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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
In this chapter the researcher presents review of related literature. This chapter is divided into two parts. The first part is the theoretical description which
discusses the approach of the research. The second part is the theoretical framework, which reviews how the theory is used.
A. Theoretical Description
In this section, the researcher discusses the theories which are used in this research. There are four major theories in this research which are going to be
explained. The theories are perception, presentation, motivation to speak, and speaking skills.
1. Perception
According to Altman, Valensi and Hodgett 1985, perception is the way in which the stimuli are selected and grouped by a person so they can be
meaningfully interpreted. There are four processes of perceptual:
Figure 2.1 The Perceptual Process
Stimuli Sensor
’s selection of
stimuli Perception,
organization, and
interpretation of stimuli
Behavioral Response
10 From the Figure 2.1 the first process of perception is stimuli, it means that where
the stimuli are selected. Second is how the person selects the stimuli depend on hisher needs. Third is how the person organizes and interpret the stimuli. For
many people, perception has particular characteristics. It happens because every person has hisher own perception about the thing which heshe sees and heshe
interprets the stimuli differently. Every person also has hisher own understanding and a way to show or to interpret hisher perception. Perception is like what heshe
has done and what heshe has thought about something in this life. Fourth, behavior response is how the person gives hisher own response to the stimuli.
There are many factors which influence a person ’s perception. According to
Altman, et al 1985, there are four the most important factors which influence people perception.
a. Selection stimuli
The process of stimuli selection depends on the person who receives the stimuli. Every person has hisher own way to receive the stimuli. The way heshe
receive the stimuli is one reason why people perceive thing differently. Each person who receives the stimuli will select specific cues and filters, or screens, out
the others Altman, et al, 1985. After the people get the stimuli they will organize the stimuli itself.
b. Organization of stimuli.
After getting the stimuli, a person will organize them. It must be arranged so the stimuli become meaningful. It helps us to bring order out of the chaotic
onslaught of sensory data by selecting the items and putting it together in
Kategori