practice. Sociocultural
practice can be seen from environtment, institution, and society. Text
Discourse Practice Sociocultural Practice
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2. The Nature of Langauge a. Definition of Language
