Data Analysis FINDING 1. Data Description

15 They introduced us up senara who will be taking the safari Misformation Preposition ‘up’ should be changed by ‘to’ They introduced us to senara who will be taking the safari Intralingual 16 who will be taking the safari by us tomorrow Misformation Preposition ‘by’ should be changed by ‘with’ who will be taking the safari with us tomorrow Intralingual 17 We had dinner in a less than exiting restaurant. Misformation Preposition ‘in’ should be changed by ‘at’ We had dinner at a less than exiting restaurant. Intralingual 18 On the way in the park Misformation Preposition ‘in’ should be changed by ‘to’ On the way to the park Intralingual 19 our driver John first stopped on two gas stations Misformation Preposition ‘on’ should be changed by ‘at’ our driver John first stopped at two gas stations Intralingual 20 To pick with some clothes Misformation Preposition ‘with’ should be changed by ‘up’ To pick up some clothe Intralingual 23 Before going to the park? We all said, “No way” Misformation Preposition ‘to’ should be changed by ‘into’ Before going into the park? We all said, “No way” Intralingual 25 We run towards school. Omission It doesn’t use an article ‘the’ We run towards the school. Context of learning 33 My mother goes into kitchen. Omission It doesn’t use an article ‘the’ My mother goes into the kitchen. Context of learning 34 He lives at II Semarang Sunan Bonang Misordering Preposition ‘at’ should be placed after ‘he lives’ He lives at Sunan Bonang II Semarang. Interlingual Total 18 18 18 18 18 Student 3: Item Number Identification of Errors Classification of Errors Description Explanatio n Correction Cause of Errors 3 In my house. Misformation Preposition ‘in’ should be changed by ‘near’ Near my house. Intralingual 9 Then I saw the clock in the wall Misformation Preposition ‘in’ should be changed by ‘on’ Then I saw the clock on the wall Intralingual 10 When I got home my sister was to the door Misformation Preposition ‘to’ should be changed by ‘at’ When I got home my sister was at the door Intralingual 11 We took a morning bus with Arusha Misformation Preposition ‘with’ should be changed by ‘to’ We took a morning bus to Arusha Intralingual 14 Into 65 a day; we didn’t want to search forever Misformation Preposition ‘into’ should be changed by ‘at’ at 65 a day; we didn’t want to search forever Intralingual 15 They introduced us up Senara who will be taking the safari Misformation Preposition ‘up’ should be changed by ‘to’ They introduced us to Senara who will be taking the safari Intralingual 16 Who will be taking the Misformation Preposition ‘into’ Who will be taking the Intralingual safari into us tomorrow should be changed by ‘with’ safari with us tomorrow 17 We had dinner in a less than exiting restaurant Misformation Preposition ‘in’ should be changed by ‘at’ We had dinner at a less than exiting restaurant Intralingual 18 On the way in the park Misformation Preposition ‘in’ should be changed by ‘to’ On the way to the park Intralingual 19 our driver John first stopped on two gas stations Misformation Preposition ‘on’ should be changed by ‘at’ our driver John first stopped at two gas stations Intralingual 21 We didn’t get at lake manyara until after one o’clock Misformation Preposition ‘at’ should be changed by ‘to’ We didn’t get to lake manyara until after one o’clock Intralingual 22 Can you believe John actually suggest stopping on a restaurant Misformation Preposition ‘on’ should be changed by ‘at’ Can you believe John actually suggest stopping at a restaurant Intralingual 25 We run towards school. Omission It doesn’t use an article ‘the’ We run towards the school. Context Of Learning 29 He outside. Omission It doesn’t use to be ‘is’ He is outside. Context of learning 33 My mother goes the into kitchen. Misordering Preposition ‘into’ should be placed before ‘the kitchen’ My mother goes into the kitchen. Interlingual total 15 15 15 15 15 Student 4 : Item Number Identification of Errors Classification of Errors Description Explanatio n Correction Cause of Errors 3 I live in a small town and go to a small school in my house Misformation Preposition ‘in’ should be changed by ‘near’ I live in a small town and go to a small school near my house Intralingual 7 I looked on my clock Misformation Preposition ‘on’ should be changed by ‘at’ I looked at my clock Intralingual 9 Then I saw the clock in the wall Misformation Preposition ‘in’ should be changed by ‘on’ Than I saw the clock on the wall Intralingual 11 We took a morning bus into Arusha Misformation Preposition ‘into’ should be changed by ‘to’ We took a morning bus to Arusha Intralingual 12 after checking up a very simple hotel Misformation Preposition ‘up’ should be changed by ‘into’ after checking into a very simple hotel Intralingual 14 It sounds like a good deal into 65 a day Misformation Preposition ‘up’ should be changed by ‘at’ It sounds like a good deal at 65 a day Intralingual 19 our driver John first stopped at two gas stations Misformation Preposition ‘at’ should be changed by ‘at’ our driver John first stopped at two gas stations Intralingual Total 7 7 7 7 7 Student 5: Item Number Identification of Errors Classification of Errors Explanatio n Correction Cause of Errors Description 1 I live at a small town Misformation Preposition ‘to’ should be changed by ‘into’ I live in a small town Intralingual 6 at Monday morning last week Misformation Preposition ‘at’ should be changed by ‘on’ on Monday morning last week Intralingual 8 I got dressed quickly and run all the way in school Misformation Preposition ‘in’ should be changed by ‘to’ I got dressed quickly and run all the way to school Intralingual 11 We took a morning bus with Arusha Misformation Preposition ‘with’ should be changed by ‘to’ We took a morning bus to Arusha Intralingual 12 after checking up a very simple hotel Misformation Preposition ‘up’ should be changed by ‘into’ after checking into a very simple hotel Intralingual 13 They have a safari going At Tuesday Misformation Preposition ‘at’ should be changed by ‘on’ They have a safari going on Tuesday Intralingual 16 They introduced us to Senara who will be taking the safari by us tomorrow Misformation Preposition ‘by’ should be changed by ‘with’ They introduced us to Senara who will be taking the safari with us tomorrow Intralingual 17 We had dinner in a less than exiting restaurant Misformation Preposition ‘in’ should be changed by ‘at’ We had dinner at a less than exiting restaurant Intralingual 21 We didn’t get At lake Manyara until after one o’clock Misformation Preposition ‘at’ should be changed by ‘to’ We didn’t get to lake Manyara until after one o’clock Intralingual 22 Can you Misformation Preposition Can you Intralingual believe John actually suggest stopping in a restaurant ‘in’ should be changed by ‘at’ believe John actually suggest stopping at a restaurant Total 10 10 10 10 10 Student 6: Item Number Identification of Errors Classification of Errors Description Explanation Correction Cause of Errors 11 We took a morning bus with Arusha Misformation Preposition ‘with’ should be changed by ‘to’ We took a morning bus to Arusha Intralingual 12 After checking up a very simple hotel Misformation Preposition ‘up’ should be changed by ‘into’ After checking into a very simple hotel Intralingual 14 It sounds like a good deal with 65 a day Misformation Preposition ‘with’ should be changed by ‘at’ It sounds like a good deal at 65 a day Intralingual 15 They introduced us with Senara Misformation Preposition ‘with’ should be changed by ‘to’ They introduced us to Senara Intralingual 16 Who will be taking the safari into us tomorrow Misformation Preposition ‘into’ should be changed by ‘with’ Who will be taking the safari with us tomorrow Intralingual 18 On the way in the park Misformation Preposition ‘in’ should be changed by ‘to’ On the way to the park Intralingual 23 Before going to the park? We all said, “No way” Misformation Preposition ‘to’ should be changed by ‘into’ Before going into the park? We all said, “No way” Intralingual 32 We went to Omission This sentence We went to Context of cinema. should be placed by an article ‘the’ the cinema. learning 33 My mother goes into kitchen. Omission This sentence should be placed by an article ‘the’ My mother goes into the kitchen. Context of learninbg 40 He comes Bogor. Omission This sentence should be placed by conjunction ‘from’ He comes from Bogor. Contect of learning Total 10 10 10 10 10 Student 7: Item Number Identification of Errors Classificatio n of Errors Description Explanation Correction Cause of Errors 1 I live at a small town Misformation Preposition ‘at’ should be changed by ‘in’ I live in a small town Intralingual 3 a small school in my house Misformation Preposition ‘in’ should be changed by ‘near’ a small school near my house Intralingual 11 We took a morning bus with Arusha Misformation Preposition ‘with’ should be changed by ‘to’ We took a morning bus to Arusha Intralingual 12 after checking up a very simple hotel Misformation Preposition ‘up’ should be changed by ‘into’ After checking into a very simple hotel Intralingual 14 It sounds like a good deal With 65 a day Misformation Preposition ‘with’ should be changed by ‘at’ It sounds like a good deal at 65 a day Intralingual 15 They introduced us with Senara Misformation Preposition ‘with’ should be changed by ‘to’ They introduced us to Senara Intralingual 16 who will be Misformation Preposition Who will Intralingual taking the safari into us tomorrow ‘into’ should be changed by ‘with’ be taking the safari with us tomorrow 18 On the way in the park Misformation Preposition ‘in’ should be changed by ‘to’ On the way to the park Intralingual 25 We run the school towards Misordering Preposition ‘towards’ should be placed after ‘we run’ We run towards the school. Interlingual 27 All my friends come to meet each other my birthday at. Misordering Preposition ‘at’ should be placed after ‘each other’ All my friends come to meet each other at my birthday. Interlingual 31 There was no one the house. inside Misordering Preposition ‘inside’ should be placed before ‘the house’ There was no one inside the house. Interlingual 32 We went the to cinema. Misordering Preposition ‘to’ should be placed before ‘the cinema’ We went to the cinema. Interlingual 33 My mother goes the kitchen into. Misordering Preposition ‘into’ should be placed before ‘the kitchen’ My mother goes into the kitchen. Interlingual Total 13 13 13 13 13 Student 8: Item Number Identification of Errors Classification of Errors Description Explanation Correction Cause of Errors 1 I live at a Misformation Preposition I live in a Intralingual small town ‘at’ should be changed by ‘in’ small town 11 We took a morning bus with Arusha Misformation Preposition ‘with’ should be changed by ‘to’ We took a morning bus to Arusha Intralingual 12 after checking up a very simple hotel Misformation Preposition ‘up’ should be changed by ‘into’ after checking into a very simple hotel Intralingual 14 It sounds like a good deal 14. With 65 a day Misformation Preposition ‘with’ should be changed by ‘at’ It sounds like a good deal 14. at 65 a day Intralingual 15 They introduced us with Senara Misformation Preposition ‘with’ should be changed by ‘to’ They introduced us to Senara Intralingual 16 Who will be taking the safari into us tomorrow Misformation Preposition ‘into’ should be changed by ‘with’ Who will be taking the safari with us tomorrow Intralingual 18 On the way in the park Misformation Preposition ‘in’ should be changed by ‘to’ On the way to the park Intralingual 23 Before going to the park? We all said, “No way” Misformation Preposition ‘to’ should be changed by ‘into’ Before going into the park? We all said, “No way” Intralingual 25 We run the towards school. Misordering Preposition ‘towards’ should be placed after ‘we run’ We run towards the school. Interlingual 32 We went the to cinema. Misordering Preposition ‘to’ should be placed before ‘the cinema’ We went to the cinema. Interlingual 37 I fly to USA Misordering Preposition I fly to Interlingual Saturday on. ‘towards’ should be placed after ‘we run’ USA on Saturday. Total 11 11 11 11 11 Student 9: Item Number Identification of Errors Classification of Errors Description Explanation Correction Cause of Errors 6 in Monday morning last week Misformation Preposition ‘in’ should be changed by ‘on’ on Monday morning last week Intralingual 9 Then I saw the clock in the wall Misformation Preposition ‘in’ should be changed by ‘on’ Then I saw the clock on the wall Intralingual 10 When I got home my sister was on the door. Researcher smiled and said ‘April fool’ Misformation Preposition ‘on’ should be changed by ‘at’ When I got home my sister was at the door. Researcher smiled and said ‘April fool’ Intralingual 14 It sounds like a good deal into 65 a day; Misformation Preposition ‘into’ should be changed by ‘at’ It sounds like a good deal at 65 a day; Intralingual 15 They introduced us with Senara who will be taking the Safari Misformation Preposition ‘with’ should be changed by ‘to’ They introduced us to Senara who will be taking the Safari Intralingual 16 Who will be taking the safari by us tomorrow Misformation Preposition ‘by’ should be changed by ‘with’ Who will be taking the safari with us tomorrow Intralingual 19 Our driver John first Misformation Preposition ‘on’ should Our driver John first Intralingual stopped on two gas stations be changed by ‘at’ stopped at two gas stations 21 We didn’t get At lake Manyara until after one o’clock. Misformation Preposition ‘at’ should be changed by ‘to’ We didn’t get to lake Manyara until after one o’clock. Intralingual 22 Can you believe John actually suggest stopping in a restaurant Misformation Preposition ‘in’ should be changed by ‘at’ Can you believe John actually suggest stopping at a restaurant Intralingual 23 Before going to the park? We all said, “No way” Misformation Preposition ‘to’ should be changed by ‘into’ Before going into the park? We all said, “No way” Intralingual 27 All my friends come to meet each other my birthday. Omission Preposition ‘at’ should be placed before ‘my birthday’ All my friends come to meet each other at my birthday. Context of learning 32 We went the to cinema. Misordering Preposition ‘to’ should be placed after ‘we went’ We went to the cinema. Interlingual 37 I fly to USA Saturday. Omission It doesn’t use Preposition ‘on’ I fly to USA on Saturday. Context of learning Total 13 13 13 13 13 Student 10: Item Number Identification of Errors Classification of Errors Description Explanation Correction Cause of Errors 11 We took a morning bus Misformation Preposition ‘with’ We took a morning Intralingual with Arusha should be changed by ‘to’ bus to Arusha 12 after checking up a very simple hotel Misformation Preposition ‘up’ should be changed by ‘into’ after checking into a very simple hotel Intralingual 14 It Sounds like a good deal With 65 a day Misformation Preposition ‘with’ should be changed by ‘at’ It Sounds like a good deal at 65 a day Intralingual 15 They introduced us with Senara Misformation Preposition ‘with’ should be changed by ‘to’ They introduced us to Senara Intralingual 16 Who will be taking the safari into us tomorrow Misformation Preposition ‘to’ should be changed by ‘into’ who will be taking the safari with us tomorrow Intralingual 18 On the way in the park Misformation Preposition ‘in’ should be changed by ‘to’ On the way to the park Intralingual 31 There was no one the inside house. Misordering Preposition ‘inside’ should be placed before ‘the house’ There was no one inside the house. Interlingual Total 7 7 7 7 7 Student 11: Item Number Identification of Errors Classification of Errors Description Explanation Correction Cause of Errors 9 Then I saw the clock in the wall Misformation Preposition ‘in’ should be changed by ‘on’ Then I saw the clock on the wall Intralingual 10 When I got Misformation Preposition when I got Intralingual home my sister was on the door ‘on’ should be changed by ‘at’ home my sister was at the door 11 We took a morning bus with Arusha Misformation Preposition ‘with’ should be changed by ‘to’ We took a morning bus to Arusha Intralingual 12 After checking up a very simple hotel Misformation Preposition ‘up’ should be changed by ‘into’ After checking into a very simple hotel Intralingual 14 It sounds like a good deal With 65 a day Misformation Preposition ‘with’ should be changed by ‘at’ It sounds like a good deal at 65 a day Intralingual 15 They introduced us with Senara Misformation Preposition ‘with’ should be changed by ‘to’ They introduced us to Senara Intralingual 16 who will be taking the safari into us tomorrow Misformation Preposition ‘into’ should be changed by ‘with’ who will be taking the safari with us tomorrow Intralingual 18 On the way in the park Misformation Preposition ‘in’ should be changed by ‘to’ On the way to the park Intralingual 23 Before going to the park? We all said, “No way” Misformation Preposition ‘to’ should be changed by ‘into’ Before going into the park? We all said, “No way” Intralingual 25 We run the towards school. Misordering Preposition ‘towards’ should be placed after ‘we run’ We run towards the school. Interlingual 26 The talk a lot at breakfast. Misordering Preposition ‘at’ should be placed before ’breakfast’ At breakfast they talk a lot. Interlingual 27 All my Misordering Preposition All my Interlingual friends come to meet each other my birthday at. ‘at’ should be placed before ‘my birthdayt’ friends come to meet each other at my birthday. Total 12 12 12 12 12 Student 12: Item Number Identification of Errors Classification of Errors Description Explanatio n Correction Cause of Errors 1 I live at a small town Misformation Preposition ‘at’ should be changed by ‘in’ I live in a small town Intralingual 9 Then I saw the clock in the wall Misformation Preposition ‘in’ should be changed by ‘on’ Then I saw the clock on the wall Intralingual 11 We took a morning bus with Arusha Misformation Preposition ‘with’ should be changed by ‘to’ We took a morning bus to Arusha Intralingual 12 After checking up a very simple hotel Misformation Preposition ‘up’ should be changed by ‘into’ After checking into a very simple hotel Intralingual 16 Who will be taking the safari by us tomorrow Misformation Preposition ‘by’ should be changed by ‘with’ Who will be taking the safari with us tomorrow Intralingual 19 Our driver John first stopped by two gas stations Misformation Preposition ‘by’ should be changed by ‘at’ Our driver John first stopped at two gas stations Intralingual 21 We didn’t get in lake Manyara until after one o’clock Misformation Preposition ‘in’ should be changed by ‘to’ We didn’t get to lake Manyara until after one o’clock Intralingual 22 Can you believe John Misformation Preposition ‘on’ should Can you believe John Intralingual actually suggest stopping on a restaurant be changed by ‘at’ actually suggest stopping at a restaurant 25 We run the school towards. Misordering Preposition ‘towards’ should be placed before ‘the school’ We run towards the school. Interlingual 39 I like going to Japans. Addition Word of ‘Japans’ should be changed by ‘Japan’ I like going to Japan. Interlingual 40 He comes Bogor. Omission It doesn’t use preposition ‘from’ He comes from Bogor. Context of learning Total 11 11 11 11 11 Student 13: Item Number Identification of Errors Classification of Errors Description Explanation Correction Cause of Errors 1 I live at a small town Misformation Preposition ‘at’ should be changed by ‘in’ I live in a small town Intralingual 9 Then I saw the clock in the wall Misformation Preposition ‘in’ should be changed by ‘on’ Then I saw the clock on the wall Intralingual 11 We took a morning bus with Arusha Misformation Preposition ‘with’ should be changed by ‘to’ We took a morning bus to Arusha Intralingual 12 And after checking up a very simple hotel Misformation Preposition ‘up’ should be changed by ‘into’ And after checking into a very simple hotel Intralingual 15 They introduced us Misformation Preposition ‘with’ They introduced Intralingual with Senara should be changed by ‘to’ us to Senara 16 Who will be taking the safari by us tomorrow Misformation Preposition ‘by’ should be changed by ‘with’ Who will be taking the safari with us tomorrow Intralingual 19 Our driver John first stopped by two gas stations Misformation Preposition ‘by’ should be changed by ‘at’ Our driver John first stopped at two gas stations Intralingual 21 We didn’t get in lake Manyara until after one o’clock Misformation Preposition ‘in’ should be changed by ‘to’ We didn’t get to lake Manyara until after one o’clock Intralingual 22 John actually suggests stopping on a restaurant Misformation Preposition ‘on’ should be changed by ‘at’ John actually suggests stopping at a restaurant Intralingual 27 All my friends come to meet each other my birthday. Omission It doesn’t use preposition ‘at’ All my friends come to meet each other at my birthday. Context of learning 29 He outside is. Misordering Preposition ‘outside’ should be placed after ‘he is’ He is outside. Interlingual 33 My mother goes the into kitchen. Misordering Preposition ‘into’ should be placed before ‘the kitchen’ My mother goes into the kitchen. Interlingual Total 12 12 12 12 12 Student 14: Item Numb er Identification of Errors Classification of Errors Description Explanatio n Correction Cause of Errors 3 And go to a small school at my house Misformation Preposition ‘at’ should be changed by ‘near’ and go to a small school near my house Intralingual 6 at Monday morning last week Misformation Preposition ‘at’ should be changed by ‘on’ on Monday morning last week Intralingual 11 We took a morning bus with Arusha Misformation Preposition ‘with’ should be changed by ‘to’ We took a morning bus to Arusha Intralingual 12 and after checking up a very simple hotel Misformation Preposition ‘up’ should be changed by ‘into’ and after checking into a very simple hotel Intralingual 13 They have a safari going up Tuesday Misformation Preposition ‘up’ should be changed by ‘on’ They have a safari going on Tuesday Intralingual 14 It sounds like a good deal into 65 a day Misformation Preposition ‘into’ should be changed by ‘at’ It sounds like a good deal at 65 a day Intralingual 15 They introduced us with Senara Misformation Preposition ‘with’ should be changed by ‘to’ They introduced us to Senara Intralingual 17 we had dinner in a less than exiting restaurant Misformation Preposition ‘in’ should be changed by ‘at’ We had dinner at a less than exiting restaurant Intralingual 18 On the way in the park Misformation Preposition ‘in’ should be changed by ‘to’ On the way to the park Intralingual 21 We didn’t get At lake Manyara until after one o’clock Misformation Preposition ‘at’ should be changed by ‘to’ We didn’t get to lake Manyara until after one o’clock Intralingual 22 John actually Misformation Preposition John Intralingual suggests stopping in a restaurant ‘in’ should be changed by ‘at’ actually suggests stopping at a restaurant 23 Before going to the park? We all said, “No way” Misformation Preposition ‘to’ should be changed by ‘into’ Before going into the park? We all said, “No way” Intralingual 25 We run the towards school. Misordering Preposition ‘towards’ should be placed after ‘we run’ We run towards the school. Interlingual 30 Hang your coat the closet in. Misordering Preposition ‘in’ should be placed before ‘the closet’ Hang your coat in the closet. Interlingual 33 My mother goes the into kitchen. Misordering Preposition ‘into’ should be placed before ‘the kitchen’ My mother goes into the kitchen. Interlingual 34 He lives II Semarang at Sunan Bonang. Misordering Preposition ‘at’ should be placed after ‘he lives’ He lives at Sunan Bonang II Semarang. Interlingual Total 16 16 16 16 16 Student 15: Item Numbe r Identification of Errors Classification of Errors Description Explanatio n Correction Cause of Errors 3 And go to a small school in my house Misformation Preposition ‘in’ should be changed by ‘near’ And go to a small school near my house Intralingual 5 So I usually get up on7:15 Misformation Preposition ‘on’ should be changed by ‘at’ So I usually get up at 7:15 Intralingual 9 Then I saw the clock in the wall. It was only 7:05 then I saw the calendar Misformation Preposition ‘in’ should be changed by ‘on’ Then I saw the clock on the wall. It was only 7:05 then I saw the calendar Intralingual 10 when I got home my sister was on the door Misformation Preposition ‘on’ should be changed by ‘at’ when I got home my sister was at the door Intralingual 11 We took a morning bus with Arusha Misformation Preposition ‘with’ should be changed by ‘to’ We took a morning bus to Arusha Intralingual 12 And after checking up a very simple hotel Misformation Preposition ‘up’ should be changed by ‘into’ And after checking into a very simple hotel Intralingual 13 They have a safari going At Tuesday Misformation Preposition ‘at’ should be changed by ‘on’ They have a safari going on Tuesday Intralingual 14 It sounds like a good deal into 65 a day Misformation Preposition ‘to’ should be changed by ‘into’ It sounds like a good deal at 65 a day Intralingual 15 They introduced us with Senara Misformation Preposition ‘with’ should be changed by ‘to’ They introduced us to Senara Intralingual 16 Who will be taking the safari by us tomorrow Misformation Preposition ‘by’ should be changed by ‘with’ Who will be taking the safari with us tomorrow Intralingual 17 We had dinner to a less than exiting restaurant Misformation Preposition ‘to’ should be changed by ‘at’ We had dinner at a less than exiting restaurant Intralingual 18 On the way in the park Misformation Preposition ‘in’ should be changed by ‘to’ On the way to the park Intralingual 22 John actually suggests stopping on a restaurant Misformation Preposition ‘on’ should be changed by ‘at’ John actually suggests stopping at a restaurant Intralingual 26 Breakfast they talk a lot. Omission It doesn’t use preposition ‘at’ At breakfast they talk a lot. Context of learning 33 My mother goes the into kitchen Misordering Preposition ‘into’ should be placed before ‘the kitchen’ my mother goes into the kitchen Interlingual Total 15 15 15 15 Student 16: Item Numbe r Identification of Errors Classification of Errors Description Explanatio n Correction Cause of Errors 1 I live at a small town Misformation Preposition ‘at’ should be changed by ‘in’ I live in a small town Intralingual 3 and go to a small school in my house Misformation Preposition ‘in’ should be changed by ‘near’ and go to a small school near my house Intralingual 9 Then I saw the clock in the wall Misformation Preposition ‘to’ should be changed by ‘into’ Then I saw the clock on the wall Intralingual 10 When I got home my sister was on the door Misformation Preposition ‘on’ should be changed by ‘at’ When I got home my sister was at the door Intralingual 11 We took a Misformation Preposition We took a Intralingual morning bus with Arusha, ‘with’ should be changed by ‘to’ morning bus to Arusha, 13 They have a safari going At Tuesday Misformation Preposition ‘at’ should be changed by ‘on’ They have a safari going on Tuesday Intralingual 14 It sounds like a good deal into 65 a day Misformation Preposition ‘into’ should be changed by ‘at’ It sounds like a good deal at 65 a day Intralingual 15 They introduced us up Senara Misformation Preposition ‘up’ should be changed by ‘to’ They introduced us to Senara Intralingual 16 Who will be taking the safari into us tomorrow Later Misformation Preposition ‘into’ should be changed by ‘with’ Who will be taking the safari with us tomorrow Later Intralingual 17 We had dinner in a less than exiting restaurant Misformation Preposition ‘in’ should be changed by ‘at’ We had dinner at a less than exiting restaurant Intralingual 21 We didn’t get At lake Manyara until after one o’clock Misformation Preposition ‘at’ should be changed by ‘to’ We didn’t get to lake Manyara until after one o’clock Intralingual 22 John actually suggests stopping on a restaurant Misformation Preposition ‘on’ should be changed by ‘at’ John actually suggests stopping at a restaurant Intralingual 25 We run the towards school. Misordering Preposition ‘towards’ should be placed after ‘we run’ We run towards the school. Interlingual 29 He outside. Omission He is outside. Context of learning Total 14 14 14 14 14 Student 17: Item Numbe r Identification of Errors Classification of Errors Description Explanatio n Correction Cause of Errors 7 I looked on my clock Misformation Preposition ‘on’ should be changed by ‘at’ I looked at my clock Intralingual 9 Then I saw the clock in the wall Misformation Preposition ‘in’ should be changed by ‘on’ Then I saw the clock on the wall Intralingual 11 We took a morning bus with Arusha Misformation Preposition ‘with’ should be changed by ‘to’ We took a morning bus to Arusha Intralingual 12 And after checking up a very simple hotel Misformation Preposition ‘up’ should be changed by ‘into’ And after checking into a very simple hotel Intralingual 14 It sounds like a good deal into 65 a day Misformation Preposition ‘into’ should be changed by ‘at It sounds like a good deal at 65 a day Intralingual 15 They introduced us with Senara Misformation Preposition ‘with’ should be changed by ‘to’ They introduced us to Senara Intralingual 16 Who will be taking the safari by us tomorrow Later Misformation Preposition ‘by’ should be changed by ‘with’ Who will be taking the safari with us tomorrow Later Intralingual 18 On the way in the park Misformation Preposition ‘to’ should be changed by ‘into’ On the way to the park Intralingual 19 Our driver John first stopped on two Misformation Preposition ‘on’ should be changed Our driver John first stopped at Intralingual gas stations by ‘at’ two gas stations 21 We didn’t get at lake Manyara until after one o’clock Misformation Preposition ‘at’ should be changed by ‘to’ We didn’t get to lake Manyara until after one o’clock Intralingual 22 John actually suggests stopping on a restaurant Misformation Preposition ‘on’ should be changed by ‘at’ John actually suggests stopping at a restaurant Intralingual 25 We run the towards school. Misordering Preposition ‘towards’ should be placed after ‘we run’ We run towards the school. Interlingual 29 He outside. Omission It doesn’t use preposition ‘outside’ He is outside. Context of learning Total 13 13 13 13 13 Student 18: Item Numbe r Identification of Errors Classification of Errors Description Explanatio n Correction Cause of Errors 1 I live at a small town Misformation Preposition ‘at’ should be changed by ‘in’ I live in a small town Intralingual 3 and go to a small school in my house Misformation Preposition ‘in’ should be changed by ‘near’ and go to a small school near my house Intralingual 9 Then I saw the clock in the wall Misformation Preposition ‘in’ should be changed by ‘on’ Then I saw the clock on the wall Intralingual 11 We took a Misformation Preposition We took a Intralingual morning bus with Arusha ‘to’ should be changed by ‘into’ morning bus to Arusha 12 and after checking up a very simple hotel Misformation Preposition ‘up’ should be changed by ‘into’ And after checking into a very simple hotel Intralingual 14 It sounds like a good deal into 65 a day Misformation Preposition ‘into’ should be changed by ‘at’ It sounds like a good deal at 65 a day Intralingual 15 They introduced us with Senara Misformation Preposition ‘with’ should be changed by ‘to’ They introduced us to Senara Intralingual 16 who will be taking the safari by us tomorrow Later Misformation Preposition ‘by’ should be changed by ‘with’ Who will be taking the safari with us tomorrow Later Intralingual 18 On the way in the park Misformation Preposition ‘in’ should be changed by ‘to’ On the way to the park Intralingual 19 Our driver John first stopped by two gas stations Misformation Preposition ‘by’ should be changed by ‘at’ Our driver John first stopped at two gas stations Intralingual 21 We didn’t get in lake Manyara until after one o’clock Misformation Preposition ‘in’ should be changed by ‘to’ We didn’t get to lake Manyara until after one o’clock Intralingual 22 John actually suggests stopping on a restaurant Misformation Preposition ‘on’ should be changed by ‘at’ John actually suggests stopping at a restaurant Intralingual 25 We run the towards school. Misordering Preposition ‘towards’ should be placed after ‘we run’ We run towards the school. Interlingual 34 He lives II Semarang at Sunan Bonang Misordering Preposition ‘at’ should be placed after ‘he lives’ He lives at sunan boning II Semarang Interlingual Total 14 14 14 14 14 Student 19: Item Numb er Identification of Errors Classification of Errors Description Explanatio n Correction Cause of Errors 1 I live at a small town Misformation Preposition ‘at’ should be changed by ‘in’ I live in a small town Intralingual 9 Then I saw the clock in the wall Misformation Preposition ‘in’ should be changed by ‘on’ Then I saw the clock on the wall Intralingual 11 We took a morning bus with Arusha Misformation Preposition ‘with’ should be changed by ‘to’ We took a morning bus to Arusha Intralingual 12 And after checking up a very simple hotel Misformation Preposition ‘up’ should be changed by ‘into’ And after checking into a very simple hotel Intralingual 14 It sounds like a good deal into 65 a day Misformation Preposition ‘into’ should be changed by ‘at’ It sounds like a good deal at 65 a day Intralingual 15 They introduced us with Senara Misformation Preposition ‘with’ should be changed by ‘to’ They introduced us to Senara Intralingual 16 Who will be taking the Misformation Preposition ‘by’ should Who will be taking the Intralingual safari by us tomorrow Later be changed by ‘with’ safari with us tomorrow Later 18 On the way in the park Misformation Preposition ‘in’ should be changed by ‘to’ On the way to the park Intralingual 19 our driver John first stopped by two gas stations Misformation Preposition ‘by’ should be changed by ‘at’ our driver John first stopped at two gas stations Intralingual 21 We didn’t get in lake Manyara until after one o’clock Misformation Preposition ‘in’ should be changed by ‘to’ We didn’t get to lake Manyara until after one o’clock Intralingual 22 John actually suggests stopping on a restaurant Misformation Preposition ‘on’ should be changed by ‘at’ John actually suggests stopping at a restaurant Intralingual 25 We run towards school. Omission Preposition ‘towards’ should be placed after ‘we run’ We run towards the school. Context of learning 31 There was no one inside house. Omission It doesn’t use preposition ‘inside’ There was no one inside the house. Context of learning 32 We went the to cinema. Misordering Preposition ‘to’ should be placed before ‘the cinema’ We went to the cinema. Interlingual 33 My mother goes the kitchen into. Misordering Preposition ‘into’ should be placed before ‘the kitchen’ My mother goes into the kitchen. Interlingual Total 15 15 15 15 15 Student 20: Item Numb er Identification of Errors Classification of Errors Description Explanatio n Correction Cause of Errors 1 I live at a small town Misformation Preposition ‘at’ should be changed by ‘in’ I live in a small town Intralingual 3 and go to a small school in my house Misformation Preposition ‘in’ should be changed by ‘near’ and go to a small school near my house Intralingual 11 We took a morning bus with Arusha Misformation Preposition ‘with’ should be changed by ‘to’ We took a morning bus to Arusha Intralingual 12 And after checking up a very simple hotel Misformation Preposition ‘up’ should be changed by ‘into’ And after checking into a very simple hotel Intralingual 14 It sounds like a good deal With 65 a day Misformation Preposition ‘with’ should be changed by ‘at’ It sounds like a good deal at 65 a day Intralingual 15 They introduced us with Senara Misformation Preposition ‘with’ should be changed by ‘to’ They introduced us to Senara Intralingual 16 Who will be taking the safari into us tomorrow Later Misformation Preposition ‘into’ should be changed by ‘with’ Who will be taking the safari with us tomorrow Later Intralingual 18 On the way in the park Misformation Preposition ‘in’ should be changed by ‘to’ On the way to the park Intralingual 23 Before going to the park? We all said, “No way” Misformation Preposition ‘to’ should be changed by ‘into’ Before going into the park? We all said, “No way” Intralingual 25 We run the school the Addition Using double an We run towards the Intralingual towards. article ‘the’ school. 31 There was no one inside house the. Misordering Preposition ‘inside’ should be placed before ‘the house’ There was no one inside the house. Interlingual Total 11 11 11 11 11 Student 21: Item Numbe r Identification of Errors Classification of Errors Description Explanatio n Correction Cause of Errors 5 So I usually get up on 7:15. Misformation Preposition ‘on’ should be changed by ‘at’ So I usually get up at 7:15. Intralingual 8 I got dressed quickly and run all the way near school Misformation Preposition ‘near’ should be changed by ‘to’ I got dressed quickly and run all the way to school Intralingual 10 When I got home my sister was to the door Misformation Preposition ‘to’ should be changed by ‘at’ When I got home my sister was at the door Intralingual 11 We took a morning bus with Arusha Misformation Preposition ‘with’ should be changed by ‘to’ We took a morning bus to Arusha Intralingual 13 They have a safari going At Tuesday Misformation Preposition ‘at’ should be changed by ‘on’ They have a safari going on Tuesday Intralingual 15 They introduced us up Senara Misformation Preposition ‘up’ should be changed by ‘to’ They introduced us to Senara Intralingual 16 who will be taking the safari by us tomorrow Misformation Preposition ‘by’ should be changed by ‘with’ who will be taking the safari with us tomorrow Intralingual Later Later 18 On the way in the park Misformation Preposition ‘in’ should be changed by ‘to’ On the way to the park Intralingual 20 And then we went to his house. To pick with some clothes Misformation Preposition ‘with’ should be changed by ‘up’ And then we went to his house. To pick up some clothes Intra Intralingual lingual 22 John actually suggests stopping in a restaurant Misformation Preposition ‘in’ should be changed by ‘at’ John actually suggests stopping at a restaurant Intralingual 23 Before going to the park? We all said, “No way” Misformation Preposition ‘to’ should be changed by ‘into’ Before going into the park? We all said, “No way” Intralingual 25 We run towards school. Omission It doesn’t use an article ‘the’ We run towards the school. Context of learning 27 All my friends come to meet each other my birthday. Omission It doesn’t use preposition ‘at’ All my friends come to meet each other at my birthday. Context of learning 31 There was no one the inside house. Misordering Preposition ‘inside’ should be placed before ‘the house’ There was no one inside the house. Interlingual 34 He lives Sunan Bonang at II Semarang. Misordering Preposition ‘at’ should be placed after ‘he lives’ He lives at Sunan Bonang II Semarang. Interlingual Total 15 15 15 15 Student 22: Item Numbe r Identification of Errors Classification of Errors Description Explanatio n Correction Cause of Errors 1 I live at a small town Misformation Preposition ‘at’ should be changed by ‘in’ I live in a small town Intralingual 3 And go to a small school in my house Misformation Preposition ‘in’ should be changed by ‘near’ And go to a small school near my house Intralingual 5 So I usually get up on 7:15 Misformation Preposition ‘on’ should be changed by ‘at’ So I usually get up at 7:15 Intralingual 6 in Monday morning last week Misformation Preposition ‘in’ should be changed by ‘on’ on Monday morning last week Intralingual 7 Looked on my clock and saw that it was 9:15 Misformation Preposition ‘on’ should be changed by ‘at’ Looked at my clock and saw that it was 9:15 Intralingual 9 Then I saw the clock at the wall Misformation Preposition ‘at’ should be changed by ‘on’ Then I saw the clock on the wall Intralingual 10 When I got home my sister was to the door. Researcher smiled and said ‘April fool’ Misformation Preposition ‘to’ should be changed by ‘at’ When I got home my sister was at the door. Researcher smiled and said ‘April fool’ Intralingual 11 We took a morning bus with Arusha Misformation Preposition ‘with’ should be changed by ‘to’ We took a morning bus to Arusha Intralingual 14 It sounds like a good deal into 65 a day Misformation Preposition ‘into’ should be changed by It sounds like a good deal at 65 a day Intralingual ‘at’ 15 They introduced us up senara Misformation Preposition ‘up’ should be changed by ‘to’ They introduced us to senara Intralingual 16 Who will be taking the safari into us tomorrow Later Misformation Preposition ‘into’ should be changed by ‘with’ Who will be taking the safari with us tomorrow Later Intralingual 17 We had dinner in a less than exiting restaurant. Misformation Preposition ‘in’ should be changed by ‘at’ We had dinner at a less than exiting restaurant. Intralingual 18 On the way in the park Misformation Preposition ‘in’ should be changed by ‘to’ On the way to the park Intralingual 19 Our driver John first stopped on two gas stations Misformation Preposition ‘on’ should be changed by ‘at’ Our driver John first stopped at two gas stations Intralingual 21 We didn’t get At lake Manyara until after one o’clock Misformation Preposition ‘at’ should be changed by ‘to’ We didn’t get to lake Manyara until after one o’clock Intralingual 22 John actually suggests stopping on a restaurant Misformation Preposition ‘on’ should be changed by ‘at’ John actually suggests stopping at a restaurant Intralingual 27 All my friends come to meet each other my birthday at. Misordering Preposition ‘at’ should be placed before ‘my birthday’ All my friends come to meet each other at my birthday. Interlingual 34 He lives sunan boning at Misordering Preposition ‘at’ should be placed after ‘he lives’ He lives at sunan bonang II Semarang Interlingual 38 They will Misordering Preposition They will Interlingual come back June in ‘in’ should be placed before ‘June’ come back in June Total 19 19 19 19 19 Student 23: Item Numbe r Identification of Errors Classification of Errors Description Explanatio n Correction Cause of Errors 1 I live at a small town Misformation Preposition ‘at’ should be changed by ‘in’ I live in a small town Intralingual 3 and go to a small school in my house Misformation Preposition ‘in’ should be changed by ‘near’ and go to a small school near my house Intralingual 5 So I usually get up on 7:15 Misformation Preposition ‘on’ should be changed by ‘at’ So I usually get up at 7:15 Intralingual 9 Then I saw the clock in the wall Misformation Preposition ‘in’ should be changed by ‘on’ Then I saw the clock on the wall Intralingual 11 We took a morning bus with Arusha Misformation Preposition ‘with’ should be changed by ‘to’ We took a morning bus to Arusha Intralingual 12 and after checking up a very simple hotel Misformation Preposition ‘up’ should be changed by ‘into’ and after checking into a very simple hotel Intralingual 14 It sounds like a good deal into 65 a day Misformation Preposition ‘into’ should be changed by ‘at’ It sounds like a good deal at 65 a day Intralingual 15 They introduced us Misformation Preposition ‘with’ They introduced Intralingual with Senara should be changed by ‘to’ us to Senara 16 Who will be taking the safari by us tomorrow Later Misformation Preposition ‘by’ should be changed by ‘with’ Who will be taking the safari with us tomorrow Later Intralingual 18 On the way in the park Misformation Preposition ‘in’ should be changed by ‘to’ On the way to the park Intralingual 19 Our driver John first stopped by two gas stations Misformation Preposition ‘by’ should be changed by ‘at’ Our driver John first stopped at two gas stations Intralingual 21 We didn’t get in lake Manyara until after one o’clock. Misformation Preposition ‘in’ should be changed by ‘to’ We didn’t get to lake Manyara until after one o’clock. Intralingual 22 John actually suggests stopping on a restaurant Misformation Preposition ‘on’ should be changed by ‘at’ John actually suggests stopping at a restaurant Intralingual Total 13 13 13 13 13 Student 24: Item Number Identification of Errors Classification of Errors Description Explanation Correction Cause of Errors 3 And go to a small school at my house Misformation Preposition ‘at’ should be changed by ‘near’ And go to a small school near my house Intralingual 5 So I usually get up on 7:15 Misformation Preposition ‘on’ should So I usually get up at Intralingual be changed by ‘at’ 7:15 6 at Monday morning last week Misformation Preposition ‘at’ should be changed by ‘on’ on Monday morning last week Intralingual 9 Then I saw the clock in the wall Misformation Preposition ‘in’ should be changed by ‘on’ Then I saw the clock on the wall Intralingual 11 We took a morning bus with Arusha Misformation Preposition ‘with’ should be changed by ‘to’ We took a morning bus to Arusha Intralingual 12 And after checking up a very simple hotel Misformation Preposition ‘up’ should be changed by ‘into’ And after checking into a very simple hotel Intralingual 14 It sounds like a good deal into 65 a day Misformation Preposition ‘into’ should be changed by ‘at’ It sounds like a good deal at 65 a day Intralingual 15 They introduced us with Senara Misformation Preposition ‘with’ should be changed by ‘to’ They introduced us to Senara Intralingual 16 Who will be taking the safari into us tomorrow Later Misformation Preposition ‘into’ should be changed by ‘with’ Who will be taking the safari with us tomorrow Later Intralingual 17 We had dinner in a less than exiting restaurant Misformation Preposition ‘in’ should be changed by ‘at’ We had dinner at a less than exiting restaurant Intralingual 18 On the way on the park Misformation Preposition ‘at’ should be changed by ‘in’ On the way to the park, Intralingual 21 We didn’t get in lake Misformation Preposition ‘in’ should We didn’t get to lake Intralingual Manyara until after one o’clock be changed by ‘to’ Manyara until After one o’clock 22 John actually suggests stopping in a restaurant Misformation Preposition ‘in’ should be changed by ‘at’ John actually suggests stopping at a restaurant Intralingual 23 Before going to the park ? We all said, “No way” Misformation Preposition ‘to’ should be changed by ‘into’ Before going into the park? We all said, “No way” Intralingual 25 We run the towards school. Misordering Preposition ‘toweards’ should be placed after ‘we run’ We run towards the school. Interlingual 34 He lives sunan boning at II Semarang Misordering Preposition ‘at’ should be placed after ‘he lives’ He lives at sunan boning II Semarang Interlingual Total 16 16 16 16 16 Student 25: Item Number Identification of Errors Classification of Errors Description Explanation Correction Cause of Errors 4 near 8.00 in the morning Misformation Preposition ‘near’ should be changed by ‘at’ at 8.00 in the morning Intralingual 6 at Monday morning last week Misformation Preposition ‘at’ should be changed by ‘on’ on Monday morning last week Intralingual 8 and run all the way near school Misformation Preposition ‘near’ should be changed by ‘to’ and run all the way to school Intralingual 9 Then I saw the clock in the wall Misformation Preposition ‘in’ should be changed by Then I saw the clock on the wall Intralingual ‘on’ 10 When I got home my sister was on the door Misformation Preposition ‘on’ should be changed by ‘at’ When I got home my sister was at the door Intralingual 11 We took a morning bus with Arusha Misformation Preposition ‘with’ should be changed by ‘to’ We took a morning bus to Arusha Intralingual 12 and after checking up a very simple hotel Misformation Preposition ‘up’ should be changed by ‘into’ and after checking into a very simple hotel Intralingual 14 It sounds like a good deal into 65 a day Misformation Preposition ‘into’ should be changed by ‘at’ It sounds like a good deal at 65 a day Intralingual 15 They introduced us with Senara Misformation Preposition ‘with’ should be changed by ‘to’ They introduced us to Senara Intralingual 16 who will be taking the safari by us tomorrow Later Misformation Preposition ‘by’ should be changed by ‘with’ Who will be taking the safari with us tomorrow Later Intralingual 18 On the way on the park Misformation Preposition ‘on’ should be changed by ‘to’ On the way to the park Intralingual 19 our driver John first stopped by two gas stations Misformation Preposition ‘by’ should be changed by ‘at’ Our driver John first stopped at two gas stations Intralingual 23 Before going to the park? We all said, “No way” Misformation Preposition ‘to’ should be changed by ‘into’ Before going into the park? We all said, “No way” Intralingual 34 He lives Sunan Bonang at II Misordering Preposition ‘at’ should be placed He lives at Sunan Bonang II Interlingual Semarang. after‘he lives’ Semarang. Total 14 14 14 14 14 Student 26 : Item Number Identification of Errors Classification of Errors Description Explanation Correction Cause of Errors 3 And go to a small school in my house. Misformation Preposition ‘in’ should be changed by ‘near’ And go to a small school near my house. Intralingual 5 so I usually get up on 7:15 Misformation Preposition ‘on’ should be changed by ‘at’ So I usually get up at 7:15 Intralingual 9 Then I saw the clock in the wall Misformation Preposition ‘in’ should be changed by ‘on’ Then I saw the clock on the wall Intralingual 11 We took a morning bus with Arusha Misformation Preposition ‘with’ should be changed by ‘to’ We took a morning bus to Arusha Intralingual 12 And after checking up a very simple hotel Misformation Preposition ‘up’ should be changed by ‘into’ And after checking into a very simple hotel Intralingual 14 It sounds like a good deal into 65 a day Misformation Preposition ‘into’ should be changed by ‘at’ It sounds like a good deal at 65 a day Intralingual 15 They introduced us with Senara Misformation Preposition ‘with’ should be changed by ‘to’ They introduced us to Senara Intralingual 16 Who will be taking the safari by us tomorrow Late Misformation Preposition ‘by’ should be changed by ‘with’ Who will be taking the safari with us tomorrow Later Intralingual 18 On the way in Misformation Preposition On the way Intralingual the park Later ‘in’ should be changed by ‘to’ to the park 19 Our driver John first stopped by two gas stations Misformation Preposition ‘by’ should be changed by ‘at’ Our driver John first stopped at two gas stations Intralingual 21 We didn’t get in lake Manyara until after one o’clock Misformation Preposition ‘in’ should be changed by ‘to’ We didn’t get to lake Manyara until after one o’clock Intralingual 22 John actually suggests stopping on a restaurant Misformation Preposition ‘on’ should be changed by ‘at’ John actually suggests stopping at a restaurant Intralingual 25 We run towards school the. Misordering Preposition ‘at’ should be placed after ‘we run’ We run towards the school. Interlingual 27 All my friends come to meet each other my birthday. Omission It doesn’t use preposition ‘at’ All my friends come to meet each other at my birthday. Context of learning 31 There was no one the inside house. Misordering Preposition ‘inside’ should be placed before ‘the house’ There was no one inside the house. Interlingual Total 15 15 15 15 15 Student 27 : Item Number Identification of Errors Classification of Errors Description Explanation Correction Cause of Errors 5 So I usually get up on 7:15. Misformation Preposition ‘on’ should be changed by ‘at’ So I usually get up at 7:15. Intralingual 8 And run all the way near school Misformation Preposition ‘near’ should be changed by ‘to’ And run all the way to school Intralingual 10 When I got home my sister was to the door Misformation Preposition ‘to’ should be changed by ‘at’ When I got home my sister was at the door Intralingual 11 We took a morning bus with Arusha Misformation Preposition ‘with’ should be changed by ‘to’ We took a morning bus to Arusha Intralingual 13 They have a safari going At Tuesday Misformation Preposition ‘at’ should be changed by ‘on’ They have a safari going on Tuesday Intralingual 14 It sounds like a good deal into 65 a day Misformation Preposition ‘into’ should be changed by ‘at’ It sounds like a good deal at 65 a day Intralingual 15 They introduced us with Senara Misformation Preposition ‘with’ should be changed by ‘to’ They introduced us to Senara Intralingual 16 Who will be taking the safari by us tomorrow Late Misformation Preposition ‘by’ should be changed by ‘with’ Who will be taking the safari with us tomorrow Later Intralingual 18 On the way in the park Later Misformation Preposition ‘in’ should be changed by ‘to’ On the way to the park Intralingual 20 And then we went to his house. To pick with some clothes Misformation Preposition ‘with’ should be changed by ‘up’ And then we went to his house. To pick up some clothes Intralingual 22 John actually suggests stopping on a restaurant Misformation Preposition ‘on’ should be changed by ‘at’ John actually suggests stopping at a restaurant Intralingual 23 Before going Misformation Preposition Before Intralingual to the park? We all said, “No way” ‘to’ should be changed by ‘into’ going into the park? We all said, “No way” 25 We run towards school. Omission It doesn’t use an article ‘the’ We run towards the school. Context of learning 27 All my friends come to meet each other my at birthday. Misordering Preposition ‘at’ should be placed before ‘my birthday’ All my friends come to meet each other at my birthday. Interlingual 33 My mother goes into kitchen. Omission It doesn’t use an article ‘the’ My mother goes into the kitchen. Context of learning 34 He lives Sunan Bonang at II Semarang. Misordering Preposition ‘at’ should be placed after ‘he lives’ He lives at Sunan Bonang II Semarang. Interlingual Total 16 16 16 16 16 Student 28 : Item Number Identification of Errors Classification of Errors Description Explanation Correction Cause of Errors 2 And go in a small school Misformation Preposition ‘in’ should be changed by ‘to’ And go to a small school Intralingual 3 And go to a small school at my house. Misformation Preposition ‘at’ should be changed by ‘near’ And go to a small school near my house. Intralingual 5 So I usually get up on 7:15. Misformation Preposition ‘on’ should be changed by ‘at’ So I usually get up at 7:15. Intralingual 6 in Monday morning last week Misformation Preposition ‘in’ should be changed on Monday morning last week Intralingual by ‘on’ 10 when I got home my sister was on the door Misformation Preposition ‘on’ should be changed by ‘the’ When I got home my sister was at the door Intralingual 11 We took a morning bus into Arusha Misformation Preposition ‘into’ should be changed by ‘to’ We took a morning bus to Arusha Intralingual 12 And after checking up a very simple hotel Misformation Preposition ‘up’ should be changed by ‘into’ And after checking into a very simple hotel Intralingual 15 They introduced us with Senara Misformation Preposition ‘with’ should be changed by ‘to’ They introduced us to Senara Intralingual 17 We had dinner to a less than exiting restaurant. Misformation Preposition ‘to’ should be changed by ‘at’ We had dinner at a less than exiting restaurant. Intralingual 18 On the way on the park Misformation Preposition ‘on’ should be changed by ‘to’ On the way to the park Intralingual 19 Our driver John first stopped by two gas stations Misformation Preposition ‘by’ should be changed by ‘at’ Our driver John first stopped at two gas stations Intralingual 20 And then we went to his house. To pick with some clothes Misformation Preposition ‘with’ should be changed by ‘up’ And then we went to his house. To pick up some clothes Intralingual 21 We didn’t get At lake Manyara until after one o’clock Misformation Preposition ‘at’ should be changed by ‘to’ We didn’t get to lake Manyara until after one o’clock Intralingual 23 Before going to the park ? We all said, Misformation Preposition ‘to’ should be changed Before going into the park ? Intralingual “No way” by ‘into’ We all said, “No way” 34 He lives at II Semarang Sunan Bonang. Misordering Preposition ‘at’ should be placed after ‘he lives’ He lives at Sunan Bonang II Semarang. Interlingual 35 He arrived Jakarta. Omission It doesn’t use preposition ‘in’ He arrived in Jakarta. Context of learning 37 I fly to USA Saturday. Omission It doesn’t use preposition ‘on’ I fly to USA on Saturday. Context of learning 40 He comes Bogor. omission It doesn’t use preposition ‘from’ He comes from Bogor. Context of learning Total 18 18 18 18 18 Total of Students’ Error 377 377 Table 4.3 The Recapitulation of Classifications of Student’s Error No . The Students Classifications of Errors Misformation Misordering addition Omission 1. Student 1 12 1 - - 2. Student 2 15 1 2 - 3. Student 3 12 1 2 - 4. Student 4 7 - - - 5. Student 5 10 - - - 6. Student 6 7 - - 3 7. Student 7 8 5 - - 8. Student 8 8 3 - - 9. Student 9 10 1 - 2 10. Student 10 6 1 - - 11. Student 11 9 3 - - 12. Student 12 8 1 1 1 13. Student 13 9 2 - 1 14. Student 14 12 4 - - 15. Student 15 13 1 - 1 16. Student 16 12 1 - 1 17. Student 17 11 1 - 1 18. Student 18 12 2 - - 19. Student 19 11 2 - 2 20. Student 20 9 1 1 - 21. Student 21 11 2 - 2 22. Student 22 16 3 - - 23. Student 23 13 - - - 24. Student 24 14 2 - 25. Student 25 13 1 - - 26. Student 26 12 2 - 1 27. Student 27 12 2 - 2 28. Student 28 15 1 - 3 TOTAL 307 44 2 24 TOTAL CLASSIFICATIONS OF ERRORS 377 Table 4.4 The Recapitulation of Error Kinds No. Error Kinds Frequency of Errors Percentage of Errors 1 Misformation 307 × 100 = 81.40 2 Misordering 44 × 100 = 11.70 3 Addition 2 × 100 = 0.50 4 Omission 24 × 100 = 6.40 Total 377 100 The chart below presents the highest level to the lowest of errors mostly made by students: Chart 4.1: the Recapitulation of Classifications of Student’s Error After presenting the errors into types of error and explaining the frequency and percentage of errors each item in the previous pages, the Researcher would like o talk more about all the errors from the highest until the lowest frequency that occurred in student’s writing as follows; a. Misformation First, almost all of students make errors in misformation with the total error is 307 or 81. These errors happened because the students have a lack of vocabulary and its use. The students were confused in choosing the appropriate the class of words. In this case, the example is “I live at a small town.” The correct one is, “I live in a small town.” The researcher assumes that the source of error of this type of error is because of the intralingual transfer. b. Misordering The second type of error that the students made are misordering with the total error is 44 or 12. The error is sometimes as the result from interlingual Omission 6 Addition 1 misordering 12 misformation 81 transfer. The students got the influence of the structure or order of their native language which is Indonesian language. “My mother goes the into kitchen.” The correct one is, “My mother goes into the kitchen.” c. Omission There are 24 errors or 6 from this type of error. On the researcher’s opinion, these errors occurred because the students had not clearly understood of the structure of the sentence. So the source of this error is from the context of learning. They eliminated the important word that was needed in their sentence. For example in the sentence, “All my friends come to meet each other my birthday .” The right one is, “All my friends come to meet each other at my birthday.” d. Addition There are 2 errors or 1 from this type of error. Most of students put the suffix –s or –es and the use of have and has to I indicate that they wanted to use the plural noun in their sentence. For example of error is, “I like going to Japans.” The correct one is, “I like going to Japan.” To make it clearer, the researcher is not only mentioning the errors made by the students, but researcher is also including the cause of error that may become the factor of student’s error. Here is the explanation regarding causes of errors described in the table and chart below: Table 4.5 The Recapitulation of Causes of Student’s Errors No . The Students Causes of Errors Intralingual Transfer Interlingual Transfer Context of Learning Communication Strategies 1. Student 1 12 1 - - 2. Student 2 15 1 2 - 3. Student 3 12 1 2 - 4. Student 4 7 - - - 5. Student 5 10 - - - 6. Student 6 7 - 3 - 7. Student 7 8 5 - - 8. Student 8 8 3 - - 9. Student 9 10 1 2 - 10. Student 10 6 1 - - 11. Student 11 9 3 - - 12. Student 12 8 2 1 - 13. Student 13 9 2 1 - 14. Student 14 12 4 - - 15. Student 15 13 1 1 - 16. Student 16 12 1 1 - 17. Student 17 11 1 1 - 18. Student 18 12 2 - - 19. Student 19 11 2 2 - 20. Student 20 10 1 - - 21. Student 21 11 2 2 - 22. Student 22 16 3 - - 23. Student 23 13 - - - 24. Student 24 14 2 - 25. Student 25 13 1 - - 26. Student 26 12 2 1 - 27. Student 27 12 2 2 - 28. Student 28 15 1 3 - TOTAL 308 45 24 - TOTAL CAUSES OF ERRORS 377 Table 4.6 The Recapitulation of Error Causes No. Error Causes Frequency of Errors Percentage of Errors 1 Inter-lingual Transfer 45 × 100 = 11.90 2 Intra-lingual Transfer 308 × 100 = 81.70 3 Context of Learning 24 × 100 = 6.40 4 Communication Strategies - - Total 377 100 The chart below represents the presentations of causes of errors made by students: Chart 4.2: The Recapitulations of Causes of Student’s Errors Based on Brown Due to the chart above, intralingual transfer enhances 308 times behind the students error or 82. The students might attempt to derive the rules before the data to which has been concerned by the students gradually and it may lead to the false hypotheses related to neither their native language nor the target language. Then, interlingual transfer may become a cause of error as 45 or 12. This is when the students might be influenced by their mother tongue in terms of pattern, systems or rules. The last, context of learning found in their writing as 24 times or 6 because the teacher and the text in the test given may lead them either to build faulty hypotheses about the language or to write an inappropriate word or sentence. Intralingual 82 Interlingual 12 Context of learning 6 Comunication of strategies

B. Interpretation

The researcher took the interpretation from the analysis of the data. Results from the analysis of the data show that the most three common errors are misformation with 307 errors or 81, misordering with 44 or 12, and omission with 24 errors or 6. Researcher concludes that the teaching of those three aspects was not done successfully by the teacher. The students did not pay attention of these aspects when they made the writing. They also made such errors because they might be still interfered by their mother tongue. It happened because there were so many different concept of grammatical rule in written language between the first language and the second language. In addition, when they proceed the new language data in their mind, it also produces a new rules, so they often over generalize about their second language rules. It means the teacher needs to pay more attention to the intralingual transfer as one of the sources of error that must be recognized in second language learning. For this reason, it is obvious that intra-lingual transfer within the target language itself such as “overgeneralization” is the major source of error in second language learning. The result of analysis in the causes of error based on Brown theory in his book, Principle of Language Learning and Teaching. In his book states four causes of error, they are interlingual transfer, intralingual transfer, context of learning, and communication strategies. 1 1. Brown, loc.cit. 87

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion

In this case study, the researcher has analyzed the errors made by students on preposition in English writing. The process of error analysis is identifying, describing, explaining, evaluating, and preventing the errors. The data interpreted in the previous chapter have provided the frequency of the errors occur in students’ sentences on preposition in English writing. 1. The types of error committed by the seventh grade students class of SMP Muhammadiyah 35 Kebayoran lama Jakarta are misformation error 307 errors or 81, omission error 24 errors or 6, misordering error 44 errors or 12, and the lowest frequency of error is addition error 2 errors or 1. 2. The cause of the students’ error consists of the total frequencies of all error on preposition in English writing are 28. The highest rate of all error causes is intralingual with the total of error causes is 308 or 82 and the lowest rate of all error causes are 45 or 12 error causes in interlingual, and context of learning with 24 errors or 6.

B. Suggestion

After the researcher carried out the research, researcher would like to give some suggestion related to this result of the research. Therefore, it can improve the teaching and learning process. Here are some suggestions that hopefully can be applied in teaching and learning process. 1. The teachers have to give feedback to students after correcting and analyzing their error in writing 2. The teachers have to motivate their students keep learning and writing though they found difficulties during the process of learning writing. 3. The students have to pay attention to some aspect that are difficult for them when they differ types of preposition in writing. 89 REFERENCES A. S., Homby, Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of current English. New York : Oxford University Press, 1987. Brown, Douglas, H. Principles of Language Learning and Teaching, 5 th ed . United States: San Francisco State University, 2007. Brown, Douglas, H. Principles of Language Learning and Teaching, 5 th edition, New York: Pearson Education, 2006. Clece, Marrianne, Larsen Diana, and Freeman, The Grammar Book An ESLEFL Teacher’s Course. Printed in The USA, London: Newbury House Publisher, Inc., 1983. Corder, S. P. Error Analysis and Interlanguage. Great Britain: Oxford University Press, 1981. Dulay, Heidi, et al, Language Two. New York: Oxford University Press, 1982. Ellis, Rod, The Study of Second Language Acquisition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. Erdogan, Vecide, Contribution of Error Analysis to Foreign Language Teaching, Mersin University Journal of the Faculty of Education, Vol. 1, Issue 2, December 2005. Frank, Marcella, “Modern English a practical reference guide”. New Jersey: Practice hall, inc., 1972. Homby, A S, Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987. Hubbard, et.al., A training Course for TEFL. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993. James, Carl. Errors in Language Learning and Use. New York: Addision Wesley Longman, Inc., 1998. Parrot, Martin, Grammar for English Language Teacher. printed in United Kingdom; Cambridge University Press, 2000. Richards, Jack C. A Non-Contrastive Approach to Error Analysis, International Center for Research on Bilingualism, Laval University, 1970.