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genetic blocks of the network S e (G) under envastat

Kolchanov, R. Hofestaedt (Eds.), Bioinformatics of conditions is uniquely determined by the СМ-pattern.

Genome Regulation and Structure II, Springer Science From this statement and postulate С statement (5)

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Journal of Life Sciences 6 (2012) 114-118

Nymphaeaceae Salisb. and Trapaceae Dumort. Families

in the Collection of O.V. Fomina Botanical Garden

Tatyana Mazur, Nikolai Didukh and Anna Didukh Botanical Garden Named after Academician Oleksandr Vasylovych Fomin, (O.V. Fomina Botanical Garden) of NSC “Institute of Biology” of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Symona Petlyury (Cominternu), 1 str, Kyiv 01032, Ukraine

Received: June 29, 2011 / Accepted: July 25, 2011 / Published: January 30, 2012.

Abstract: On basis of aquatic and riverside-aquatic plants collection of O.V. fomina botanical garden is conducted research of ontogenesis, ecology, phenology, carpogenesis, biomorphology, life forms, adaptatations, of this group’s plants, peculiarities of their cultivation and application in conditions of temperate zone of Ukraine. Special values in research have ancient genera and species, which include representatives of Nymphaeaceae salisb. and trapaceae Dumort. families, 22 species, 6 varieties, 1 hybrid, 30 cultivars of which are presented in collection of garden in open and covered soil. For the first time in covered soil of two conservatories ecological modeling was conducted. Placement of plants is done in form of 5 models of artificial ecotopes, in 155 abatises. Four ecobiomorphological groups based on rhizome system were determined for Nymphaeaceae, among which conditionally-rhizome and conditionally-stolone are provided for the first time.

Key words: Aquatic and riverside-aquatic plants, ancient genera, Nymphaeaceae, trapaceae, models of artificial ecotopes, ecobiomorphological groups, ontogenesis.

1. Introduction  region. That is why construction of conservatory for such plant in temperate zone of Ukraine was a demand.

Rising global changes in hydrophilic structure of Quantitative structure of aquatic and riverside-aquatic vegetation in Ukraine are connected to anthropogenic plants population in open soil is changed due to the factor, which is now a result of widespread building of syngenetic changes which are results of intensive hydro constructions in former USSR (The Union of development of active species and peculates of basins, Soviet Socialist Republics) in 1960s-1980s, which are discharged for winter. The characteristic consumptions of large amounts of water for industrial peculiarity of this collection on the level of families is purposes, agriculture and households, inter-basin water that strict aquatic (hydromorhic type) families are in discharge shift, necessity of fish population restoration,

great variety [2].

etc.. Hydrophytes were among first ecological types to get into damaged environment. Resistance of

2. Matherial and Methods

hydrophytes is a result of particular for this group of Aquatic and riverside-aquatic plants from collection plants evolutionary adaptation of plants to aquatic of O.V. fomina botanic garden are subject of research. environment, which is mostly realized in At this moment collection includes 587 species and morphoecological diversity [1]. In general structures of intraspecies taxons, 218 genera, 112 families, in flora and vegetation aquatic and riverside-aquatic covered and open soil. Out of all species of collection plants are present in each botanical-geographical 95%-97% (80%-90%) are represented by flowering

Corresponding author: Anna Didukh, Ph.D., leading (angiosperms) plants, and much smaller group 3%-5% engineer, research field: horticulture engineering. E-mail: ki26@bigmir.net.

(in temperate zone), 10%-20% (in tropical and

Nymphaeaceae Salisb. and Trapaceae Dumort. Families in the Collection

of O.V. Fomina Botanical Garden

subtropical regions) of aquatic moss, horsetail, filices, Dynamics of flower development and color, and representatives of other taxonomical groups.

morphological peculiarities of surface structure of seed Especially valuable for research is ancient genera and

and pollen was studies. Chemical composition of soil, species, which include representatives of water, hysiological, biochemical characteristics, Nymphaeaceae salisb. and trapaceae dumort families,

influence of plants on decay of surfactant agents was which are represented by 22 species, 6 varieties, 1

studied. Hysto-anatomical research of rhizome system, hybrid, 30 cultivars in open and covered soil.

organography of stoma apparatus was conducted,

Subject of research is taxonomical, quantity of sugars in nectar of flowers was determined biomorphological biodiversity of aquatic and (Fig. 1). riverside-aquatic plants, their ecology, geographical

3. Results and Discussion

distribution, strategy of life forms, genesis links, and their meaning in general structure of vegetation.

Placement of plants in the limited territory of two Introduction process included 3 consequent stages:

conservatories is designed in form of 5 models of selection of introduction subject, introduction test and

artificial ecotones, based on the soil humidity in 155 introduction into culture. During selection of subjects

abatises. There are 5 basins (total area of 116,9 sq. m), we used such methods: ecological-geographical, riversides with periodically drying soils, soils stripes ecological-historic, botanical-geographical in for plants of tropical rainforest, and a “waterfall” for connection with methods of aquatic and riverside

rock plants (total area of 397 m 2 ). Natural structure of aquatic flora research. Integral evaluation of studied

hydrophytes placement is recreated in these genera plants’ introduction success was conducted.

conservatories with taking into consideration limited

Fig. 1 General view of circular conservatory of aquatic and riverside-aquatic plants of O. V. Fomina Botanical garden.

Nymphaeaceae Salisb. and Trapaceae Dumort. Families in the Collection

of O.V. Fomina Botanical Garden

area of conservatory. Both endemic and cosmopolite layer is 50-100 cm for tropical species and 70-150 cm plants are presented in collection. Majority of them are

for plants of temperate zone. When heavily vegetating tuberifom perennials, which have wide ecological

they densely cover the surface of water basin. They can amplitude, and can vegetate in diverse conditions of

be found in water basins of plains and mountains. In freshwater basins. Collection also includes monocarp

mountainous regions they reach heights of 1,000-1,300 species. Every year 90% of species and intraspecies

m above sea level. They can endure water level taxa of collection flower and give fruits. changes up to partial or temporarily even total drying Replenishment of collection is conducted using seeds

up during droughts. In marsh and ground ecophases of and vegetative breading [3].

water Nymphaeaceae family’s representatives develop

Conservation and study of aquatic and adaptive changes [6]. Thus, when water level is riverside-aquatic plants is possible with long-period

lowering species of Nymphaea L. and Nuphar Smith introduction. During 35 years of working with this

genera create ground form. When water basin dries up group of plants, we have studied ontogenesis of

for long periods of 2-3 months tropical species enter hydrophytes from different ecological groups, stoma

into forced period of hibernation, which is apparatus, bioactive agents, organography of seeds

characterized by immersion of tubers or rhizome into (spermderm, sclerenchyma), etc. Composition of

soil by contractile roots (Nymphaea, Nuphar), with aquatic and riverside-aquatic plants’ collection is

complete dying off of leaves, rhizome and root constantly changed and depends not only on (V іctorіa Lindl., Euryale Salisb.). In conditions of acquisition of new specimens but also on lifespan of

covered soil such hibernation can last for 4-5 years. plants. Plants are cultivated in bins, crates, pots with

Regeneration of leaves and roots can be observed in other aquatic, floating and submerged plants with

maternal, daughter tubers and ascending stolons only taking into consideration needs of plants in light,

during season of rains, or rise of water level. When temperature of air and water, humidity of air.

water basin dries up rhizome species create ground Modern range of Nymphaeaceae salisb. family’s

form with leathery thick leaves, and during severe representatives is multiregional, with the highest

droughts which last up to one month enter state of taxonomical and morphological diversity in tropical

forced hibernation, which is characterized by partial and subtropical regions of both hemispheres, but their

dying off of leaves and roots. Conditionally rhizome major part is located in tropical regions of South

plant species in condition of total drying up, which can America [4-5].

last up to 2-3 months die off and can restore their In ecological aspect all Nymphaeaceae family is

growth from seeds. In hydrophase with significant represented by heliophytes, which grow in total

level of water species of Nymphaeaceae family form illumination of 50%-60% (40%). Mostly they are

only underwater hydromorph leaves and do not flower. thermophiles, weak acidophiles or neutrophiles, Conditionally rhizome species can flower underwater, hemerophobes. They vegetate in eutrophic freshwater

which grow in conditions of tropical islands in shallow, closed or flowing water basins with sandy, sandy-silty,

during rain seasons even in temporary, puddles. silty, silty-peaty bottoms, on turf, in ponds, lakes,

Changing of water level is a major factor, which riverbeds, river arms, former riverbeds, flood plains,

influences creation of habitats, changeability of aquatic estuaries, old melioration channels, water reserves,

and riverside-aquatic plants. In tropical regions basins from 20 to 300 cm deep, enduring partial

oscillation of water level in riverside and in the regions salination of water. Optimal conditions of growth and

of great lakes and marshes have annual changes during development can be observed when thickness of water

droughts and floods. In temperate zone such

Nymphaeaceae Salisb. and Trapaceae Dumort. Families in the Collection

of O.V. Fomina Botanical Garden

oscillations are only connected to vegetation period. In found. 15 groups were specified based on color of tropical zone changes of species, synusia and cenosa

petals, in which size, shape and smell carry species happen during two ecologically significant times of

property. Ontogenesis in conditions of culture of year. In temperate zone only groups of marsh plants of

temperate zone of rhizome ecobiomorph Nymphaea riversides adapted to quick changes of environment.

and Nuphar, and also tuberiform and conditionally

Representatives of Nymphaeaceae family can stolone Nymphaea takes 8-10 years, and for some withstand water current with speed of 0.37-0.55 mps.

conditionally rhizome it takes 7-8 years. They grow in water basins with pH in rage of 5.3-8.0.

Ontomorphogenesis of conditionally rhizome species In conditions of anthropogenic eutrophication of water

of V іctorіa genus lasts for 230-280 days, and in viability and productivity of Nymphaeaceae family

Euryale genus 200-230 days (from January till the end representatives’ population rapidly decreases. Thanks

of October). Species of V іctorіa and Euryale genera to wide range and variety of ecological factors

behave as aerohydatophyte therophytes. In order to representatives of Nymphaeaceae family differ in

cultivate these species successfully in conditions of morphological characteristics of root system. For the

covered soil they should be grown from seeds every first time for introduced species of Nymphaeaceae

year [9]. In conditions of covered soil special attention family 4 ecobiomorphological groups are determined,

is given to rare, disappearing, annual species, relicts of among which conditionally rhizome and conditionally

tertiary period, which need theirs seeds to be stored in stolone are provided for the first time [7].

winter in the fridge at + 4-5°C. These are Collection of Nymphaeaceae family of O.V. Fomina

representatives of Trapaceae Dumort. family, which is Botanical garden of Taras Shevchenko National

represented in collection of garden by 1 genus and 4 University of Kyiv in conditions of covered and open

species [10-11].

soil consists of 22 species, 6 varieties, 1 hybrid, and 30 Plants of Trapa genus in conditions of covered and cultivars. Species of Nymphaea genus are represented

open soils during the year go through full cycle of in collection with such ecobiomorphological groups:

ontogenesis with four stages, which include 11 age rhizome–5 species and 20 cultivars; tuberifoms–9

states. Ontomorphogenesis of Trapa genus plants in species, 4 varieties and 7 cultivars; conditionally

conditions of covered soil last for 8-10 months, and in rhizome–1 specie, 1 hybrid and 1 cultivar; open soil 7-8 months. Thus pregenerative stage in conditionally stolone–1 specie and 1 cultivar. Nuphar

conditions of covered soil, high and constant water genus represent only rhizome group which includes 5

temperature, sufficient illumination lasts for one month, species and 2 varieties [8]. Species of V іctorіa and

and in conditions of open soil 3 months; generative Euryale genera, which are cultivated not every year,

stage in conditions of covered and open soil last for were considered as conditionally rhizome species. For

almost equal time of 3-4 months, after generative stage the first time we have discovered such peculiarities of

in conditions of covered soil stretches to 3 months, and ecobiomorphs of Nymphaea, Nuphar, V іctorіa and

in conditions of open soil contracts to 1 month, because Euryale genera which are influenced by hydrological

of fall of temperature. Based on this fact it is possible to characteristics of tropical, subtropical and temperate

conclude that primary limitation factor of ontogenesis zones basins, local conditions of vegetation, and

development of Trapa genus plants in natural primarily by characteristic of water level oscillation.

conditions is temperature conditions, which defines Introduced species, varieties and cultivars of 4 generas

slowdown of development on pregenerative stage and differ in duration of development phases. Also

acceleration on after generative stage. But in conditions differences in rhythm and duration of flowering were

of covered soil, where conditions resemble tropical,

118

Nymphaeaceae Salisb. and Trapaceae Dumort. Families in the Collection

of O.V. Fomina Botanical Garden

plants go through all stages of ontogenesis. Биол. внутр. вод (2) (2001) 22-25. (in Russian) [2] T.P. Mazur, N.Y. Didukh, Hydrophyte plants of O.V.

4. Conclusion

Fomina botanical garden of NuoK, biodiversity and plant introduction, in: Mater. of the International Scientific

Therefore, in O.V. Fomina Botanical garden for 35 Conference, Devoted to the 75 Anniversary of the Central years conservatories of aquatic and riverside-aquatic

Botanical Garden of Azerbaijan NAS I Part, 2009, pp. plants function. Nowadays collection includes 587 58-64. [3] Т.П. Мазур, Екологічне моделювання та його

species and intraspecies taxa, 218 genera, 112 families значення при спорудженні оранжерей для рослин in covered soils. By this day, thanks to hard work of

перезволожених територій. Роль ботанічних садів в researchers, 5 models of artificial ecotones with 155

зеленому будівництві міст, курортних та рекреаційних abatises have been constructed. In these abatises in

зон. Матеріали міжнародної конференції присвяченої 135– річчю Ботанічного саду Одеського національного

natural way plants of Nymphaeaceae and Trapaceae університету ім. І. І. Мечникова Ч. ІІ., 2002, pp. 13-16. families are placed according to their ecology and

(in Russian)

geographical distributions, which represented of 22 [4] А.Л. Тахтаджян, Система магнолиофитов (A.L.

Takhtajan Magnolyophyte System), Л: Наука, 1987, p. species, 6 varieties, 1 hybrid, and 30 cultivars in

439. (in Russian)

covered and open soil. For the first time of [5] А.Л. Тахтаджян, Флористические области Земли, in: Nymphaeaceae family 4 ecobiomorphological groups

A.L. Takhtajan (Ed.), Floristic Regions of Earth, Л: Наука, on the root system are determined: rhizome; tuberifoms;

1978, p. 247. (in Russian)

conditionally rhizome; conditionally stolone. [6] J.H. Wiersema, A Monograph of Nymphaea Subgenus Hydrocallis (Nymphaeaceae), 1987, p. 112.

Ontogenesis in conditions of culture of temperate zone [7] Т.П. Мазур, Еколого-морфологічна характеристика of rhizome ecobiomorph Nymphaea and Nuphar, and

представників родини Nymphaeaceae Salisb, Вісник also tuberiform and conditionally stolone Nymphaea

Полтавського державного педагогічного університету takes 8-10 years, and for some conditionally rhizome it

ім. В.Г. Короленка. Серія “Екологія. Біологічні науки” (T.P. Mazur, Ecological-morphological characteristics of

takes 7-8 years. Ontomorphogenesis of conditionally Nymphaeaceae Salisb. family representatives, Bulletin of rhizome species of V іctorіa genus lasts for 230-280

V. G. Korolenka State Pedagogical University of Poltava.) days, and in Euryale genus 200-230 days.

4 (31) (2003) 76-86. (in Russian) [8] T.P. Mazur, N.Y. Didukh, Complex study of Nuphar

Ontomorphogenesis of Trapa genus plants in conditions Smith generus in Ukraine. Conservarea diversit ăţii of covered soil last for 8-10 months, and in open soil 7-8

plantelor: mater. simpoz. ştiinţ. internaţion. consacrat months. Taxonomical fullness and biomorphological

anivers ării a 60-a de la fondarea Grădinii Botanice biodiversity of collection allow study and comparison (Institut) a Academiei de Ştiinţe a Moldovei (2010)

164-172.

strategy of life forms, finding out genesis links of [9] T.P. Mazur, N.Y. Didukh, Areagenetic and Ecogenetic different plants and strategy of adaptation of plants of

connections of family Nymphaeaceae Salisb. Вісн. Київ. this group, determining taxonomical, biomorphological

ун-ту. Інтродукція та збереження рослинного ecological peculiarity, their meaning in general structure

різноманіття Вип. (15-17) (2007) 45-48. [10] A.Y. Didukh, Stady of tertiary period relict–History, of vegetation and to find out problem of resistance to

introduction, and modern condition of Trapa L. genus in negative influences of environment.

Ukraine. Conservarea diversit ăţii plantelor. mater. simpoz. ştiinţ. internaţion. consacrat aniversării a 60-a de la

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