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Table 3.1 Collecting Data Process
F. Data Analysis Technique
This research uses the descriptive qualitative method. There are many steps that can be used in such this technique. According to
Creswell, qualitative research data analyses are different; depend on
Research Question
Aspects Research
Instrument Source of data
What is the
appropriat eness level
of
students’ paraphrasi
ng? Shirley 2004 and
Purdue University Online Writing
- Appropriate - Somewhat
Appropriate - Somewhat
Inappropriate - Inappropriate
Checklist Students’
proposal writing
Which technique
students mostly use
to paraphrase
? 1.
Changing Structure and Grammar
- Active and passive - Positive and negative
- Long and short sentence
2. Changing Word
- Changing word order - Changing part of
speech - Using synonym
- Using antonyms - Using definition
3. Changing Structure
of Ideas Interview
Guideline Students’
Response on Interview
Section
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the type of strategy used. It often uses a general procedure data analysis as this follow figure
85
:
Figure 3.2 Data Analysis in Qualitative Research adapted from
Creswell
85
Creswell, Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative … p. 150–151.
Validating the Accuracy
of the Information
Interpreting the Meaning of ThemesDescriptions
Raw Data Documents: students’ translation scripts, Students’ responds
Coding the Data
Organizing and Preparing Data for Analysis Reading through all data
ThemeDescriptions ThemeDescriptions
Interrelating ThemesDescription Based on the theory in the Literature Review
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Step 1. Raw Data. Collecting the data: this involves the
documentation and checklist
Step 2. Organize and prepare the data for analysis. This means after
collecting all of the data, the researcher arranged the data into different types depending in the sources of information and the
purpose of collecting the data.
Step 3. Read through all the data. In this step, the researcher
attempted to obtain a general sense of the information and to reflect on its overall meaning: What general ideas are respondents saying?
What is the impression of the responds? What the use of the information? Here, the researcher begun to illustrate the general
thoughts about the data.
Step 4. Coding the Data. At this time, detailed analysis has begun,
the researcher started to figure out the main point that the subjects showed; before relate them into the theory. Furthermore, the
researcher started to work on each document and respond.
Step 5. ThemeDescriptions. By coding the data, researcher figured
out the points that respondents have given. After rendering the information, researcher included it into two categories; based on the
two research questions. The information is aimed to answer each question based on the coding. Those are included into the theme,
while the descriptions are the detail information following it. Beyond identifying the theme, researcher started to do complex
analysis and interconnect to the theory before going further to the descriptions.
Step 6. Interrelating ThemeDescriptions. In this stage, all the
collected data and brief analysis mentioned above will be fixed. The researcher analyzed the students’ proposal based on the theory of
paraphrase using a checklist adapted from Shirley ’s
86
instructional notes on paraphrasing, Ca
mpbell’s
87
operational definitions of the
86
Shirley, “The Art of Paraphrase. Instructional Note”, pp. 186–8.
87
Campbell, Writing with Others’ Words.
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terms summary and paraphrase, and OWL at Purdue ’s
88
online tips on how to avoid plagiarism. Furthermore, the researcher will
discuss with some experts of writing in analyzing the result of the data collected.
Step 7. Interpreting the Meaning of ThemeDescriptions. The final
step of analysis is exploring the analyzed data above in chapter 4: research findings and discussion. The researcher attempted to
explain the phenomenon that have been found and related those to the theory as mentioned above, before finally concluded the whole
research.
G. Checking Validity of Findings
