9. Mannerism The character’s behavior and act towards something shows hisher
personality. Holman 82 states that there are three fundamental methods of
characterization: 1. The explicit presentation by the author of the character through direct
exposition, either in an introductory block or more often piecemeal throughout the work, illustrated by action;
2. The presentation of the character in action, with little or no explicit comment by the author, in the expectation that the reader will be able
to deduce the attributes of the actor from the actions; 3. The representation from within a character, without comment on the
character by the author, of the impact of actions and emotions on the character’s inner self, with the expectation that the reader will come to
a clear understanding of the attributes of the character.
2.1.2 Theory of Critical Approaches
According to Rohrberger 6 that there are several approaches to literary works. They are Formalist approach, Biographical approach,
Sociocultural-historical approach, Mythopoeic approach, and Psychological approach.
The first approach is the Formalist Approach. This approach concentrate
almost entirely on its esthetic value, it is concerned with demonstrating the
harmonious involvement of all the parts to the whole and with pointing out how meaning is derived from structure. In other words, this approach does not need
any reference from other resources like, sociological, biographical, and historical
information.
The second approach is the Biographical Approach. This approach proposes the idea that the only way to understand literature is by asserting the
necessity and appreciation of ideas and personality of the author. We must know the author’s life to understand his writings.
The next approach is Sociocultural-Historical Approach. It is an approach that examines the work of art in reference to the civilization. Then the attitude and
the actions of specific group of people become the subject matter. This approach insists that the only way to locate the real work is in reference to the civilization
that produced it. Mythopoeic Approach is the fourth approach. This approach tries to
discover certain universality and recurrent patterns of human thoughts in the works of art which are believed to have expression in the works.
The last approach is Psychological Approach. Psychological Approach Critics that involve the effort to locate and demonstrate certain recurrent patterns
of human psychology in the works of art.
The History of idea approach
Eagleton 1983 also proposes an approach called The History of idea approach. This approach asserts that a work of literature can be considered as a
recorder of history of idea or philosophy as Eagleton said ” literature can be treated as a documentation in the history of ideas and philosophy, for literary
history parallel and reflects intellectual history 111”. According to Eagleton in recent decade, American scholar study this ideas and calling their method ”
history of idea” which view more broadly than the one that developed and advocated by A.O.Lovejoy. Lovejoy has brilliantly demonstrated this approach
pursuing the idea through all model of thought: philosophy in `the strict sense, scientific thought, theology and specifically literature, but he limits the study only
to the great thinker. ” He further distinguishes that the history of philosophy studies the great system, while history of idea traces unit ideas 111.” ”history of
idea is simply a specific approach to the general history of thought, using literature only as a document and illustration 111,” so it is kind of one sided
study unit ideas to the exclusion of systems and neglecting the study of those coherent wholes, a specific work of art. From http: en. wikipedia.org wiki
History of ideas history of ideas is a field of research that deals with the expression, preservation, and change of human ideas over time. The history of
ideas is a sister-discipline to, or a particular approach within, intellectual history. Work in the history of ideas may involve interdisciplinary research in the history
of philosophy, the history of science, or the history of literature.
2.1.3 Buddhist Philosophies of life
