Valentín, N.

Valentín, N.

1990 Insect eradication in museums and archives by oxygen replacement, a pilot project. In ICOM Committee for Conservation 9th Triennial Meeting, Dresden, German Democratic Republic, 26-31 August 1990, Preprints, vol. 2, ed. K. Grimstad, 821-23. Los Angeles: ICOM Committee for Conservation.

References 99

1993 Comparative analysis of insect control by nitrogen, argon, and carbon dioxide in museum, archive, and herbarium collections. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation 32:263-78.

Valentín, N., and F. Preusser

1989 Nitrogen for biodeterioration control on museum collections. In The Third Meet- ing of the Pan American Biodeterioration Society, Washington.

W arren, S.

1996 The carbon dioxide fumigation program at the National Museum of Science and Technology, Ottawa. In International Institute for Conservation—Canadian Group, 22nd Annual Conference, Montreal, 53-60. Ottawa, Canada: IIC—CG.

W iggles worth, V. B., and G. D. Gillett

1936 The loss of water during ecdysis in Rhodnius prolixus Stal (Hemiptera). In Pro- ceedings of the Royal Society London A(11):104-7.

Zebe, E.

1991 Arthropods; Insecta. In Metazoan Life without Oxygen, ed. C. Bryant. New York: Chapman Hall.

References 100

Index

Note: The index designations

f and t refer, respectively, to figures and tables.

A static-dynamic method, 17

Abey-Koch, M., with Newton, 45

containment systems in, 17-18

ABS. See acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene

thermal techniques, 13-14

Aclar, 19, 19t, 49, 50-51

anoxia systems, suppliers of, 81

suppliers of, 82

anoxia tents, suppliers of, 81

ACR Systems, Inc., 37

Approaches to Pest Management in Museums

acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), 74

(Story), 7

Adem C6, 25t

Arai, H., 7

adhesive strips, 26

Arbogast, R. T., with Jay, 1, 2, 4

Ageless, 8, 22, 23-24, 35-36

argon, 4, 15t, 31, 32f

Burke's use of, 42-43

cost of, 21t, 33

color change in, 35

density of, 34t

durability of, 35-36

grades of, 20

forms of, 22-23

and kill times, 13

intensity of, 23

versus nitrogen, 33-34

suppliers of, 86-87

radius of, 4

type C, 35

safety issues with, 38-39

type K, 35

suppliers of, 20

Ageless Z, 22, 23

and temperature, 3f

Ageless Z-2000, 46

Arney, J. S., xi

Air Products and Chemicals Corporation, 21,

Atco 3000, 46 58 Atco LH, 22-23

AliNiazee, M. T., 4, 5

Atco SA, 22

Altarion, 76

Atco, suppliers of, 87

aluminized polyethylene, 18

Australian Museum, 7-8, 22, 23-24

aluminum, 19t, 42

Australian spider beetle, kill time for, 69t

American cockroach, kill time for, 12t, 69t

automatic impulse sealer, 24, 25t

anaerobic respiration, 5

azine dye, oxygen-related color change in, 35,

Annis, P. C., 8

35f

with Banks, 8, 9, 40, 67, 68

Anobiidae, 9

B & G Mini Bubble. See Rentokil bubble, large

anoxia, 7-15

Back Seat Dodge '38, treatment of, 53-54, 54f

in barrier-film bags, 41-47

bacteria, and nitrogen anoxia, 9

general procedures for, 41-42

Bailey, C. H., 7

dynamic method, 17, 49-55

Banks, H. J., 8, 9, 40, 67, 68

in constructed containments, 50-55

bar sealer, 24, 25t

at J. Paul Getty Museum, 50-52

Barkai-Golan, R., with Calderon, 7

in small pouches, 49-50

barrier-film bags, 18-20

early studies in, 8-9

anoxia in, 41-47

flexible chambers for, 57-62

composition of, 19t, 24

at high humidity, 4-5

conservators' experience with, 42-47

insects resistant to, 5

cost of, 20t

materials for, 17-27

on large scale, 46-47, 47f

methods for, 17-27

making by hand, 41

reusable systems, 57-66

making window in, 41-42

rigid chambers for, 62-66

suppliers of, 82

static method, 17

Beauchamp, R., 10

Bedfont Scientific Instrument BT 2000, 46

carpet beetles, 8

Dendy, A., 7

Biebel, W., contact information, 80

treatment of, 60

dermestids, 5, 9

Binker, G., 76, 77, 78

Casebolt, D., 49

dessication, 1-4

display cases, nitrogen-filled, 8-9 black carpet beetle, 12

contact information, 80

casemaking clothes moths

documents, and argon, 15t burrowed, 15t

kill times for, 45-46

Donahaye, E., 2, 4 kill time for, 12t

treatment of, 60

drugstore beetles, 8, 12, 24 Blasum, G., with Reichmuth, 49

Central Science Laboratories, 45

Child, B., 13

burrowed, 15t

Bone, L., 49

kill times for, 12t book beetle, 12

Child, R. E., 70

Druzik, J. R., with Rust, 9 burrowed, 15t

church, fumigation of, 76-78, 78f

cigarette beetles, 5, 8, 12, 24

drywood termites

kill times for, 12t book lice

kill time for, 12t

burrowed, 15t

in panel painting, 17 and argon anoxia, 33

kill times for, 11, 12t, 13f, 69t

Cipera, L, 31, 68, 75

kill times for, 69t

closures, 24-26

books, and argon, 15t

Edge Tech Moisture and Humidity Systems, 37 boring beetles, 67

adhesive strips, 26

clamps, 25-26

Edney, E. B., 3

brownbanded cockroach, kill times for, 12t

Egyptian Antiquities Organization, 8 Bruel and Kjaer Instruments Inc., 36

heat sealers, 24-25

electronic oxygen monitors, 34 Buck, R. D., 31

zippers, 25

Cole-Parmer Instrument Company, 34

Elert, K., 36, 59

Burke, J., xi, 18, 20, 26, 42-43, 72, 73

with Maekawa, 21, 57 contact information, 79

Cole-Parmer minihygrothermographs, 30

Ephestia cautella, and weight loss, 2, 3 burrowed insects, 14-15

Colton, S., 53, 65

contact information, 79

Ertelt, P., 13

Bursell, E., 1

Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial

ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, 24

Research Organization, 8

ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer, 19t

Compressed Gas Association, 38-39

cabinet beetle, kill times for, 12t

confused flour beetles

Calderon, M., 7

and humidity, 2, 3f, 4f

Fang, M., 43-44

Canada, carbon dioxide fumigation in, 74-76 Canadian Conservation Institute, 43, 74

kill times for, 5f, 12t

Film-O-Rap, 19t, 44

Conservation Support Systems, 26, 49

Filmpack, 19t

Canadian Museum of Civilization, Quebec,

Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, 75-76

conservators, contact information, 79-80

California, 49 carbon dioxide, 7

console table, treatment of, 51

fire screen, treatment of, 50-51 cost of, 21t

Cranach, Lucas the Younger, 50

Cuff, W., with Jay, 3

firebrat

density of, 34t and carbon dioxide, 2 effectiveness of, versus nitrogen, 67

kill times for, 12t safety issues with, 38-40, 40t

and kill time, 11

Daniel, V., 17, 29, 53

flexible chambers, for anoxia, 57-62 carbon dioxide detection systems, suppliers of,

contact information, 79

with Hanlon, 17, 29

suppliers of, 89

flour beetle, and humidity, 3-4 carbon dioxide exchange, 1-2

83 with Lambert, 22, 23

food preservation, 7-8 carbon dioxide fumigation, 31-32, 32f, 67-78

with Maekawa, 65

frames, and argon, 15t in Canada, 74-76

with Pine, 60

French Ministry of Culture, 46-47 duration of exposure, 68

with Rust, 9

Davis, R., 68

Freon, 61

in Germany, 76-78

fruit fly, kill times for, 12t kill times with, 68-70, 69t

deathwatch beetle, 12

fumigation bubble, in static-dynamic method, in pressure chambers, 78

burrowed, 15t

deCesare, K. B. J., 7

17-18

requirements for, 67-70

fumigation, with carbon dioxide, 67-78 in United States, 70-74

dehydration, 1-2

fumigators, contact information, 80 carbon monoxide monitors, 36

and weight loss, 2

Fundación Bartolomé Pons Cabrera, Spain, 54 Carlson, S. D., 38

del Sarto, Andrea, 17

Delta F. Corporation, 34

fungi, and nitrogen anoxia, 9

Index

khapra beetle, kill times for, 69t burrowed, 15t

suppliers of systems, 84

Kienholz, Edward, 53 kill times for, 12t, 13, 50

three-jar system, 29f, 29-30, 30f

humidity, 3-4

kill times

larvae, kill times for, 69t

at all life stages, 12t treatment of, 60

and anoxia, 4-5

with carbon dioxide fumigation, 68-70, 69t furniture carpet beetles, 24

and nitrogen, 4f

determination of, 9-13 kill times for, 11, 12t, 13f

and temperature, 13-14

humidity monitors, suppliers of, 84-85

Kingsolver, J., with Beauchamp, 10

Huntington Library Art Collections and

Koestler, R. J., xi, 17, 33, 38, 44, 62

G Botanical Gardens, California, 66

Kronkright, D., 59 gas cylinders, 20-21

contact information, 79 gas supplies, 20-21

HVAC monitoring industry, 37

Hy-Cal Engineering, 37

cost of, 20

Hylotrupes bajulus,

Gas Tech, Inc., 34, 36 La Coruña, Spain, 45 gas-transport system, 1-2

I LACMA. See Los Angeles County Museum of

General Eastern Instruments, 37

impulse sealer, 24, 25t

Art

German cockroach, kill times for, 12t

Lambert, F. L., 14, 22, 23 Germany, carbon dioxide fumigation in, 76-78

inert gases

with Maekawa, 9 Getty barrier-film tent, 57f, 57-59, 58f

permeability of, 4

larder beetle, kill times for, 12t Getty Conservation Institute, 7-8, 8-9, 21, 29,

type of, and kill time, 5f

insect exposure chambers, 10, 11f

leak detectors, 37

insect mortality, mechanisms of, 1-5

suppliers of, 85

Gilberg, M., 7-8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 22, 23, 35, 38,

insects

leaks, 44

in large Rentokil bubbles, 61, 62f contact information, 79

common and scientific names of, 91

life signs, monitoring of, 37-38 Gillett, G. D., with Wigglesworth, 1

in historic collections, 12

liquid nitrogen, 21. See also nitrogen grain mite, kill times for, 69t

in North American museums, 9, 10f

in North American natural history museums,

cost of, 21t

longhorn borer beetle, 12 Gurjar, A. M., with Bailey, 7

Great Lavra Monastery, 33

10t

Institute of Museum Services, 72

kill times for, 12t

Instituto de Conservación y Restauración de

Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA),

44, 53, 65-66 Hampshire County Museum Council Museum

H Bienes Culturales. See Instituto del

Patrimonio Histórico Español, Madrid

Service, United Kingdom, 63

Instituto del Patrimonio Histórico Español,

Hanlon.G., 17, 29, 50-51, 53

Maekawa, S., 9, 21, 53, 57, 65 contact information, 79

Madrid, 44-45

contact information, 79 with Daniel, 17, 29

Italian armchair, treatment of, 51f, 51-52

with Daniel, 17, 29 Hardigg case, as anoxia chamber, 65, 65f

oxygen concentration during, 52, 52f

oxygen leakage during, 51, 52f

with Elert, 59

Hardigg Industries, 65 with Hanlon, 17, 29 Hassan, A. A. G., 1

with Lambert, 14 heat sealers, 24-25

J. Paul Getty Museum, 29

with Pine, 60

dynamic anoxia at, 50-52

suppliers of, 83-84

Maheu & Maheu, Inc., 70 types of, 24-25, 25t

Jacobs, A. J., with Arney, xi

Maheu, M., contact information, 80

Jacobs, J., 68, 73

helium, 33 March, Bartolomé, 54

contact information, 79

and kill time, 5f Marvelseal, 18, 19t, 43-44

Jay, E.G., 1, 2, 3, 4, 67

radius of, 4 suppliers of, 82-83

with Davis, 68

hermetic seal, 57-58, 58f Materials and Equipment for Anoxic

Johnston, A., 63

suppliers of, 83 Fumigation, 43

contact information, 79

hide beetle, kill times for, 69t materials, contact information, 81-89 Hinerman, R., 24

Mathews, T. R, with Koestler, 33, 38 homemade rigid chambers, 62-65, 63f

Kamba, N., 31

Mellanby, K., 1

humidification, 29-32

Mendocino County Museum, California, 24, decision against, 31

Keepsafe, 19t

Kennedy, J., with Rust, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15,

new module for, 30f

merchant grain beetle, kill times for, 69t

Index

Pearman, G. C, Jr., with Jay, 1, 2, 4 in, 35, 35f

radius of, 4

Phoebe Apperson Hearst Museum of Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 44

with Rentokil bubbles, 59, 60-61

Anthropology, California, 43-44 Michalski, S., 31

safety issues with, 38-39

piano, and argon, 15t minihygrothermographs, 30

suppliers of, 20, 85-86

Piening, H., with Reichmuth, 49 Mitchell Instrument Company, 34

and temperature, 3f

Pine, S., 60-62, 63-65 Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Company, 8, 22, 26,

nitrogen flow fumigation, 49-50

nitrogen generator, suppliers of, 86

contact information, 79

Pinniger, D., with Newton, 45 MNM. See Museum of New Mexico

35 nitrogen purging, 17

plants, and argon, 15t mold mite, kill times for, 69t

nitrogen regulators, suppliers of, 86

Plarre, R., with Reichmuth, 49 monitors, 34-37

Noble, P., with Koestler, xi

Noble-Nesbitt, J., 2

plastic bags

carbon monoxide, 36

for anoxia, characteristics of, 18, 19t electronic oxygen, 34

nontoxic fumigants, safe use of, 38-40

in static-dynamic method, 17-18 humidity, 36-37

nylon, 24

poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene), 19, 19t, 42, 57 suppliers of, 84-85

nylon-6, 19, 19t

polyethylene, 19t

oxygen, 36

Oakland Museum, California, 18, 26, 42, 43,

aluminized, 18

passive oxygen, 34-35

polyethylene terephthalate, 19, 19t as remote sensors, 34

72f, 72-73, 73f

polypropylene, 19t temperature, suppliers of, 88-89

with sample aspirator, 34

odd beetles, 60, 68

polymer chemistry, 18-20, 19t

Oddy test, 26

Mori, H., with Arai, 7

old house borer, 12

polypropylene laminate with aluminum, 19t

polypropylene water tank, as anoxia chamber, mortality, measurement of, 37-38

burrowed, 15t

Mottisfont Abbey, United Kingdom, 45

Old Sturbridge Village, Massachusetts, 70, 71

polystyrene, 19t

Muchnic, S., 53

Omega Engineering, Inc., 34 O-ring sealers, 26-27, 27f

polyvinyl chloride, 19, 19t Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, 30, 60-62,

polyvinylidene chloride, 24 Museum of International Folk Art, Santa Fe,

63-64

Oryzaephilus, and nitrogen anoxia, 9

O-Seal Straight Thread Male Connectors, 26

portals, 26-27

powderpost beetles, 8, 24 Museum of New Mexico (MNM), 59

59-60

oxygen

burrowed, 15, 15t Museum of St. John, London, 70

density of, 34t

and kill times, 13f

kill times for, 12t, 13, 50, 72

oxygen absorbers, 17

Power Plastics, 59, 70

pressure chambers, carbon dioxide fumigation National Museum of Science and Technology,

suppliers of, 86-87

oxygen analyzer, 46

in, 78

Ottawa, 30, 74-75

suppliers of, 87

Preusser, F. D.

National Trust, 45

with Lambert, 22, 23 natural history museums, insect pests in, 10t

Teledyne, 10, 14, 44, 59

with Maekawa, 9 Navarro, S., 2, 3

oxygen exchange, 1-2

oxygen indicators, suppliers of, 87-88

with Rust, 9

with Valentín, N., 9, 12 Newman, R., with Arney, xi

needle valves, 29, 30

oxygen monitors, 36

Prism nitrogen generator, 21, 58 Newton, J., 45, 70

oxygen scavengers, 17, 18, 22-24

PVC pipe, as anoxia chamber, 63-64, 64f contact information, 80

intensity of, 23

oxygen sensors, suppliers of, 88

PVDC, 19t

with Smith, 68, 70

oxygen-deficient atmospheres, safety concerns

nitrogen, 4, 9

with, 38-40, 39t

versus argon, 33-34 Rattigan, G., contact information, 80 and burrowed insects, 14t

Ravenel, N., with Hanlon, 17, 29 versus carbon dioxide, 67

panels, treatment of, 17

red flour beetles

cost of, 21t, 33

and carbon dioxide, 2 density of, 34t

with argon, 15t

and high humidity, 4-5 grades of, 20

paper, buffering effect of, 31, 32f

and humidity, 2, 3f, 4f and humidity, 4f

Parker, T., with Beauchamp, 10

kill times for, 5f, 69t and kill time, 5f

Parreira, E., with Koestler, xi

passive oxygen monitors, 34-35

and weight loss, 2, 3

Index

Reichmuth, C, 49-50, 67

spade-tip tacking iron, 24, 25t

Unger, W.

with Reichmuth, 49 Reine de Gallicia, Spain, 45

with Unger, 50

Spanish piano, treatment of, 54f, 54-55

spatula tacking iron, 24, 25t

with Unger, 50

relative humidity (RH), 2, 3f. See also humidity

Union Carbide Company, 20 relative humidity monitors, 36-37

spiracles, 1f, 1-2, 2f

United States, carbon dioxide fumigation in, Rentokil bubble

SPNEA. See Society for the Preservation of

New England Antiquities

70-74

University of California, Riverside, 53 small, 59-60

large, 60-62

storage cases, nitrogen-filled, 8-9

Stored Grain Research Laboratory, 8, 22

Vacudyne chamber, 29f, 44 suppliers of, 89

construction of, 59-60

Story, K., 7

Vacudyne Company, 65-66 Rentokil, Inc., 45-46, 70

Strang, T., 13, 43, 74

Vacufume chambers, 65-66 RH. See relative humidity

contact information, 80

Vacufume Fumigator-36, 65 Rhysopertha, and nitrogen anoxia, 9

suppliers, contact information, 81-89

vacuum chamber, in static-dynamic method, rice weevil, 8

Swagelok portals, 26, 27f

17-18

kill times for, 12t, 69t

Vaisala, Inc., 37

and nitrogen anoxia, 9

tacking irons, 24, 25t

Valentín, N., xi, 2, 3, 4, 9, 11, 12, 13, 15, 17, and weight loss, 2

spade-tip, 24, 25t

31, 32, 33, 38, 42, 44-45, 50, 54-55, 67 rigid chambers

spatula, 24, 25t

contact information, 80 for anoxia, 62-66

Teledyne Analytical Instruments, 34

Valtronics, 36

vapor-barrier laminates, 18 turnkey unit, 66

homemade, 62-65, 63f

Teledyne trace-oxygen analyzer, 10, 14, 44, 59

varied carpet beetles Vacufume, 65-66

temperature, 2. See also thermal techniques

kill times for, 12t, 45-46, 69t suppliers of, 89

and kill time, 5f, 11

treatment of, 60 Roach, A., with Gilberg, 13, 23

temperature control systems, suppliers of, 88

vehicles, treatment with carbon dioxide Ronde-Henr, P., with Reichmuth, 49

temperature indicator paints, 37

fumigation, 74-75 Roosa, Mark, 66

temperature indicator strips, 37

temperature monitors, suppliers of, 88-89

vinyl chloride, 19t

Royal Mummies, 8

vinylidene dichloride, 19t Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, 65

temperature sensors, 37

tent, for anoxia, 57f, 57-59, 58f

Rust, M., 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 29, 38, 46, 50,

tetrachloroethylene, 60

WAAC (Western Association of Art 53, 70

textiles, and argon, 15t

Conservation) Newsletter, 42

thermal techniques, 13-14

S Warren, S., 74

thermistors, 37

safety, in nontoxic fumigant use, 38-40 contact information, 80

Salmdorf Pietà, fumigation of, 77f, 77-78 webbing clothes moth, 8, 24

Thermo Lignum Company, 14

San Francisco Maritime National Park, 49 kill times for, 11, 12t, 45-46, 72

thermocouples, 37

Santoro, E., with Koestler, xi treatment of, 60

thermometers, 37

Schnee-Morehead, Inc., 26 weight loss, 2-3

Thomson, R. S., 13

sculpture, and argon, 15t western drywood termites

three-jar humidification system, 29f, 29-30,

30f

Seal King, 24, 25t

burrowed, 15

Sealector II, 24, 25t kill times for, 12t

Thylodrias contractus, 68

treatment of, 60

Segal, M., with Cipera, 31, 68, 75

Whistler, Rex, 45

sensors, temperature, 37 Wigglesworth, V. B., 1

Tineidae, 9

Shield Pack Class A, 19t Winterthur Museum, Delaware, 70, 71

trace-oxygen analyzers, 10, 14, 44, 46, 59

treatment containers, suppliers of, 89

wood, 14-15

SM 5144, 26

Smith, C. P., 46, 68, 70 and humidity, 31

Tribolium, and nitrogen anoxia, 9

tropical warehouse moth, kill times for, 69t

contact information, 80

turnkey unit, 66

Smithsonian Institution, 68, 73-74

Zebe, E., 5

Snetselaar, R., 43

zeolite, 22

Society for the Preservation of New England

Unger, A., 50

zip-locks, 25

Antiquities (SPNEA), 70, 71-72

with Reichmuth, 49

zippers, 25

Index

Index 106

About the Authors Charles Selwitz received his Ph.D. in organic chemistry at the University of Cin-

cinnati in 1953. After graduation he joined the Gulf Research and Development Company in Harmarville, Pennsylvania, where he was director of synthetic chemistry until 1982. He is now an independent consultant but works primarily

for the Getty Conservation Institute in such diverse areas as the preservation of earthen architecture by backfilling, the use of polymers for stone preservation, the stabilization of historic adobe with chemical consolidants, and the control of insect pests in museums by use of modified atmospheres.

Shin Maekawa is senior scientist in the Scientific Program at the Getty Conserva- tion Institute, where he coordinates nitrogen anoxia projects. His research areas

include nitrogen environments for long-term storage and display of artifacts, disinfestation of museum objects, performance evaluation and design of storage and display cases, and monitoring and control of the environments and microen- vironments of artifacts. He is a registered professional engineer (P.E. Mechanical)

in the state of California.

ISBN

9 780892 365029 90000