154 S. Mazaki-Tovi et al.

154 S. Mazaki-Tovi et al.

ment of the uterine cervix and interleukin-8 concentrations in cervical preterm birth by fetal fibronectin and uterine activity. Obstet Gynecol secretions predict intrauterine infection in patients with preterm labor

87:649-655, 1996

and intact membranes. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 12:86-92, 1998 107. Wennerholm UB, Holm B, Mattsby-Baltzer I, et al: Fetal fibronectin, 85. Gomez R, Romero R, Nien JK, et al: A short cervix in women with

endotoxin, bacterial vaginosis and cervical length as predictors of preterm labor and intact membranes: a risk factor for microbial inva-

preterm birth and neonatal morbidity in twin pregnancies. Br J Obstet sion of the amniotic cavity. Am J Obstet Gynecol 192:678-689, 2005

Gynaecol 104:1398-1404, 1997

86. Eggert-Kruse W, Botz I, Pohl S, et al: Antimicrobial activity of human 108. Tolino A, Ronsini S, Zullo F, et al: Fetal fibronectin as a screening test cervical mucus. Hum Reprod 15:778-784, 2000

for premature delivery in multiple pregnancies. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 87. Hein M, Helmig RB, Schonheyder HC, et al: An in vitro study of

52:3-7, 1996

antibacterial properties of the cervical mucus plug in pregnancy. Am J 109. Goldenberg RL, Iams JD, Miodovnik M, et al: The preterm prediction Obstet Gynecol 185:586-592, 2001

study: risk factors in twin gestations. National Institute of Child 88. Hein M, Valore EV, Helmig RB, et al: Antimicrobial factors in the

Health and Human Development Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Net- cervical mucus plug. Am J Obstet Gynecol 187:137-144, 2002

work. Am J Obstet Gynecol 175:1047-1053, 1996 89. Evaldson G, Malmborg AS, Nord CE, et al: Bacteroides fragilis, Strep-

110. Sciscione A, Hoffman MK, DeLuca S, et al: Fetal fibronectin as a tococcus intermedius and group B streptococci in ascending infection

predictor of vaginal birth in nulliparas undergoing preinduction cer- of pregnancy. An animal experimental study. Gynecol Obstet Invest

vical ripening. Obstet Gynecol 106:980-985, 2005 15:230-241, 1983

111. Imai M, Tani A, Saito M, et al: Significance of fetal fibronectin and 90. Cole AM: Innate host defense of human vaginal and cervical mucosae.

cytokine measurement in the cervicovaginal secretions of women at Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 306:199-230, 2006

term in predicting term labor and post-term pregnancy. Eur J Obstet 91. Svinarich DM, Wolf NA, Gomez R, et al: Detection of human defensin

Gynecol Reprod Biol 97:53-58, 2001

5 in reproductive tissues. Am J Obstet Gynecol 176:470-475, 1997 112. Mijovic JE, Demianczuk N, Olson DM, et al: Prostaglandin endoper- 92. Romero R, Gomez R, Araneda H, et al: Cervical mucus inhibits microbial

oxide H synthase mRNA expression in the fetal membranes correlates growth: a host defense mechanism to prevent ascending infection in preg-

with fetal fibronectin concentration in the cervico-vaginal fluids at nant and non-pregnant women. Am J Obstet Gynecol A57, 1993

term: evidence of enzyme induction before the onset of labour. Br J 93. Espinoza J, Chaiworapongsa T, Romero R, et al: Antimicrobial peptides in

Obstet Gynaecol 107:267-273, 2000

amniotic fluid: defensins, calprotectin and bacterial/permeability-increas- 113. Rozenberg P, Goffinet F, Hessabi M: Comparison of the Bishop score, ing protein in patients with microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity,

ultrasonographically measured cervical length, and fetal fibronectin intra-amniotic inflammation, preterm labor and premature rupture of

assay in predicting time until delivery and type of delivery at term. membranes. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 13:2-21, 2003

Am J Obstet Gynecol 182:108-113, 2000 94. Yoon BH, Romero R, Moon JB, et al: The frequency and clinical sig-

114. Kiss H, Ahner R, Hohlagschwandtner M, et al: Fetal fibronectin as a nificance of intra-amniotic inflammation in patients with a positive

predictor of term labor: a literature review. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand cervical fetal fibronectin. Am J Obstet Gynecol 185:1137-1142, 2001

79:3-7, 2000

95. Leitich H, Kaider A: Fetal fibronectin– how useful is it in the prediction of 115. Garite TJ, Casal D, Garcia-Alonso A, et al: Fetal fibronectin: a new tool preterm birth? Br J Obstet Gynaecol 110:66-70, 2003 (suppl 20)

for the prediction of successful induction of labor. Am J Obstet Gy- 96. Chang TC, Chew TS, Pang M, et al: Cervicovaginal foetal fibronectin

necol 175:1516-1521, 1996

in the prediction of preterm labour in a low-risk population. Ann 116. Ahner R, Egarter C, Kiss H, et al: Fetal fibronectin as a selection Acad Med Singapore 26:776-780, 1997

criterion for induction of term labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol 173:1513- 1517, 1995

97. Goldenberg RL, Mercer BM, Iams JD, et al: The preterm prediction 117. Ahner R, Kiss H, Egarter C, et al: Fetal fibronectin as a marker to study: patterns of cervicovaginal fetal fibronectin as predictors of

predict the onset of term labor and delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol spontaneous preterm delivery. National Institute of Child Health and

172:134-137, 1995

Human Development Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network. Am J 118. Lockwood CJ, Senyei AE, Dische MR, et al: Fetal fibronectin in cervi- Obstet Gynecol 177:8-12, 1997

cal and vaginal secretions as a predictor of preterm delivery. N Engl 98. Malak TM, Sizmur F, Bell SC, et al: Fetal fibronectin in cervicovaginal

J Med 325:669-674, 1991

secretions as a predictor of preterm birth. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 103: 119. Brady K, Duff P, Yancey MK: Plasma fibronectin concentrations dur- 648-653, 1996

ing normal term labor. Obstet Gynecol 75:619-621, 1990 99. Parker J, Bell R, Brennecke S: Fetal fibronectin in the cervicovaginal

120. Grant A: Cervical cerclage to prolong pregnancy, in Chalmers I, Enkin fluid of women with threatened preterm labour as a predictor of

M, Keirse MJNC (eds): Effective Care in Pregnancy and Childbirth delivery before 34 weeks’ gestation. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 35:

(vol. 1). New York, NY, Oxford University Press, 1989, pp 633-646 257-261, 1995

121. Andersen HF, Nugent CE, Wanty SD, et al: Prediction of risk for 100. Burrus DR, Ernest JM, Veille JC: Fetal fibronectin, interleukin-6, and

preterm delivery by ultrasonographic measurement of cervical length. C-reactive protein are useful in establishing prognostic subcategories of

Am J Obstet Gynecol 163:859-867, 1990 idiopathic preterm labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol 173:1258-1262, 1995

122. Iams JD, Goldenberg RL, Meis PJ, et al: The length of the cervix and 101. Chuileannain FN, Bell R, Brennecke S: Cervicovaginal fetal fibronec-

the risk of spontaneous premature delivery. National Institute of tin testing in threatened preterm labour: translating research findings

Child Health and Human Development Maternal Fetal Medicine Unit into clinical practice. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 38:399-402, 1998

Network. N Engl J Med 334:567-572, 1996 102. Goffeng AR, Holst E, Milsom I, et al: Fetal fibronectin and microor-

123. Heath VC, Southall TR, Souka AP, et al: Cervical length at 23 weeks of ganisms in vaginal fluid of women with complicated pregnancies.

gestation: prediction of spontaneous preterm delivery. Ultrasound Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 76:521-527, 1997

Obstet Gynecol 12:312-317, 1998

103. Lopez RL, Francis JA, Garite TJ, et al: Fetal fibronectin detection as a 124. Taipale P, Hiilesmaa V: Sonographic measurement of uterine cervix at predictor of preterm birth in actual clinical practice. Am J Obstet

18-22 weeks’ gestation and the risk of preterm delivery. Obstet Gy- Gynecol 182:1103-1106, 2000

necol 92:902-907, 1998

104. Nageotte MP, Casal D, Senyei AE: Fetal fibronectin in patients at 125. Hassan SS, Romero R, Berry SM, et al: Patients with an ultrasono- increased risk for premature birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol 170:20-25,

graphic cervical length ⱕ15 mm have nearly a 50% risk of early 1994

spontaneous preterm delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 182:1458-1467, 105. Oliveira T, de Souza E, Mariani-Neto C, et al: Fetal fibronectin as a

predictor of preterm delivery in twin gestations. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 126. Kushnir O, Vigil DA, Izquierdo L, et al: Vaginal ultrasonographic 62:135-139, 1998

assessment of cervical length changes during normal pregnancy. Am J 106. Morrison JC, ?? RW III, Botti JJ, et al: Prediction of spontaneous

Obstet Gynecol 162:991-993, 1990