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Sociology of literature approach literature is the approach most widely practiced today. This approach pays great attention to the documentary aspects of
literature: its basis is the idea that literature is a mirror of his time. This view assumes that literature is a direct mirror of various social structures, familial relations, class
conflict and others. In this case, the task of the sociology of literature linking the characters and situations are the authors creation with state historical origins. Theme
and style in a literary work that is personal should be changed to the things that are social.
Someauthorshave triedto make the sociology of literature problem classification. WellekandWarren 1986:84 makebriefclassificationas follows.
First, theauthor’s sociology that questioned thesocialstatus, socialideology, and othersconcerns theliteraryauthorasproducer. Second, sociology of literature that
questioned the literary worksitself; which isthe subject ofthe reviewthat is implied in a literary workandwhat isits purpose. Third, thesociology ofliterature that questioned
the readersandsocial influenceof literary works.
2.2 Historical Approach
One of the most basic approaches used in the analysis of literary work refers to the historical method of literary criticism. In line with this, Russell 1966: 52
assures that the critic interprets the poem within the history, or contemporary frame of reference, behind the poem. A historical approach analyses literary work
according to its history. It is based on the historical set up of the time the work was done. In other words, historical approach is one of the method to analyze literary
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work in which the author and the reader comprehend the message of the literary work by remembering the momenthistoric moment a long with the literary work
written. This approach sees a literary work chiefly, if not exclusively, as a reflection
of its authors life and times or the life and times of the characters in the work. Therefore, there are at least four steps in utilizing this approach:
1. Discovering the time when the poem was made, what happened to the author in that time, or is there any special moment in that time which is recorded by historian.
2. Analyzing at glance whether it is connected or not between the content of the literary work and the certain historical moments after finding out the basic
information of it concerning the when. 3. Finding the clues left by the author, usually in the forms of special terms, symbols,
or figurative languages which are strongly related to the moment of the past which become the inspiration of the literary work was being made. Take the example of the
song ‘paradise’ by Coldplay, terms like, the wheel breaks the butterfly, a waterfall, stormy skies, dreamed, and etc. Through those terms the readers are given clues of
what the song tells about. 4. Interpreting the literary work based on the moment underlying the creation of it by
comprehending and analyzing the content related to its historical moment.
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2.3 Dynamic Structuralism
Etymologically, structure came from word, structuraLatin, means form or building. Structuralism is an understanding of elements of the structure itself with
mechanism of interrelation, the interrelation of one element with the others, and the interrelation of one element with the totality. Dynamic structuralism was first found
by Mukarovsky and FelikVodicka. They said that literary works are the process of communication, fact of semiotic, consists of sign, structure, and values.
Definitively, structuralism gives attention to the analysis of elements in literary works. The elements of prose are theme, conflict, setting, characters, plot,
point of view, and style of language. Elements in poetry are theme, stylist, imaginary, rhyme, diction, symbol, etc. Elements in Drama are theme, dialog,
conflict, setting, character, plot, and style of language.
2.4 Term of Exploitation
