Conceptual Framework LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

C. Conceptual Framework

Using pragmatics approach, the researcher analyzes the language phenomena in Thank You for Smoking movie script. The language phenomena analyzed are focuses on maxim flouting done by the main character. Pragmatics is an appropriate approach to conduct this research because pragmatics deals with languages and its users. This research applies Grice’s theory of Cooperative Principle 1975 in analyzing the types of maxim flouting. Grice considers that cooperative principle underlies successful verbal communication. By this principle, the conversation is hoped run smoothly. The cooperative principle is elaborated in four sub-principles called maxims that must be fulfilled. Those maxims are namely maxim of quantity, maxim of quality, maxim of relation and maxim of manner. Discussing cooperative principle becomes more interesting since sometimes in a conversation a speaker does not fulfill the maxims, intentionally or not. This leads to a phenomenon in which a speaker is uncooperative with the hearer, means that they do not observe the maxims. There are four types of non-observed maxims. Those are maxim opt out, maxim violation, maxim infringement and maxim flouting. In this research, the researcher only focuses on the analyzing of maxim flouting. The first problem of this research deals with the types of maxim flouting. Based on the theory of cooperative principle by Grice 1975, there are four types of maxim flouting. The first type is maxim of quantity flouting, happens when a speaker seems to give too little information or too much information. The second type is maxim of quality flouting, takes place when the speaker does not give the true information. The next type is maxim of relation flouting, occurs when the speaker seems to give information that irrelevant with the topic discussed. The last type is maxim of manner flouting which happens when the speakers are not being brief and giving ambiguous statement. In analyzing the second problem, which deals with the strategies of maxim flouting, the researcher uses the theory proposed by Cutting 2002. Cutting argues that there are several strategies used by a speaker to flout the maxims. To flout maxim of quantity, the speaker is giving too much information or too little information. Maxim of quality can be flouted by four strategies named using hyperbole, using metaphor, using irony, and using banter. Then, maxim of relation flouting is done by the speaker by being irrelevant to the topic discussed. The last, maxim of manner flouting is done by being obscure. One of the most important considerations in using language is context. In order to produce a meaningful utterance, speakers should pay attention to the context around it. Context also cannot be separated in analyzing maxim flouting. To understand which maxim is flouted by a speaker, the researcher should observe the context of conversation in which maxim flouting exist. Thus, the researcher analyzes the context bounded in conversation in which maxim flouting exist. In analyzing the context, the researcher uses the theory proposed by Hymes in Wardaugh, 2006: 247-248. He states an ethnographic framework which considers the various factors that are involved in speaking. This framework describes the context of situation. Furthermore, he uses the word SPEAKING as an acronym for the various factors he believes to be relevant in understanding a particular communicative event. The word S stands for the setting of time and place. The word P stands for the participants in the conversation. Then, the word E stands for the end of the conversation. The word A represents the act of the conversation. The word K means the key of the conversation. The word I is the instrumentalities used in the conversation. The word N stands for the norm of the conversation. The last word, G, stands for the genre of the conversation. Based on the explanation above, the researcher makes an analytical construct. The analytical construct is drawn to outline the theories as well as the objectives of this research, as shown in figure 2. Figure 2. Analytical Construct Pragmatics Politeness Cooperative Principle Implicature Speech Act Deixis Maxim of Quantity Maxim of Quality Maxim of Relation Maxim of Manner Non-observed Observed Violation Opt Out Infringement Maxim Flouting Types Strategies Context: Thank You for Smoking Setting Participants Acts Key Instrumentalities Norm Genre Giving too Little Information, Giving too Much Information Using Metaphor, Using Hyperbole, Using Irony, Using Banter Being Irrelevant Being Obscure Maxim of Quantity Flouting Maxim of Quality Flouting Maxim of Relation Flouting Maxim of Manner Flouting 36

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD

This chapter presents the research approach that applied. It presents the types of research, research instrument, form, contexts, and source of data. Then, techniques of data collection, techniques of data analysis and data trustworthiness also clarify in this chapter.

A. Types of the Research

This research uses descriptive-qualitative method because the main goals of this research are to describe the types, functions and context of maxim flouting performed by the characters in Thank You for Smoking movie. According to Vanderstoep and Johnston 2009: 167 “the purpose of qualitative research is more descriptive than predictive”. Therefore, descriptive-qualitative method is appropriate to apply in this study. Although it aims to describe, this research does not only describe but also analyze and interpret the phenomena. The main advantage of qualitative research is that it provides a richer and more in-depth understanding of the population under study Vanderstoep and Johnston, 2009: 8. In addition, to determine the percentage of the data and to support analyzing the data, quantitative method is applied. Hence, this research also belongs to qualitative-quantitative research.