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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter consists of theories that are used in order to analyse and solve the problems in this research. There are two main parts in this chapter which are
the review of related theories and the theoretical framework. In the review of related theories, the researcher reviews theories which are related and relevant to
the research. In the theoretical framework, the researcher clarifies the theories that are used to answer the problems.
A. Review of Related Theories
There are some theories that will be used in order to answer the formulated problems. Those theories are character, characterization, personality, and
motivation that will be explained further.
1. Theory of Character
Character is an important element in the novel. The novel will be incomplete and uninteresting without a character because a character makes the
story alive. Character will also help the readers to imagine and to feel the atmosphere of the story through its dialogues and actions. Nevertheless, characters
are a part of the story in the novel and have an important role in it. Abrams
1999 states that the definition of characters is: “The persons represented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by the reader as
being endowed with particular moral, intellectual, and emotional qualities by
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inferences from what the persons say and their distinctive ways of saying it —the
dialogue —and from what they do—the action” p. 33. He believes that dialogues
and actions which are presented by each character in the story will help the readers to find the characters’ motives and the values behind their action and
conversation. Rohrberger and Woods 1971 also say that characters are like human
beings in real life. They have their own personality and appearance, which make them different from one to another. It can be said that characters in the novel are
identified and are illustrated like human beings in the real life. Each of them has their own uniqueness, appearance, and personality.
Perrine 1974 also states that there are two types of character, which are static the character and dynamic character. The static character has the same
characteristic from the beginning of the story until the end of the story. On the contrary, the dynamic character is the character that changes and develops in
certain conditions. It also experiences the permanent change in some aspects of the character or personality. The change may be small, large, better or worse and
is important in the story. Based on the theories of character mentioned before, the researcher identifies which types of characters Eleanor and Park are.
2. Theory of Characterization
It is important to know the characterization of each char acter in order to be able to analyse the characters in the novel. According to Abrams 1999,
characterization is described as a poet or author’s use of action, description, and
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