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Background •63 of energy demand depend on
fossil oil •Reserved oil is limited
•40 of diesel oil consumption are imported
•Increases of international crude oil prices
•Air quality of major cities in Indonesia has been deteriorating especially in the
city of Jakarta •Abundant Biofuel Raw Material
National Biofuel Program
Bioethanol, Biodiesel
and Bio-oil
RD Support •Effect biodiesel to engine performance
•Effect biodiesel to emission •Optimum blending
•Advantages and disadvantages of biodiesel
•Others
Existing condition •Perpres No. 52006
•Inpres No. 12006 •SNI 04-7182-2006
•Decree No. 3675K24DJM2006 max. B10
•Decree No. 322008 Biofuel Mandatory
•Pertamina formally sale BIOSOLAR
•Plant Installed capacity 2.5 million Kl
Influence Factors •World oil price
•CPO oil price •Chemical price methanol,
catalyst •Global policy technical and
environmental aspect •Government policy on biofuel
price, tax, incentive, etc •Tecnology capability on and off
farm
Commercialization Problems •Biodiesel still classified as other
fuel economical price, no subsidy. •FAME price is tend to increase and
passing the MOPS price. •Consumer still dominantly
considered the fuel price to decide to use for their car fuel.
•The advantages of biodiesel renewable energy, lower exhaust
gas emission, effect to engine life time is just putted aside.
Diesel Oil Sample B0 •From Pertamina balongan
B01 •From Public Fuel Pump
Station B02 Meet Pertamina’s diesel oil
standard
Biodiesel Production Engineering Center – BPPT
Meet SNI 04-7182-2006
BXX samples •B0
•B10 •B20
•B30 •B50
•B100
Lab Test Performance:
Torque, power, Fuel
ConsumptionEmis sion: SO2, NOx,
HC, CO, PM
Optimum Blending Assessment
•Lab test result •Literarure study
•Experts interview •Short term engine effect
•Long term engine effect •Price
Biodiesel Blending Scenario
Recommendation
Scenarios •Time frame: 2005, 2010,
2015, 2020, 2025 •Base case B0
•BXX
Socio Economy Data •Population growth
•Economic growth •Historical data
Vehicle Growth Model •By type of vehicle
•By type of fuel
Emission Coefficient •By type of emission
•By type of vehicle
Emission Quantification Meteorological data
•Wind speed
Emission Dispersion MLuS Model
•For Jakarta •1 x 1 km square grids
•By type of emission •Fading model
Dose response Health cost
•Germany health cost •GDPPPP Indonesia and
Germany •Indonesian health cost
External Cost Calculation The Effect of
Biodiesel to
External Cost
Background of the Research Model Simulation
Research Output
The Effect of Biodiesel to:
•Pollutant Emission •Pollutant Dispersion
Chapter 1 Chapter 4
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 5 Chapter 6
Chapter 8: Conclusion
Chapter 7: General
Discussion
Figure 1. The logical frame of the research
7
Methodology
The external costs are calculated by using the analysis of emission dispersion effect which is mostly known as Impact Pathway Analysis IPA. The
impact pathways methodology has been used in a large number of research projects and policy application related studies. The method consists of four steps,
which are : to quantify the emission, to define the dispersion and transformation of emission for calculating the ambient concentration, to estimate the physical
effects by using the dose response function, and to determine the monetary value of the damage for calculating the external costs [13, 14, 15]. Figure 2 shows the
summary of IPA method. Each calculation steps has an uncertainty due to the availability data limitation and the limitation of methodology of the used model.
Source: Sugiyono, 2005 [13] and Kovacevic et. al., 2001 [14], Wilde et al. 2003 [15]
Figure 2: External Costs Calculation by Impact Pathway Analysis Generally, this study will determine the external costs of transportation
energy use by using the simulation. Each simulation is based on the scenario which is in line with the development pattern of the government policy. By
comparing the base case B0 with biodiesel blends cases B10, B20, B50, and B100; therefore the strategy for reducing the external costs could be compiled.
Figure 3 shows the steps of simulation methods. The following are principal tasks that have to be undertaken in order to
perform the simulation. a. To assess the air pollution levels were:
8 - A collection and review of all available data with respect to air pollution
levels in Jakarta. - A review of existing emission coefficient inventory for vehicle pollution
sources in Jakarta. - The selection and development of emission dispersion model to estimate the
pollution concentration from vehicle sources in various parts of Jakarta. - A prediction of future pollution loads caused by vehicle pollution sources in
various parts of Jakarta, based on scenario planning variables including the number and type of vehicles, fuel types, etc.
b. To assess the health and economic impacts were: - To study the influence of biodiesel on exhaust emission and health effects.
- A collection, review and summary of earlier studies which attemped to assess the health impact of mobile source air pollution as well as the
economic impact. - To estimate the value of external cost in relation to environmental quality
and health improvement as affected by biodiesel utilization.
Figure. 3. External Cost Simulation Flow Chart
VEHICLE GROWTH MODEL Number and Type of Vehicle
EMISSION QUANTIFICATION
EMISSION DISPERSION MODEL
IMPACT ESTIMATION
EXTERNAL COST CALCULATION
Historical Data
Population Growth Economic Growth
SCENARIO:
Emission Coefficient
Meteorological Data
2. Scenario B10, B20, B50 and B100
1
. Scenario Base B0
9
Outline of Dissertation
The dissertation is divided into eight main chapters. Background information related to the research topic selection including the objective and
benefits of the research and boundaries and methodology of the research performance will be described in Chapter 1, followed by the description of several
studies related to the effect of biodiesel utilization to engine performance and its potential emission reduction. The Effect of Palm Biodiesel Fuel on the
Performance and Emission of the Automotive Diesel Engine is presented in Chapter 2, and the Estimation of the Effect of Biodiesel Utilization on
Transportation Sector Emission in Jakarta is presented in Chapter 3. The study on the Determination of Optimum Biodiesel-Petrodiesel Blending Scenario was
performed and the result is described in chapter 4. Chapter 5, is the core chapter in estimating Jakarta’s pollution level. It
covers the collected previous studies related to the dispersion model input data, the method to determine the emission factor, as well as the air dispersion
simulation. Chapter 6, reveals the estimated health and economic impacts external costs of air pollution based on the calculated air pollution provided in
chapter 5. Finally, the General Discussion based on the previous chapter result information will be described in Chapter 7 and concluded in Chapter 8. Other data
including the source of model simulation program, projection of population growth and traffic density map, projection of emission concentration dispersion
map and the numerical result of external cost estimation are presented in appendices.
CHAPTER II THE EFFECT OF PALM BIODIESEL FUEL ON THE
