Data Analysis FINDING 1. Data Description
15 They
introduced us up
senara who will be
taking the safari
Misformation Preposition
‘up’ should be changed
by ‘to’ They
introduced us to senara
who will be taking the
safari Intralingual
16 who will be
taking the safari by us
tomorrow Misformation
Preposition ‘by’ should
be changed by ‘with’
who will be taking the
safari with us
tomorrow Intralingual
17 We had
dinner in a less than
exiting restaurant.
Misformation Preposition
‘in’ should be changed
by ‘at’ We had
dinner at a less than
exiting restaurant.
Intralingual
18 On the way in
the park Misformation
Preposition ‘in’ should
be changed by ‘to’
On the way to
the park Intralingual
19 our driver
John first stopped on
two gas stations
Misformation Preposition
‘on’ should be changed
by ‘at’ our driver
John first stopped at
two gas stations
Intralingual
20 To pick with
some clothes Misformation
Preposition ‘with’
should be changed by
‘up’ To pick up
some clothe Intralingual
23 Before going
to
the park? We all said,
“No way” Misformation
Preposition ‘to’ should
be changed by ‘into’
Before going into
the park? We all said,
“No way” Intralingual
25 We run
towards school.
Omission It doesn’t
use an article ‘the’
We run towards the
school. Context of
learning 33
My mother goes into
kitchen. Omission
It doesn’t use an
article ‘the’ My mother
goes into the kitchen.
Context of learning
34 He lives at II
Semarang Sunan
Bonang Misordering
Preposition ‘at’ should
be placed after ‘he
lives’ He lives at
Sunan Bonang II
Semarang. Interlingual
Total 18
18 18
18 18
Student 3: Item
Number Identification
of Errors Classification
of Errors Description
Explanatio n
Correction Cause of
Errors
3 In
my house. Misformation
Preposition ‘in’ should
be changed by ‘near’
Near my
house. Intralingual
9 Then I saw
the clock in the wall
Misformation Preposition
‘in’ should be changed
by ‘on’ Then I saw
the clock on the wall
Intralingual
10 When I got
home my sister was to
the door Misformation
Preposition ‘to’ should
be changed by ‘at’
When I got home my
sister was at the door
Intralingual
11 We took a
morning bus with
Arusha Misformation
Preposition ‘with’
should be changed by
‘to’ We took a
morning bus to
Arusha Intralingual
14 Into
65 a day; we didn’t
want to search forever
Misformation Preposition
‘into’ should be
changed by ‘at’
at 65 a
day; we didn’t want
to search forever
Intralingual
15 They
introduced us up
Senara who will be
taking the safari
Misformation Preposition
‘up’ should be changed
by ‘to’ They
introduced us to Senara
who will be taking the
safari Intralingual
16 Who will be
taking the Misformation
Preposition ‘into’
Who will be taking the
Intralingual
safari into us tomorrow
should be changed by
‘with’ safari with
us tomorrow 17
We had dinner in a
less than exiting
restaurant Misformation
Preposition ‘in’ should
be changed by ‘at’
We had dinner at a
less than exiting
restaurant Intralingual
18 On the way in
the park Misformation
Preposition ‘in’ should
be changed by ‘to’
On the way to
the park Intralingual
19 our driver
John first stopped on
two gas stations
Misformation Preposition
‘on’ should be changed
by ‘at’ our driver
John first stopped at
two gas stations
Intralingual
21 We didn’t get
at
lake manyara until
after one o’clock
Misformation Preposition
‘at’ should be changed
by ‘to’ We didn’t
get to lake manyara
until after one o’clock
Intralingual
22 Can you
believe John actually
suggest stopping on a
restaurant Misformation
Preposition ‘on’ should
be changed by ‘at’
Can you believe John
actually suggest
stopping at a restaurant
Intralingual
25 We run
towards school.
Omission It doesn’t
use an article ‘the’
We run towards the
school. Context Of
Learning 29
He outside. Omission
It doesn’t use to be
‘is’ He is
outside. Context of
learning 33
My mother goes the into
kitchen. Misordering
Preposition ‘into’
should be placed
before ‘the kitchen’
My mother goes into
the kitchen. Interlingual
total 15
15
15
15 15
Student 4
:
Item Number
Identification of Errors
Classification of Errors
Description Explanatio
n Correction
Cause of Errors
3 I live in a
small town and go to a
small school in
my house Misformation
Preposition ‘in’ should
be changed by ‘near’
I live in a small town
and go to a small school
near
my house
Intralingual
7 I looked on
my clock Misformation
Preposition ‘on’ should
be changed by ‘at’
I looked at my clock
Intralingual
9 Then I saw
the clock in the wall
Misformation Preposition
‘in’ should be changed
by ‘on’ Than I saw
the clock on the wall
Intralingual
11 We took a
morning bus into
Arusha Misformation
Preposition ‘into’
should be changed by
‘to’ We took a
morning bus to
Arusha Intralingual
12 after checking
up
a very simple hotel
Misformation Preposition
‘up’ should be changed
by ‘into’ after
checking into
a very simple hotel
Intralingual
14 It sounds like
a good deal into
65 a day
Misformation Preposition
‘up’ should be changed
by ‘at’ It sounds
like a good deal at 65
a day Intralingual
19 our driver
John first stopped at
two gas stations
Misformation Preposition
‘at’ should be changed
by ‘at’ our driver
John first stopped at
two gas stations
Intralingual
Total 7
7 7
7 7
Student 5: Item
Number Identification
of Errors Classification
of Errors Explanatio
n Correction
Cause of Errors
Description
1 I live at a
small town Misformation
Preposition ‘to’ should
be changed by ‘into’
I live in a small town
Intralingual
6
at
Monday morning last
week Misformation
Preposition ‘at’ should
be changed by ‘on’
on
Monday morning last
week Intralingual
8 I got dressed
quickly and run all the
way in school Misformation
Preposition ‘in’ should
be changed by ‘to’
I got dressed
quickly and run all the
way to school
Intralingual
11 We took a
morning bus with
Arusha Misformation
Preposition ‘with’
should be changed by
‘to’ We took a
morning bus to
Arusha Intralingual
12 after checking
up
a very simple hotel
Misformation Preposition
‘up’ should be changed
by ‘into’ after
checking into
a very simple hotel
Intralingual
13 They have a
safari going At
Tuesday Misformation
Preposition ‘at’ should
be changed by ‘on’
They have a safari going
on
Tuesday Intralingual
16 They
introduced us to Senara who
will be taking the safari by
us tomorrow Misformation
Preposition ‘by’ should
be changed by ‘with’
They introduced
us to Senara who will be
taking the safari with
us tomorrow Intralingual
17 We had
dinner in a less than
exiting restaurant
Misformation Preposition
‘in’ should be changed
by ‘at’ We had
dinner at a less than
exiting restaurant
Intralingual
21 We didn’t get
At
lake Manyara until
after one o’clock
Misformation Preposition
‘at’ should be changed
by ‘to’ We didn’t
get to lake Manyara
until after one o’clock
Intralingual
22 Can you
Misformation Preposition
Can you Intralingual
believe John actually
suggest stopping in a
restaurant ‘in’ should
be changed by ‘at’
believe John actually
suggest stopping at
a restaurant
Total 10
10 10
10 10
Student 6: Item
Number Identification
of Errors Classification
of Errors Description
Explanation Correction
Cause of Errors
11 We took a
morning bus with
Arusha Misformation
Preposition ‘with’ should
be changed by ‘to’
We took a morning
bus to Arusha
Intralingual
12 After
checking up a very simple
hotel Misformation
Preposition ‘up’ should
be changed by ‘into’
After checking
into
a very simple
hotel Intralingual
14 It sounds like
a good deal with
65 a day
Misformation Preposition
‘with’ should be changed
by ‘at’ It sounds
like a good deal at
65 a day Intralingual
15 They
introduced us with
Senara Misformation
Preposition ‘with’ should
be changed by ‘to’
They introduced
us to Senara
Intralingual
16 Who will be
taking the safari into us
tomorrow Misformation
Preposition ‘into’ should
be changed by ‘with’
Who will be taking
the safari with
us tomorrow
Intralingual
18 On the way in
the park Misformation
Preposition ‘in’ should
be changed by ‘to’
On the way to
the park Intralingual
23 Before going
to
the park? We all said,
“No way” Misformation
Preposition ‘to’ should
be changed by ‘into’
Before going into
the park? We all
said, “No way”
Intralingual
32 We went to
Omission This sentence We went to
Context of
cinema. should be
placed by an article ‘the’
the cinema. learning
33 My mother
goes into kitchen.
Omission This sentence
should be placed by an
article ‘the’ My mother
goes into the kitchen.
Context of learninbg
40 He comes
Bogor. Omission
This sentence should be
placed by conjunction
‘from’ He comes
from Bogor.
Contect of learning
Total 10
10 10
10 10
Student 7: Item
Number Identification
of Errors Classificatio
n of Errors Description
Explanation Correction
Cause of Errors
1 I live at a
small town Misformation
Preposition ‘at’ should
be changed by ‘in’
I live in a small town
Intralingual
3 a small school
in
my house Misformation
Preposition ‘in’ should
be changed by ‘near’
a small school
near
my house
Intralingual
11 We took a
morning bus with
Arusha Misformation
Preposition ‘with’ should
be changed by ‘to’
We took a morning
bus to Arusha
Intralingual
12 after checking
up
a very simple hotel
Misformation Preposition
‘up’ should be changed
by ‘into’ After
checking into
a very simple
hotel Intralingual
14 It sounds like
a good deal With
65 a day
Misformation Preposition
‘with’ should be changed
by ‘at’ It sounds
like a good deal at
65 a day Intralingual
15 They
introduced us with
Senara Misformation
Preposition ‘with’ should
be changed by ‘to’
They introduced
us to Senara
Intralingual
16 who will be
Misformation Preposition
Who will Intralingual
taking the safari into us
tomorrow ‘into’ should
be changed by ‘with’
be taking the safari
with
us tomorrow
18 On the way in
the park Misformation
Preposition ‘in’ should
be changed by ‘to’
On the way to
the park Intralingual
25 We run the
school towards
Misordering Preposition
‘towards’ should be
placed after ‘we run’
We run towards the
school. Interlingual
27 All my friends
come to meet each other my
birthday at. Misordering
Preposition ‘at’ should
be placed after ‘each
other’ All my
friends come to
meet each other at my
birthday. Interlingual
31 There was no
one the house. inside
Misordering Preposition
‘inside’ should be
placed before ‘the house’
There was no one
inside the house.
Interlingual
32 We went the
to cinema. Misordering
Preposition ‘to’ should
be placed before ‘the
cinema’ We went to
the cinema. Interlingual
33 My mother
goes the kitchen into.
Misordering Preposition
‘into’ should be placed
before ‘the kitchen’
My mother goes into
the kitchen. Interlingual
Total 13
13 13
13 13
Student 8: Item
Number Identification
of Errors Classification
of Errors Description
Explanation Correction
Cause of Errors
1 I live at a
Misformation Preposition
I live in a Intralingual
small town ‘at’ should
be changed by ‘in’
small town 11
We took a morning bus
with
Arusha Misformation
Preposition ‘with’ should
be changed by ‘to’
We took a morning
bus to Arusha
Intralingual
12 after checking
up
a very simple hotel
Misformation Preposition
‘up’ should be changed
by ‘into’ after
checking into
a very simple
hotel Intralingual
14 It sounds like
a good deal 14. With
65 a day Misformation
Preposition ‘with’ should
be changed by ‘at’
It sounds like a good
deal 14. at 65 a day
Intralingual
15 They
introduced us with
Senara Misformation
Preposition ‘with’ should
be changed by ‘to’
They introduced
us to Senara
Intralingual
16 Who will be
taking the safari into us
tomorrow Misformation
Preposition ‘into’ should
be changed by ‘with’
Who will be taking
the safari with
us tomorrow
Intralingual
18 On the way in
the park Misformation
Preposition ‘in’ should
be changed by ‘to’
On the way to
the park Intralingual
23 Before going
to
the park? We all said,
“No way” Misformation
Preposition ‘to’ should
be changed by ‘into’
Before going into
the park? We all
said, “No way”
Intralingual
25 We run the
towards school.
Misordering Preposition
‘towards’ should be
placed after ‘we run’
We run towards the
school. Interlingual
32 We went the
to cinema. Misordering
Preposition ‘to’ should
be placed before ‘the
cinema’ We went to
the cinema. Interlingual
37 I fly to USA
Misordering Preposition
I fly to Interlingual
Saturday on. ‘towards’
should be placed after
‘we run’ USA on
Saturday.
Total 11
11 11
11 11
Student 9: Item
Number Identification
of Errors Classification
of Errors Description
Explanation Correction
Cause of Errors
6 in
Monday morning last
week Misformation
Preposition ‘in’ should
be changed by ‘on’
on Monday
morning last week
Intralingual
9 Then I saw
the clock in the wall
Misformation Preposition
‘in’ should be changed
by ‘on’ Then I saw
the clock on
the wall Intralingual
10 When I got
home my sister was on
the door. Researcher
smiled and said ‘April
fool’ Misformation
Preposition ‘on’ should
be changed by ‘at’
When I got home my
sister was at
the door. Researcher
smiled and said ‘April
fool’ Intralingual
14 It sounds like
a good deal into
65 a day;
Misformation Preposition
‘into’ should be changed
by ‘at’ It sounds
like a good deal at
65 a day; Intralingual
15 They
introduced us with
Senara who will be
taking the Safari
Misformation Preposition
‘with’ should be changed
by ‘to’ They
introduced us to
Senara who will be
taking the Safari
Intralingual
16 Who will be
taking the safari by us
tomorrow Misformation
Preposition ‘by’ should
be changed by ‘with’
Who will be taking
the safari with
us tomorrow
Intralingual
19 Our driver
John first Misformation
Preposition ‘on’ should
Our driver John first
Intralingual
stopped on two gas
stations be changed
by ‘at’ stopped at
two gas stations
21 We didn’t get
At
lake Manyara until
after one o’clock.
Misformation Preposition
‘at’ should be changed
by ‘to’ We didn’t
get to lake Manyara
until after one
o’clock. Intralingual
22 Can you
believe John actually
suggest stopping in a
restaurant Misformation
Preposition ‘in’ should
be changed by ‘at’
Can you believe
John actually
suggest stopping at
a restaurant Intralingual
23 Before going
to
the park? We all said,
“No way” Misformation
Preposition ‘to’ should
be changed by ‘into’
Before going into
the park? We all
said, “No way”
Intralingual
27 All my
friends come to meet each
other my birthday.
Omission Preposition
‘at’ should be placed
before ‘my birthday’
All my friends
come to meet each
other at my birthday.
Context of learning
32 We went the
to cinema. Misordering
Preposition ‘to’ should
be placed after ‘we
went’ We went to
the cinema. Interlingual
37 I fly to USA
Saturday. Omission
It doesn’t use Preposition
‘on’ I fly to
USA on Saturday.
Context of learning
Total 13
13 13
13 13
Student 10: Item
Number Identification
of Errors Classification
of Errors Description
Explanation Correction
Cause of Errors
11 We took a
morning bus Misformation
Preposition ‘with’
We took a morning
Intralingual
with
Arusha should be
changed by ‘to’
bus to Arusha
12 after checking
up
a very simple hotel
Misformation Preposition
‘up’ should be changed
by ‘into’ after
checking into
a very simple
hotel Intralingual
14 It Sounds like
a good deal With
65 a day
Misformation Preposition
‘with’ should be
changed by ‘at’
It Sounds like a good
deal at 65 a day
Intralingual
15 They
introduced us with
Senara Misformation
Preposition ‘with’
should be changed by
‘to’ They
introduced us to
Senara Intralingual
16 Who will be
taking the safari into us
tomorrow Misformation
Preposition ‘to’ should
be changed by ‘into’
who will be taking the
safari with us
tomorrow Intralingual
18 On the way in
the park Misformation
Preposition ‘in’ should
be changed by ‘to’
On the way to
the park Intralingual
31 There was no
one the inside house.
Misordering Preposition
‘inside’ should be
placed before ‘the
house’ There was
no one inside the
house. Interlingual
Total 7
7 7
7 7
Student 11: Item
Number Identification
of Errors Classification
of Errors Description
Explanation Correction
Cause of Errors
9 Then I saw
the clock in the wall
Misformation Preposition
‘in’ should be changed
by ‘on’ Then I saw
the clock on
the wall Intralingual
10 When I got
Misformation Preposition
when I got Intralingual
home my sister was on
the door ‘on’ should
be changed by ‘at’
home my sister was at
the door 11
We took a morning bus
with
Arusha Misformation
Preposition ‘with’
should be changed by
‘to’ We took a
morning bus to
Arusha Intralingual
12 After
checking up a very simple
hotel Misformation
Preposition ‘up’ should
be changed by ‘into’
After checking
into
a very simple hotel
Intralingual
14 It sounds like
a good deal With
65 a day
Misformation Preposition
‘with’ should be
changed by ‘at’
It sounds like a good
deal at 65 a day
Intralingual
15 They
introduced us with
Senara Misformation
Preposition ‘with’
should be changed by
‘to’ They
introduced us to Senara
Intralingual
16 who will be
taking the safari into us
tomorrow Misformation
Preposition ‘into’ should
be changed by ‘with’
who will be taking the
safari with us tomorrow
Intralingual
18 On the way in
the park Misformation
Preposition ‘in’ should
be changed by ‘to’
On the way to
the park Intralingual
23 Before going
to
the park? We all said,
“No way” Misformation
Preposition ‘to’ should
be changed by ‘into’
Before going into
the park? We all said,
“No way” Intralingual
25 We run the
towards school.
Misordering Preposition
‘towards’ should be
placed after ‘we run’
We run towards the
school. Interlingual
26 The talk a lot
at breakfast. Misordering
Preposition ‘at’ should
be placed before
’breakfast’ At breakfast
they talk a lot.
Interlingual
27 All my
Misordering Preposition
All my Interlingual
friends come to meet each
other my birthday at.
‘at’ should be placed
before ‘my birthdayt’
friends come to
meet each other at my
birthday.
Total 12
12 12
12 12
Student 12: Item
Number Identification
of Errors Classification
of Errors Description
Explanatio n
Correction Cause of
Errors
1 I live at a
small town Misformation
Preposition ‘at’ should
be changed by ‘in’
I live in a small town
Intralingual
9 Then I saw
the clock in the wall
Misformation Preposition
‘in’ should be changed
by ‘on’ Then I saw
the clock on the wall
Intralingual
11 We took a
morning bus with
Arusha Misformation
Preposition ‘with’
should be changed by
‘to’ We took a
morning bus to
Arusha Intralingual
12 After
checking up a very simple
hotel Misformation
Preposition ‘up’ should
be changed by ‘into’
After checking
into
a very simple hotel
Intralingual
16 Who will be
taking the safari by us
tomorrow Misformation
Preposition ‘by’ should
be changed by ‘with’
Who will be taking the
safari with us tomorrow
Intralingual
19 Our driver
John first stopped by
two gas stations
Misformation Preposition
‘by’ should be changed
by ‘at’ Our driver
John first stopped at
two gas stations
Intralingual
21 We didn’t get
in
lake Manyara until
after one o’clock
Misformation Preposition
‘in’ should be changed
by ‘to’ We didn’t
get to lake Manyara
until after one o’clock
Intralingual
22 Can you
believe John Misformation
Preposition ‘on’ should
Can you believe John
Intralingual
actually suggest
stopping on a restaurant
be changed by ‘at’
actually suggest
stopping at a restaurant
25 We run the
school towards.
Misordering Preposition
‘towards’ should be
placed before ‘the
school’ We run
towards the school.
Interlingual
39 I like going to
Japans. Addition
Word of ‘Japans’
should be changed by
‘Japan’ I like going
to Japan. Interlingual
40 He comes
Bogor. Omission
It doesn’t use
preposition ‘from’
He comes from Bogor.
Context of learning
Total 11
11 11
11 11
Student 13: Item
Number Identification
of Errors Classification
of Errors Description
Explanation Correction
Cause of Errors
1 I live at a
small town Misformation
Preposition ‘at’ should
be changed by ‘in’
I live in a small town
Intralingual
9 Then I saw the
clock in the wall
Misformation Preposition
‘in’ should be changed
by ‘on’ Then I saw
the clock on the wall
Intralingual
11 We took a
morning bus with
Arusha Misformation
Preposition ‘with’
should be changed by
‘to’ We took a
morning bus to
Arusha Intralingual
12 And after
checking up a very simple
hotel Misformation
Preposition ‘up’ should
be changed by ‘into’
And after checking
into
a very simple hotel
Intralingual
15 They
introduced us Misformation
Preposition ‘with’
They introduced
Intralingual
with
Senara should be
changed by ‘to’
us to Senara
16 Who will be
taking the safari by us
tomorrow Misformation
Preposition ‘by’ should
be changed by ‘with’
Who will be taking the
safari with us tomorrow
Intralingual
19 Our driver
John first stopped by
two gas stations
Misformation Preposition
‘by’ should be changed
by ‘at’ Our driver
John first stopped at
two gas stations
Intralingual
21 We didn’t get
in
lake Manyara until
after one o’clock
Misformation Preposition
‘in’ should be changed
by ‘to’ We didn’t
get to lake Manyara
until after one o’clock
Intralingual
22 John actually
suggests stopping on a
restaurant Misformation
Preposition ‘on’ should
be changed by ‘at’
John actually
suggests stopping at
a restaurant Intralingual
27 All my friends
come to meet each other my
birthday. Omission
It doesn’t use
preposition ‘at’
All my friends
come to meet each
other at my birthday.
Context of learning
29 He outside is.
Misordering Preposition
‘outside’ should be
placed after ‘he is’
He is outside.
Interlingual
33 My mother
goes the into kitchen.
Misordering Preposition
‘into’ should be placed
before ‘the kitchen’
My mother goes into the
kitchen. Interlingual
Total 12
12 12
12 12
Student 14: Item
Numb er
Identification of Errors
Classification of Errors
Description Explanatio
n Correction
Cause of Errors
3 And go to a
small school at my house
Misformation Preposition
‘at’ should be changed
by ‘near’ and go to a
small school near
my house
Intralingual
6 at
Monday morning last
week Misformation
Preposition ‘at’ should
be changed by ‘on’
on Monday
morning last week
Intralingual
11 We took a
morning bus with
Arusha Misformation
Preposition ‘with’
should be changed by
‘to’ We took a
morning bus to
Arusha Intralingual
12 and after
checking up a very simple
hotel Misformation
Preposition ‘up’ should
be changed by ‘into’
and after checking
into
a very simple hotel
Intralingual
13 They have a
safari going up Tuesday
Misformation Preposition
‘up’ should be changed
by ‘on’ They have a
safari going on
Tuesday Intralingual
14 It sounds like a
good deal into 65 a day
Misformation Preposition
‘into’ should be
changed by ‘at’
It sounds like a good
deal at 65 a day
Intralingual
15 They
introduced us with
Senara Misformation
Preposition ‘with’
should be changed by
‘to’ They
introduced us to Senara
Intralingual
17 we had dinner
in
a less than exiting
restaurant Misformation
Preposition ‘in’ should
be changed by ‘at’
We had dinner at a
less than exiting
restaurant Intralingual
18 On the way in
the park Misformation
Preposition ‘in’ should
be changed by ‘to’
On the way to
the park Intralingual
21 We didn’t get
At
lake Manyara until
after one o’clock
Misformation Preposition
‘at’ should be changed
by ‘to’ We didn’t
get to lake Manyara
until after one o’clock
Intralingual
22 John actually
Misformation Preposition
John Intralingual
suggests stopping in a
restaurant ‘in’ should
be changed by ‘at’
actually suggests
stopping at a restaurant
23 Before going to
the park? We all said, “No
way” Misformation
Preposition ‘to’ should
be changed by ‘into’
Before going into
the park? We all said,
“No way” Intralingual
25 We run the
towards school. Misordering
Preposition ‘towards’
should be placed after
‘we run’ We run
towards the school.
Interlingual
30 Hang your coat
the closet in. Misordering
Preposition ‘in’ should
be placed before ‘the
closet’ Hang your
coat in the closet.
Interlingual
33 My mother
goes the into kitchen.
Misordering Preposition
‘into’ should be
placed before ‘the
kitchen’ My mother
goes into the kitchen.
Interlingual
34 He lives II
Semarang at Sunan Bonang.
Misordering Preposition
‘at’ should be placed
after ‘he lives’
He lives at Sunan
Bonang II Semarang.
Interlingual
Total 16
16 16
16 16
Student 15: Item
Numbe r
Identification of Errors
Classification of Errors
Description Explanatio
n Correction
Cause of Errors
3 And go to a
small school in my house
Misformation Preposition
‘in’ should be changed
by ‘near’ And go to a
small school near
my house
Intralingual
5 So I usually
get up on7:15 Misformation
Preposition ‘on’ should
be changed by ‘at’
So I usually get up at
7:15 Intralingual
9 Then I saw the
clock in the wall. It was
only 7:05 then I saw the
calendar Misformation
Preposition ‘in’ should
be changed by ‘on’
Then I saw the clock on
the wall. It was only
7:05 then I saw the
calendar Intralingual
10 when I got
home my sister was on the
door Misformation
Preposition ‘on’ should
be changed by ‘at’
when I got home my
sister was at the door
Intralingual
11 We took a
morning bus with
Arusha Misformation
Preposition ‘with’
should be changed by
‘to’ We took a
morning bus to
Arusha Intralingual
12 And after
checking up a very simple
hotel Misformation
Preposition ‘up’ should
be changed by ‘into’
And after checking
into
a very simple hotel
Intralingual
13 They have a
safari going At Tuesday
Misformation Preposition
‘at’ should be changed
by ‘on’ They have a
safari going on
Tuesday Intralingual
14 It sounds like a
good deal into 65 a day
Misformation Preposition
‘to’ should be changed
by ‘into’ It sounds
like a good deal at 65
a day Intralingual
15 They
introduced us with
Senara Misformation
Preposition ‘with’
should be changed by
‘to’ They
introduced us to Senara
Intralingual
16 Who will be
taking the safari by us
tomorrow Misformation
Preposition ‘by’ should
be changed by ‘with’
Who will be taking the
safari with us tomorrow
Intralingual
17 We had dinner
to
a less than exiting
restaurant Misformation
Preposition ‘to’ should
be changed by ‘at’
We had dinner at a
less than exiting
restaurant Intralingual
18 On the way in
the park Misformation
Preposition ‘in’ should
be changed by ‘to’
On the way to
the park Intralingual
22 John actually
suggests stopping on a
restaurant Misformation
Preposition ‘on’ should
be changed by ‘at’
John actually
suggests stopping at
a restaurant Intralingual
26 Breakfast they
talk a lot. Omission
It doesn’t use
preposition ‘at’
At breakfast they talk a
lot. Context of
learning
33 My mother
goes the into kitchen
Misordering Preposition
‘into’ should be
placed before ‘the
kitchen’ my mother
goes into the kitchen
Interlingual
Total 15
15 15
15
Student 16: Item
Numbe r
Identification of Errors
Classification of Errors
Description Explanatio
n Correction
Cause of Errors
1 I live at a
small town Misformation
Preposition ‘at’ should
be changed by ‘in’
I live in a small town
Intralingual
3 and go to a
small school in my house
Misformation Preposition
‘in’ should be changed
by ‘near’ and go to a
small school near
my house
Intralingual
9 Then I saw the
clock in the wall
Misformation Preposition
‘to’ should be changed
by ‘into’ Then I saw
the clock on the wall
Intralingual
10 When I got
home my sister was on the
door Misformation
Preposition ‘on’ should
be changed by ‘at’
When I got home my
sister was at the door
Intralingual
11 We took a
Misformation Preposition
We took a Intralingual
morning bus with
Arusha, ‘with’
should be changed by
‘to’ morning bus
to
Arusha, 13
They have a safari going At
Tuesday Misformation
Preposition ‘at’ should
be changed by ‘on’
They have a safari going
on
Tuesday Intralingual
14 It sounds like a
good deal into 65 a day
Misformation Preposition
‘into’ should be
changed by ‘at’
It sounds like a good
deal at 65 a day
Intralingual
15 They
introduced us up
Senara Misformation
Preposition ‘up’ should
be changed by ‘to’
They introduced
us to Senara
Intralingual
16 Who will be
taking the safari into us
tomorrow Later
Misformation Preposition
‘into’ should be
changed by ‘with’
Who will be taking the
safari with us tomorrow
Later Intralingual
17 We had dinner
in
a less than exiting
restaurant Misformation
Preposition ‘in’ should
be changed by ‘at’
We had dinner at a
less than exiting
restaurant Intralingual
21 We didn’t get
At
lake Manyara until
after one o’clock
Misformation Preposition
‘at’ should be changed
by ‘to’ We didn’t
get to lake Manyara
until after one o’clock
Intralingual
22 John actually
suggests stopping on a
restaurant Misformation
Preposition ‘on’ should
be changed by ‘at’
John actually
suggests stopping at
a restaurant Intralingual
25 We run the
towards school.
Misordering Preposition
‘towards’ should be
placed after ‘we run’
We run towards the
school. Interlingual
29 He outside.
Omission He is
outside. Context of
learning Total
14 14
14 14
14
Student 17: Item
Numbe r
Identification of Errors
Classification of Errors
Description Explanatio
n Correction
Cause of Errors
7 I looked on my
clock Misformation
Preposition ‘on’ should
be changed by ‘at’
I looked at my clock
Intralingual
9 Then I saw the
clock in the wall
Misformation Preposition
‘in’ should be changed
by ‘on’ Then I saw
the clock on the wall
Intralingual
11 We took a
morning bus with
Arusha Misformation
Preposition ‘with’
should be changed by
‘to’ We took a
morning bus to
Arusha Intralingual
12 And after
checking up a very simple
hotel Misformation
Preposition ‘up’ should
be changed by ‘into’
And after checking
into
a very simple hotel
Intralingual
14 It sounds like a
good deal into 65 a day
Misformation Preposition
‘into’ should be
changed by ‘at
It sounds like a good
deal at 65 a day
Intralingual
15 They
introduced us with
Senara Misformation
Preposition ‘with’
should be changed by
‘to’ They
introduced us to Senara
Intralingual
16 Who will be
taking the safari by us
tomorrow Later
Misformation Preposition
‘by’ should be changed
by ‘with’ Who will be
taking the safari with
us tomorrow Later
Intralingual
18 On the way in
the park Misformation
Preposition ‘to’ should
be changed by ‘into’
On the way to
the park Intralingual
19 Our driver
John first stopped on two
Misformation Preposition
‘on’ should be changed
Our driver John first
stopped at Intralingual
gas stations by ‘at’
two gas stations
21 We didn’t get
at
lake Manyara until
after one o’clock
Misformation Preposition
‘at’ should be changed
by ‘to’ We didn’t
get to lake Manyara
until after one o’clock
Intralingual
22 John actually
suggests stopping on a
restaurant Misformation
Preposition ‘on’ should
be changed by ‘at’
John actually
suggests stopping at
a restaurant Intralingual
25 We run the
towards school.
Misordering Preposition
‘towards’ should be
placed after ‘we run’
We run towards the
school. Interlingual
29 He outside.
Omission It doesn’t
use preposition
‘outside’ He is
outside. Context of
learning
Total 13
13 13
13 13
Student 18: Item
Numbe r
Identification of Errors
Classification of Errors
Description Explanatio
n Correction
Cause of Errors
1 I live at a
small town Misformation
Preposition ‘at’ should
be changed by ‘in’
I live in a small town
Intralingual
3 and go to a
small school in my house
Misformation Preposition
‘in’ should be changed
by ‘near’ and go to a
small school near
my house
Intralingual
9 Then I saw the
clock in the wall
Misformation Preposition
‘in’ should be changed
by ‘on’ Then I saw
the clock on the wall
Intralingual
11 We took a
Misformation Preposition
We took a Intralingual
morning bus with
Arusha ‘to’ should
be changed by ‘into’
morning bus to
Arusha 12
and after checking up a
very simple hotel
Misformation Preposition
‘up’ should be changed
by ‘into’ And after
checking into
a very simple hotel
Intralingual
14 It sounds like a
good deal into 65 a day
Misformation Preposition
‘into’ should be
changed by ‘at’
It sounds like a good
deal at 65 a day
Intralingual
15 They
introduced us with
Senara Misformation
Preposition ‘with’
should be changed by
‘to’ They
introduced us to Senara
Intralingual
16 who will be
taking the safari by us
tomorrow Later
Misformation Preposition
‘by’ should be changed
by ‘with’ Who will be
taking the safari with
us tomorrow Later
Intralingual
18 On the way in
the park Misformation
Preposition ‘in’ should
be changed by ‘to’
On the way to
the park Intralingual
19 Our driver
John first stopped by two
gas stations Misformation
Preposition ‘by’ should
be changed by ‘at’
Our driver John first
stopped at two gas
stations Intralingual
21 We didn’t get
in
lake Manyara until
after one o’clock
Misformation Preposition
‘in’ should be changed
by ‘to’ We didn’t
get to lake Manyara
until after one o’clock
Intralingual
22 John actually
suggests stopping on a
restaurant Misformation
Preposition ‘on’ should
be changed by ‘at’
John actually
suggests stopping at a
restaurant Intralingual
25 We run the
towards school.
Misordering Preposition
‘towards’ should be
placed after ‘we run’
We run towards the
school. Interlingual
34 He lives II
Semarang at Sunan Bonang
Misordering Preposition
‘at’ should be placed
after ‘he lives’
He lives at sunan
boning II Semarang
Interlingual
Total 14
14 14
14 14
Student 19: Item
Numb er
Identification of Errors
Classification of Errors
Description Explanatio
n Correction
Cause of Errors
1 I live at a small
town Misformation
Preposition ‘at’ should
be changed by ‘in’
I live in a small town
Intralingual
9 Then I saw the
clock in the wall
Misformation Preposition
‘in’ should be changed
by ‘on’ Then I saw
the clock on the wall
Intralingual
11 We took a
morning bus with
Arusha Misformation
Preposition ‘with’
should be changed by
‘to’ We took a
morning bus to
Arusha Intralingual
12 And after
checking up a very simple
hotel Misformation
Preposition ‘up’ should
be changed by ‘into’
And after checking
into
a very simple hotel
Intralingual
14 It sounds like a
good deal into 65 a day
Misformation Preposition
‘into’ should be
changed by ‘at’
It sounds like a good
deal at 65 a day
Intralingual
15 They
introduced us with
Senara Misformation
Preposition ‘with’
should be changed by
‘to’ They
introduced us to Senara
Intralingual
16 Who will be
taking the Misformation
Preposition ‘by’ should
Who will be taking the
Intralingual
safari by us tomorrow Later
be changed by ‘with’
safari with us tomorrow
Later 18
On the way in the park
Misformation Preposition
‘in’ should be changed
by ‘to’ On the way
to
the park Intralingual
19 our driver John
first stopped by two gas
stations Misformation
Preposition ‘by’ should
be changed by ‘at’
our driver John first
stopped at two gas
stations Intralingual
21 We didn’t get
in
lake Manyara until
after one o’clock
Misformation Preposition
‘in’ should be changed
by ‘to’ We didn’t
get to lake Manyara
until after one o’clock
Intralingual
22 John actually
suggests stopping on a
restaurant Misformation
Preposition ‘on’ should
be changed by ‘at’
John actually
suggests stopping at
a restaurant Intralingual
25 We run
towards school. Omission
Preposition ‘towards’
should be placed after
‘we run’ We run
towards the school.
Context of learning
31 There was no
one inside house.
Omission It doesn’t
use preposition
‘inside’ There was
no one inside the
house. Context of
learning
32 We went the to
cinema. Misordering
Preposition ‘to’ should
be placed before ‘the
cinema’ We went to
the cinema. Interlingual
33 My mother
goes the kitchen into.
Misordering Preposition
‘into’ should be
placed before ‘the
kitchen’ My mother
goes into the kitchen.
Interlingual
Total 15
15 15
15 15
Student 20:
Item Numb
er Identification
of Errors Classification
of Errors Description
Explanatio n
Correction Cause of
Errors
1 I live at a small
town Misformation
Preposition ‘at’ should
be changed by ‘in’
I live in a
small town Intralingual
3 and go to a
small school in my house
Misformation Preposition
‘in’ should be changed
by ‘near’ and go to a
small school near
my house
Intralingual
11 We took a
morning bus with
Arusha Misformation
Preposition ‘with’
should be changed by
‘to’ We took a
morning bus to
Arusha Intralingual
12 And after
checking up a very simple
hotel Misformation
Preposition ‘up’ should
be changed by ‘into’
And after checking
into
a very simple hotel
Intralingual
14 It sounds like a
good deal With 65 a day
Misformation Preposition
‘with’ should be
changed by ‘at’
It sounds like a good
deal at 65 a day
Intralingual
15 They
introduced us with
Senara Misformation
Preposition ‘with’
should be changed by
‘to’ They
introduced us to Senara
Intralingual
16 Who will be
taking the safari into us
tomorrow Later Misformation
Preposition ‘into’
should be changed by
‘with’ Who will be
taking the safari with
us tomorrow Later
Intralingual
18 On the way in
the park Misformation
Preposition ‘in’ should
be changed by ‘to’
On the way to
the park Intralingual
23 Before going to
the park? We all said, “No
way” Misformation
Preposition ‘to’ should
be changed by ‘into’
Before going into
the park? We all said,
“No way” Intralingual
25 We run the
school the Addition
Using double an
We run towards the
Intralingual
towards. article ‘the’
school. 31
There was no one inside
house the. Misordering
Preposition ‘inside’
should be placed
before ‘the house’
There was no one
inside the house.
Interlingual
Total 11
11 11
11 11
Student 21: Item
Numbe r
Identification of Errors
Classification of Errors
Description Explanatio
n Correction
Cause of Errors
5 So I usually
get up on 7:15.
Misformation Preposition
‘on’ should be changed
by ‘at’ So I usually
get up at 7:15.
Intralingual
8 I got dressed
quickly and run all the way
near
school Misformation
Preposition ‘near’
should be changed by
‘to’ I got
dressed quickly and
run all the way to
school Intralingual
10 When I got
home my sister was to
the door Misformation
Preposition ‘to’ should
be changed by ‘at’
When I got home my
sister was at the door
Intralingual
11 We took a
morning bus with
Arusha Misformation
Preposition ‘with’
should be changed by
‘to’ We took a
morning bus to
Arusha Intralingual
13 They have a
safari going At
Tuesday Misformation
Preposition ‘at’ should
be changed by ‘on’
They have a safari going
on
Tuesday Intralingual
15 They
introduced us up
Senara Misformation
Preposition ‘up’ should
be changed by ‘to’
They introduced
us to Senara Intralingual
16 who will be
taking the safari by us
tomorrow Misformation
Preposition ‘by’ should
be changed by ‘with’
who will be taking the
safari with us tomorrow
Intralingual
Later Later
18 On the way in
the park Misformation
Preposition ‘in’ should
be changed by ‘to’
On the way to
the park Intralingual
20 And then we
went to his house. To pick
with
some clothes
Misformation Preposition
‘with’ should be
changed by ‘up’
And then we went to
his house. To pick up
some clothes
Intra Intralingual
lingual
22 John actually
suggests stopping in a
restaurant Misformation
Preposition ‘in’ should
be changed by ‘at’
John actually
suggests stopping at
a restaurant Intralingual
23 Before going
to
the park? We all said,
“No way” Misformation
Preposition ‘to’ should
be changed by ‘into’
Before going into
the park? We all said,
“No way” Intralingual
25 We run
towards school.
Omission It doesn’t
use an article ‘the’
We run towards the
school. Context of
learning 27
All my friends come to meet
each other my birthday.
Omission It doesn’t
use preposition
‘at’ All my
friends come to
meet each other at my
birthday. Context of
learning
31 There was no
one the inside house.
Misordering Preposition
‘inside’ should be
placed before ‘the
house’ There was
no one inside the
house. Interlingual
34 He lives
Sunan Bonang at II
Semarang. Misordering
Preposition ‘at’ should
be placed after ‘he
lives’ He lives at
Sunan Bonang II
Semarang. Interlingual
Total 15
15 15
15
Student 22: Item
Numbe r
Identification of Errors
Classification of Errors
Description Explanatio
n Correction
Cause of Errors
1 I live at a
small town Misformation
Preposition ‘at’ should
be changed by ‘in’
I live in a small town
Intralingual
3 And go to a
small school in
my house Misformation
Preposition ‘in’ should
be changed by ‘near’
And go to a small school
near
my house
Intralingual
5 So I usually
get up on 7:15 Misformation
Preposition ‘on’ should
be changed by ‘at’
So I usually get up at
7:15 Intralingual
6 in
Monday morning last
week Misformation
Preposition ‘in’ should
be changed by ‘on’
on Monday
morning last week
Intralingual
7 Looked on
my clock and saw that it
was 9:15 Misformation
Preposition ‘on’ should
be changed by ‘at’
Looked at my clock
and saw that it was 9:15
Intralingual
9 Then I saw
the clock at the wall
Misformation Preposition
‘at’ should be changed
by ‘on’ Then I saw
the clock on the wall
Intralingual
10 When I got
home my sister was to
the door. Researcher
smiled and said ‘April
fool’ Misformation
Preposition ‘to’ should
be changed by ‘at’
When I got home my
sister was at the door.
Researcher smiled and
said ‘April fool’
Intralingual
11 We took a
morning bus with
Arusha Misformation
Preposition ‘with’
should be changed by
‘to’ We took a
morning bus to
Arusha Intralingual
14 It sounds like
a good deal into
65 a day
Misformation Preposition
‘into’ should be
changed by It sounds
like a good deal at 65
a day Intralingual
‘at’ 15
They introduced us
up
senara Misformation
Preposition ‘up’ should
be changed by ‘to’
They introduced
us to senara Intralingual
16 Who will be
taking the safari into us
tomorrow Later
Misformation Preposition
‘into’ should be
changed by ‘with’
Who will be taking the
safari with us tomorrow
Later Intralingual
17 We had
dinner in a less than
exiting restaurant.
Misformation Preposition
‘in’ should be changed
by ‘at’ We had
dinner at a less than
exiting restaurant.
Intralingual
18 On the way in
the park Misformation
Preposition ‘in’ should
be changed by ‘to’
On the way to
the park Intralingual
19 Our driver
John first stopped on
two gas stations
Misformation Preposition
‘on’ should be changed
by ‘at’ Our driver
John first stopped at
two gas stations
Intralingual
21 We didn’t get
At
lake Manyara until
after one o’clock
Misformation Preposition
‘at’ should be changed
by ‘to’ We didn’t
get to lake Manyara
until after one o’clock
Intralingual
22 John actually
suggests stopping on a
restaurant Misformation
Preposition ‘on’ should
be changed by ‘at’
John actually
suggests stopping at
a restaurant Intralingual
27 All my friends
come to meet each other my
birthday at. Misordering
Preposition ‘at’ should
be placed before ‘my
birthday’ All my
friends come to
meet each other at my
birthday. Interlingual
34 He lives
sunan boning at
Misordering Preposition
‘at’ should be placed
after ‘he lives’
He lives at sunan
bonang II Semarang
Interlingual
38 They will
Misordering Preposition
They will Interlingual
come back June in
‘in’ should be placed
before ‘June’
come back in June
Total 19
19 19
19 19
Student 23: Item
Numbe r
Identification of Errors
Classification of Errors
Description Explanatio
n Correction
Cause of Errors
1 I live at a
small town Misformation
Preposition ‘at’ should
be changed by ‘in’
I live in a small town
Intralingual
3 and go to a
small school in
my house Misformation
Preposition ‘in’ should
be changed by ‘near’
and go to a small school
near
my house
Intralingual
5 So I usually
get up on 7:15 Misformation
Preposition ‘on’ should
be changed by ‘at’
So I usually get up at
7:15 Intralingual
9 Then I saw
the clock in the wall
Misformation Preposition
‘in’ should be changed
by ‘on’ Then I saw
the clock on the wall
Intralingual
11 We took a
morning bus with
Arusha Misformation
Preposition ‘with’
should be changed by
‘to’ We took a
morning bus to
Arusha Intralingual
12 and after
checking up a very simple
hotel Misformation
Preposition ‘up’ should
be changed by ‘into’
and after checking
into
a very simple hotel
Intralingual
14 It sounds like
a good deal into
65 a day
Misformation Preposition
‘into’ should be
changed by ‘at’
It sounds like a good
deal at 65 a day
Intralingual
15 They
introduced us Misformation
Preposition ‘with’
They introduced
Intralingual
with
Senara should be
changed by ‘to’
us to Senara
16 Who will be
taking the safari by us
tomorrow Later
Misformation Preposition
‘by’ should be changed
by ‘with’ Who will be
taking the safari with
us tomorrow Later
Intralingual
18 On the way in
the park Misformation
Preposition ‘in’ should
be changed by ‘to’
On the way to
the park Intralingual
19 Our driver
John first stopped by
two gas stations
Misformation Preposition
‘by’ should be changed
by ‘at’ Our driver
John first stopped at
two gas stations
Intralingual
21 We didn’t get
in lake
Manyara until after one
o’clock. Misformation
Preposition ‘in’ should
be changed by ‘to’
We didn’t get to lake
Manyara until after
one o’clock. Intralingual
22 John actually
suggests stopping on a
restaurant Misformation
Preposition ‘on’ should
be changed by ‘at’
John actually
suggests stopping at
a restaurant Intralingual
Total 13
13 13
13 13
Student 24: Item
Number Identification
of Errors Classification
of Errors Description
Explanation Correction
Cause of Errors
3 And go to a
small school at
my house Misformation
Preposition ‘at’ should
be changed by ‘near’
And go to a small
school near
my house
Intralingual
5 So I usually
get up on 7:15 Misformation
Preposition ‘on’ should
So I usually get up at
Intralingual
be changed by ‘at’
7:15 6
at Monday
morning last week
Misformation Preposition
‘at’ should be changed
by ‘on’ on
Monday morning
last week Intralingual
9 Then I saw
the clock in the wall
Misformation Preposition
‘in’ should be changed
by ‘on’ Then I saw
the clock on the wall
Intralingual
11 We took a
morning bus with
Arusha Misformation
Preposition ‘with’
should be changed by
‘to’ We took a
morning bus to
Arusha Intralingual
12 And after
checking up a very simple
hotel Misformation
Preposition ‘up’ should
be changed by ‘into’
And after checking
into
a very simple hotel
Intralingual
14 It sounds like
a good deal into
65 a day
Misformation Preposition
‘into’ should be changed
by ‘at’ It sounds
like a good deal at 65
a day Intralingual
15 They
introduced us with
Senara Misformation
Preposition ‘with’
should be changed by
‘to’ They
introduced us to Senara
Intralingual
16 Who will be
taking the safari into us
tomorrow Later
Misformation Preposition
‘into’ should be changed
by ‘with’ Who will be
taking the safari with
us tomorrow
Later Intralingual
17 We had
dinner in a less than
exiting restaurant
Misformation Preposition
‘in’ should be changed
by ‘at’ We had
dinner at a less than
exiting restaurant
Intralingual
18 On the way
on
the park Misformation
Preposition ‘at’ should
be changed by ‘in’
On the way to
the park, Intralingual
21 We didn’t get
in
lake Misformation
Preposition ‘in’ should
We didn’t get to lake
Intralingual
Manyara until after one
o’clock be changed
by ‘to’ Manyara
until After one o’clock
22 John actually
suggests stopping in a
restaurant Misformation
Preposition ‘in’ should
be changed by ‘at’
John actually
suggests stopping at
a restaurant Intralingual
23 Before going
to
the park ? We all said,
“No way” Misformation
Preposition ‘to’ should
be changed by ‘into’
Before going into
the park? We all said,
“No way” Intralingual
25 We run the
towards school.
Misordering Preposition
‘toweards’ should be
placed after ‘we run’
We run towards the
school. Interlingual
34 He lives
sunan boning at II
Semarang Misordering
Preposition ‘at’ should
be placed after ‘he
lives’ He lives at
sunan boning II
Semarang Interlingual
Total 16
16 16
16 16
Student 25: Item
Number Identification
of Errors Classification
of Errors Description
Explanation Correction
Cause of Errors
4
near
8.00 in the morning
Misformation Preposition
‘near’ should be changed
by ‘at’
at
8.00 in the
morning Intralingual
6 at
Monday morning last
week Misformation
Preposition ‘at’ should be
changed by ‘on’
on Monday
morning last week
Intralingual
8 and run all the
way near school
Misformation Preposition
‘near’ should be changed
by ‘to’ and run all
the way to school
Intralingual
9 Then I saw
the clock in the wall
Misformation Preposition
‘in’ should be changed by
Then I saw the clock
on
the wall Intralingual
‘on’ 10
When I got home my
sister was on the door
Misformation Preposition
‘on’ should be changed
by ‘at’ When I got
home my sister was
at
the door Intralingual
11 We took a
morning bus with
Arusha Misformation
Preposition ‘with’ should
be changed by ‘to’
We took a morning
bus to Arusha
Intralingual
12 and after
checking up a very simple
hotel Misformation
Preposition ‘up’ should
be changed by ‘into’
and after checking
into
a very simple
hotel Intralingual
14 It sounds like
a good deal into
65 a day
Misformation Preposition
‘into’ should be changed
by ‘at’ It sounds
like a good deal at
65 a day Intralingual
15 They
introduced us with
Senara Misformation
Preposition ‘with’ should
be changed by ‘to’
They introduced
us to Senara
Intralingual
16 who will be
taking the safari by us
tomorrow Later
Misformation Preposition
‘by’ should be changed
by ‘with’ Who will
be taking the safari
with
us tomorrow
Later Intralingual
18 On the way
on
the park Misformation
Preposition ‘on’ should
be changed by ‘to’
On the way to
the park Intralingual
19 our driver
John first stopped by
two gas stations
Misformation Preposition
‘by’ should be changed
by ‘at’ Our driver
John first stopped at
two gas stations
Intralingual
23 Before going
to
the park? We all said,
“No way” Misformation
Preposition ‘to’ should be
changed by ‘into’
Before going into
the park? We all
said, “No way”
Intralingual
34 He lives
Sunan Bonang at II
Misordering Preposition
‘at’ should be placed
He lives at Sunan
Bonang II Interlingual
Semarang. after‘he lives’
Semarang. Total
14 14
14 14
14
Student 26 :
Item Number
Identification of Errors
Classification of Errors
Description Explanation
Correction Cause of
Errors
3 And go to a
small school in
my house. Misformation
Preposition ‘in’ should
be changed by ‘near’
And go to a small
school near
my house.
Intralingual
5 so I usually
get up on 7:15 Misformation
Preposition ‘on’ should
be changed by ‘at’
So I usually get
up at 7:15 Intralingual
9 Then I saw
the clock in the wall
Misformation Preposition
‘in’ should be changed
by ‘on’ Then I saw
the clock on
the wall Intralingual
11 We took a
morning bus with
Arusha Misformation
Preposition ‘with’ should
be changed by ‘to’
We took a morning
bus to Arusha
Intralingual
12 And after
checking up a very simple
hotel Misformation
Preposition ‘up’ should
be changed by ‘into’
And after checking
into
a very simple
hotel Intralingual
14 It sounds like
a good deal into
65 a day
Misformation Preposition
‘into’ should be changed
by ‘at’ It sounds
like a good deal at
65 a day Intralingual
15 They
introduced us with
Senara Misformation
Preposition ‘with’ should
be changed by ‘to’
They introduced
us to Senara
Intralingual
16 Who will be
taking the safari by us
tomorrow Late
Misformation Preposition
‘by’ should be changed
by ‘with’ Who will
be taking the safari
with
us tomorrow
Later Intralingual
18 On the way in
Misformation Preposition
On the way Intralingual
the park Later ‘in’ should
be changed by ‘to’
to
the park 19
Our driver John first
stopped by two gas
stations Misformation
Preposition ‘by’ should
be changed by ‘at’
Our driver John first
stopped at two gas
stations Intralingual
21 We didn’t get
in
lake Manyara until
after one o’clock
Misformation Preposition
‘in’ should be changed
by ‘to’ We didn’t
get to lake Manyara
until after one o’clock
Intralingual
22 John actually
suggests stopping on a
restaurant Misformation
Preposition ‘on’ should
be changed by ‘at’
John actually
suggests stopping at
a restaurant Intralingual
25 We run
towards school the.
Misordering Preposition
‘at’ should be placed
after ‘we run’
We run towards the
school. Interlingual
27 All my friends
come to meet each other my
birthday. Omission
It doesn’t use preposition
‘at’ All my
friends come to
meet each other at my
birthday. Context of
learning
31 There was no
one the inside house.
Misordering Preposition
‘inside’ should be
placed before ‘the house’
There was no one
inside the house.
Interlingual
Total 15
15 15
15 15
Student 27
:
Item Number
Identification of Errors
Classification of Errors
Description Explanation
Correction Cause of
Errors
5 So I usually
get up on 7:15.
Misformation Preposition
‘on’ should be changed
by ‘at’ So I
usually get up at 7:15.
Intralingual
8 And run all
the way near school
Misformation Preposition
‘near’ should be changed
by ‘to’ And run all
the way to school
Intralingual
10 When I got
home my sister was to
the door Misformation
Preposition ‘to’ should
be changed by ‘at’
When I got home my
sister was at
the door Intralingual
11 We took a
morning bus with
Arusha Misformation
Preposition ‘with’ should
be changed by ‘to’
We took a morning
bus to Arusha
Intralingual
13 They have a
safari going At
Tuesday Misformation
Preposition ‘at’ should
be changed by ‘on’
They have a safari
going on Tuesday
Intralingual
14 It sounds like
a good deal into
65 a day
Misformation Preposition
‘into’ should be changed
by ‘at’ It sounds
like a good deal at
65 a day Intralingual
15 They
introduced us with
Senara Misformation
Preposition ‘with’ should
be changed by ‘to’
They introduced
us to Senara
Intralingual
16 Who will be
taking the safari by us
tomorrow Late
Misformation Preposition
‘by’ should be changed
by ‘with’ Who will
be taking the safari
with
us tomorrow
Later Intralingual
18 On the way in
the park Later Misformation
Preposition ‘in’ should
be changed by ‘to’
On the way to
the park Intralingual
20 And then we
went to his house. To
pick with some clothes
Misformation Preposition
‘with’ should be changed
by ‘up’ And then
we went to his house.
To pick up some
clothes Intralingual
22 John actually
suggests stopping on a
restaurant Misformation
Preposition ‘on’ should
be changed by ‘at’
John actually
suggests stopping at
a restaurant Intralingual
23 Before going
Misformation Preposition
Before Intralingual
to
the park? We all said,
“No way” ‘to’ should
be changed by ‘into’
going into the park?
We all said, “No
way”
25 We run
towards school.
Omission It doesn’t use
an article ‘the’
We run towards the
school. Context of
learning 27
All my friends come to meet
each other my at birthday.
Misordering Preposition
‘at’ should be placed
before ‘my birthday’
All my friends
come to meet each
other at my birthday.
Interlingual
33 My mother
goes into kitchen.
Omission It doesn’t use
an article ‘the’
My mother goes into
the kitchen. Context of
learning 34
He lives Sunan
Bonang at II Semarang.
Misordering Preposition
‘at’ should be placed
after ‘he lives’
He lives at Sunan
Bonang II Semarang.
Interlingual
Total 16
16 16
16 16
Student 28 :
Item Number
Identification of Errors
Classification of Errors
Description Explanation
Correction Cause of
Errors
2 And go in a
small school Misformation
Preposition ‘in’ should
be changed by ‘to’
And go to a small
school Intralingual
3 And go to a
small school at
my house. Misformation
Preposition ‘at’ should
be changed by ‘near’
And go to a small
school near
my house.
Intralingual
5 So I usually
get up on 7:15.
Misformation Preposition
‘on’ should be changed
by ‘at’ So I
usually get up at 7:15.
Intralingual
6
in
Monday morning last
week Misformation
Preposition ‘in’ should
be changed
on
Monday morning
last week Intralingual
by ‘on’ 10
when I got home my
sister was on the door
Misformation Preposition
‘on’ should be changed
by ‘the’ When I got
home my sister was
at
the door Intralingual
11 We took a
morning bus into
Arusha Misformation
Preposition ‘into’ should
be changed by ‘to’
We took a morning
bus to Arusha
Intralingual
12 And after
checking up a very simple
hotel Misformation
Preposition ‘up’ should
be changed by ‘into’
And after checking
into
a very simple
hotel Intralingual
15 They
introduced us with
Senara Misformation
Preposition ‘with’ should
be changed by ‘to’
They introduced
us to Senara
Intralingual
17 We had
dinner to a less than
exiting restaurant.
Misformation Preposition
‘to’ should be changed
by ‘at’ We had
dinner at a less than
exiting restaurant.
Intralingual
18 On the way
on
the park Misformation
Preposition ‘on’ should
be changed by ‘to’
On the way to
the park Intralingual
19 Our driver
John first stopped by
two gas stations
Misformation Preposition
‘by’ should be changed
by ‘at’ Our driver
John first stopped at
two gas stations
Intralingual
20 And then we
went to his house. To
pick with some clothes
Misformation Preposition
‘with’ should be changed
by ‘up’ And then
we went to his house.
To pick up some
clothes Intralingual
21 We didn’t get
At
lake Manyara until
after one o’clock
Misformation Preposition
‘at’ should be changed
by ‘to’ We didn’t
get to lake Manyara
until after one o’clock
Intralingual
23 Before going
to
the park ? We all said,
Misformation Preposition
‘to’ should be changed
Before going into
the park ? Intralingual
“No way” by ‘into’
We all said, “No
way” 34
He lives at II Semarang
Sunan Bonang.
Misordering Preposition
‘at’ should be placed
after ‘he lives’
He lives at Sunan
Bonang II Semarang.
Interlingual
35 He arrived
Jakarta. Omission
It doesn’t use preposition
‘in’ He arrived
in Jakarta. Context of
learning 37
I fly to USA Saturday.
Omission It doesn’t use
preposition ‘on’
I fly to USA on
Saturday. Context of
learning 40
He comes Bogor.
omission It doesn’t use
preposition ‘from’
He comes from
Bogor. Context of
learning Total
18 18
18 18
18 Total of
Students’ Error
377 377
Table 4.3 The Recapitulation of Classifications of Student’s Error
No
.
The Students Classifications of Errors
Misformation Misordering
addition Omission
1. Student 1
12 1
- -
2. Student 2
15 1
2 -
3. Student 3
12 1
2 -
4. Student 4
7 -
- -
5. Student 5
10 -
- -
6. Student 6
7 -
- 3
7. Student 7
8 5
- -
8. Student 8
8 3
- -
9. Student 9
10 1
- 2
10. Student 10
6 1
- -
11. Student 11
9 3
- -
12. Student 12
8 1
1 1
13. Student 13
9 2
- 1
14. Student 14
12 4
- -
15. Student 15
13 1
- 1
16. Student 16
12 1
- 1
17. Student 17
11 1
- 1
18. Student 18
12 2
- -
19. Student 19
11 2
- 2
20. Student 20
9 1
1 -
21. Student 21
11 2
- 2
22. Student 22
16 3
- -
23. Student 23
13 -
- -
24. Student 24
14 2
- 25.
Student 25 13
1 -
- 26.
Student 26 12
2 -
1
27. Student 27
12 2
- 2
28. Student 28
15 1
- 3
TOTAL
307 44
2 24
TOTAL CLASSIFICATIONS
OF ERRORS
377
Table 4.4 The Recapitulation of Error Kinds
No. Error Kinds
Frequency of Errors
Percentage of Errors
1 Misformation
307 × 100 = 81.40
2 Misordering
44 × 100 = 11.70
3 Addition
2 × 100 = 0.50
4 Omission
24 × 100 = 6.40
Total 377
100
The chart below presents the highest level to the lowest of errors mostly made by students:
Chart 4.1: the Recapitulation of Classifications of Student’s Error
After presenting the errors into types of error and explaining the frequency and percentage of errors each item in the previous pages, the Researcher would
like o talk more about all the errors from the highest until the lowest frequency that occurred in student’s writing as follows;
a. Misformation First, almost all of students make errors in misformation with the total
error is 307 or 81. These errors happened because the students have a lack of vocabulary and its use. The students were confused in choosing the appropriate
the class of words. In this case, the example is “I live at a small town.” The correct one is, “I live in a small town.” The researcher assumes that the source of
error of this type of error is because of the intralingual transfer. b. Misordering
The second type of error that the students made are misordering with the total error is 44 or 12. The error is sometimes as the result from interlingual
Omission 6
Addition 1
misordering 12
misformation 81
transfer. The students got the influence of the structure or order of their native language which is Indonesian language. “My mother goes the into kitchen.” The
correct one is, “My mother goes into the kitchen.” c. Omission
There are 24 errors or 6 from this type of error. On the researcher’s opinion, these errors occurred because the students had not clearly understood of
the structure of the sentence. So the source of this error is from the context of learning. They eliminated the important word that was needed in their sentence.
For example in the sentence, “All my friends come to meet each other my birthday
.”
The right one is, “All my friends come to meet each other at my birthday.”
d. Addition There are 2 errors or 1 from this type of error. Most of students put the
suffix –s or –es and the use of have and has to I indicate that they wanted to use the plural noun in their sentence. For example of error is, “I like going to Japans.”
The correct one is, “I like going to Japan.” To make it clearer, the researcher is not only mentioning the errors made
by the students, but researcher is also including the cause of error that may become the factor of student’s error. Here is the explanation regarding causes of
errors described in the table and chart below:
Table 4.5 The Recapitulation of Causes of Student’s Errors
No .
The Students
Causes of Errors Intralingual
Transfer Interlingual
Transfer Context of
Learning Communication
Strategies
1. Student 1
12 1
- -
2. Student 2
15 1
2 -
3. Student 3
12 1
2 -
4. Student 4
7 -
- -
5. Student 5
10 -
- -
6. Student 6
7 -
3 -
7. Student 7
8 5
- -
8. Student 8
8 3
- -
9. Student 9
10 1
2 -
10. Student 10
6 1
- -
11. Student 11
9 3
- -
12. Student 12
8 2
1 -
13. Student 13
9 2
1 -
14. Student 14
12 4
- -
15. Student 15
13 1
1 -
16. Student 16
12 1
1 -
17. Student 17
11 1
1 -
18. Student 18
12 2
- -
19. Student 19
11 2
2 -
20. Student 20
10 1
- -
21. Student 21
11 2
2 -
22. Student 22
16 3
- -
23. Student 23
13 -
- -
24. Student 24
14 2
- 25.
Student 25 13
1 -
- 26.
Student 26 12
2 1
- 27.
Student 27 12
2 2
- 28.
Student 28 15
1 3
- TOTAL
308 45
24 -
TOTAL CAUSES OF ERRORS
377
Table 4.6 The Recapitulation of Error Causes
No. Error Causes
Frequency of Errors
Percentage of Errors
1 Inter-lingual Transfer
45 × 100 = 11.90
2 Intra-lingual Transfer
308 × 100 = 81.70
3 Context of Learning
24 × 100 = 6.40
4 Communication
Strategies -
-
Total 377
100
The chart below represents the presentations of causes of errors made by students:
Chart 4.2: The Recapitulations of Causes of Student’s Errors Based on Brown
Due to the chart above, intralingual transfer enhances 308 times behind the students error or 82. The students might attempt to derive the rules before
the data to which has been concerned by the students gradually and it may lead to the false hypotheses related to neither their native language nor the target
language. Then, interlingual transfer may become a cause of error as 45 or 12. This is when the students might be influenced by their mother tongue in terms of
pattern, systems or rules. The last, context of learning found in their writing as 24 times or 6 because the teacher and the text in the test given may lead them either
to build faulty hypotheses about the language or to write an inappropriate word or sentence.
Intralingual 82
Interlingual 12
Context of learning 6
Comunication of strategies